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# Auto detect text files and perform LF normalization
* text=auto

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name: build
on: [push, pull_request]
jobs:
build_win:
runs-on: windows-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v2
- uses: ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd@v1
- name: Compiling
shell: bash
run: |
CL -std:c++17 -utf-8 -O2 -EHsc -Fe:pocketpy src/main.cpp
mv src/pocketpy.h src/pocketpy.cpp
CL -std:c++17 -utf-8 -O2 -EHsc -LD -Fe:libpocketpy src/pocketpy.cpp
- uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
with:
name: pocketpy
path: |
D:\a\pocketpy\pocketpy\pocketpy.exe
D:\a\pocketpy\pocketpy\libpocketpy.dll

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# Byte-compiled / optimized / DLL files
__pycache__/
*.py[cod]
*$py.class
# C extensions
*.so
.vscode
# Distribution / packaging
.Python
build/
develop-eggs/
dist/
downloads/
eggs/
.eggs/
lib/
lib64/
parts/
sdist/
var/
wheels/
share/python-wheels/
*.egg-info/
.installed.cfg
*.egg
MANIFEST
# PyInstaller
# Usually these files are written by a python script from a template
# before PyInstaller builds the exe, so as to inject date/other infos into it.
*.manifest
*.spec
# Installer logs
pip-log.txt
pip-delete-this-directory.txt
# Unit test / coverage reports
htmlcov/
.tox/
.nox/
.coverage
.coverage.*
.cache
nosetests.xml
coverage.xml
*.cover
*.py,cover
.hypothesis/
.pytest_cache/
cover/
# Translations
*.mo
*.pot
# Django stuff:
*.log
local_settings.py
db.sqlite3
db.sqlite3-journal
# Flask stuff:
instance/
.webassets-cache
# Scrapy stuff:
.scrapy
# Sphinx documentation
docs/_build/
# PyBuilder
.pybuilder/
target/
# Jupyter Notebook
.ipynb_checkpoints
# IPython
profile_default/
ipython_config.py
# pyenv
# For a library or package, you might want to ignore these files since the code is
# intended to run in multiple environments; otherwise, check them in:
# .python-version
# pipenv
# According to pypa/pipenv#598, it is recommended to include Pipfile.lock in version control.
# However, in case of collaboration, if having platform-specific dependencies or dependencies
# having no cross-platform support, pipenv may install dependencies that don't work, or not
# install all needed dependencies.
#Pipfile.lock
# poetry
# Similar to Pipfile.lock, it is generally recommended to include poetry.lock in version control.
# This is especially recommended for binary packages to ensure reproducibility, and is more
# commonly ignored for libraries.
# https://python-poetry.org/docs/basic-usage/#commit-your-poetrylock-file-to-version-control
#poetry.lock
# PEP 582; used by e.g. github.com/David-OConnor/pyflow
__pypackages__/
# Celery stuff
celerybeat-schedule
celerybeat.pid
# SageMath parsed files
*.sage.py
# Environments
.env
.venv
env/
venv/
ENV/
env.bak/
venv.bak/
# Spyder project settings
.spyderproject
.spyproject
# Rope project settings
.ropeproject
# mkdocs documentation
/site
# mypy
.mypy_cache/
.dmypy.json
dmypy.json
# Pyre type checker
.pyre/
# pytype static type analyzer
.pytype/
# Cython debug symbols
cython_debug/
# PyCharm
# JetBrains specific template is maintainted in a separate JetBrains.gitignore that can
# be found at https://github.com/github/gitignore/blob/main/Global/JetBrains.gitignore
# and can be added to the global gitignore or merged into this file. For a more nuclear
# option (not recommended) you can uncomment the following to ignore the entire idea folder.
#.idea/
src/main
src/test
gmon.out
gprof.txt
/pocketpy
amalgamated

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the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General
Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the
option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered
version or of any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the
GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published
by the Free Software Foundation.
If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's
public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you
to choose that version for the Program.
Later license versions may give you additional or different
permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
later version.
15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM
IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
16. Limitation of Liability.
IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS
THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGES.
17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
copy of the Program in return for a fee.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
<program> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands
might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you
may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
Public License instead of this License. But first, please read
<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html>.

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# pocketpy
## 参考
+ [cpython](https://github.com/python/cpython)
+ [byterun](http://qingyunha.github.io/taotao/)

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with open("src/opcodes.h", "rt", encoding='utf-8') as f:
OPCODES_TEXT = f.read()
pipeline = [
["str.h", "builtins.h"],
["obj.h", "iter.h", "parser.h", "codeobject.h"],
["error.h", "vm.h", "compiler.h"],
["pocketpy.h"]
]
copied = set()
text = ""
import re
import shutil
import os
import time
if os.path.exists("amalgamated"):
shutil.rmtree("amalgamated")
time.sleep(1)
os.mkdir("amalgamated")
def remove_copied_include(text):
text = text.replace("#pragma once", "")
text = re.sub(
r'#include\s+"(.+)"\s*',
lambda m: "" if m.group(1) in copied else m.group(0),
text
)
text = text.replace('#include "opcodes.h"', OPCODES_TEXT)
return text
for seq in pipeline:
for j in seq:
with open("src/"+j, "rt", encoding='utf-8') as f:
text += remove_copied_include(f.read()) + '\n'
copied.add(j)
with open("amalgamated/pocketpy.h", "wt", encoding='utf-8') as f:
final_text = \
r'''/*
* Copyright (c) 2022 blueloveTH
* Distributed Under The GNU General Public License v3.0
*/
#ifndef POCKETPY_H
#define POCKETPY_H
''' + text + '\n#endif // POCKETPY_H'
f.write(final_text)
shutil.copy("src/main.cpp", "amalgamated/main.cpp")
os.system("g++ -o pocketpy amalgamated/main.cpp --std=c++17 -O1")

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g++ -o pocketpy src/main.cpp --std=c++17 -O1

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import os
import re
with open("src/opcodes.h", "rt", encoding='utf-8') as f:
text = f.read()
# opcodes = re.findall(r"OP_(\w+)", text)
# print('\n'.join([f"OPCODE({o})" + o for o in opcodes]))
text = re.sub(r"OP_(\w+)", lambda m: f"OPCODE({m.group(1)})", text)
print(text.replace(',', ''))

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import os
def get_loc(path):
loc = 0
with open(path, "rt", encoding='utf-8') as f:
loc += len(f.readlines())
return loc
def get_loc_for_dir(path):
loc = 0
for root, dirs, files in os.walk(path):
for file in files:
if file.endswith('.h'):
_i = get_loc(os.path.join(root, file))
print(f"{file}: {_i}")
loc += _i
return loc
print(get_loc_for_dir('src'))

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import os
singletypepath = 'tests/singletype'
mixedtypepath = 'tests/mixedtype'
def test_file(filepath):
return os.system("./pocketpy " + filepath) == 0
#return os.system("python3 " + filepath) == 0
def test_dir(path):
print("=" * 50)
for filename in os.listdir(path):
if filename.endswith('.py'):
filepath = os.path.join(path, filename)
code = test_file(filepath)
if not code:
print("[x] " + filepath)
else:
print("[√] " + filepath)
if __name__ == '__main__':
test_dir(singletypepath)
test_dir(mixedtypepath)

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#pragma once
const char* __BUILTINS_CODE = R"(
def len(x):
return x.__len__()
def __str4join(self, seq):
s = ""
for i in seq:
s += str(i) + self # in Python3, it uses 'i' instead of 'str(i)'
if len(self) > 0:
s = s[:-len(self)]
return s
str.join = __str4join
def __str4__mul__(self, n):
s = ""
for i in range(n):
s += self
return s
str.__mul__ = __str4__mul__
def __str4split(self, sep):
if sep == "":
return list(self)
res = []
i = 0
while i < len(self):
if self[i:i+len(sep)] == sep:
res.append(self[:i])
self = self[i+len(sep):]
i = 0
else:
i += 1
res.append(self)
return res
str.split = __str4split
def __list4__str__(self):
a = []
for i in self:
a.append(str(i))
return "[" + ", ".join(a) + "]"
list.__str__ = __list4__str__
def __list4extend(self, other):
for i in other:
self.append(i)
list.extend = __list4extend
def __list4__mul__(self, n):
a = []
for i in range(n):
a.extend(self)
return a
list.__mul__ = __list4__mul__
def __iterable4__eq__(self, other):
if len(self) != len(other):
return False
for i in range(len(self)):
if self[i] != other[i]:
return False
return True
list.__eq__ = __iterable4__eq__
tuple.__eq__ = __iterable4__eq__
def __iterable4__contains__(self, item):
for i in self:
if i == item:
return True
return False
list.__contains__ = __iterable4__contains__
tuple.__contains__ = __iterable4__contains__
# https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Objects/dictobject.c
class dict:
def __init__(self, tuples):
self._capacity = 8
self._a = [None] * self._capacity
self._len = 0
for i in tuples:
self[i[0]] = i[1]
def __len__(self):
return self._len
def __probe(self, key):
i = hash(key) % self._capacity
while self._a[i] is not None:
if self._a[i][0] == key:
return [True, i]
i = ((5*i) + 1) % self._capacity
return [False, i]
def __getitem__(self, key):
ret = self.__probe(key)
ok = ret[0]; i = ret[1]
if not ok:
raise KeyError(key)
return self._a[i][1]
def __contains__(self, key):
ret = self.__probe(key)
ok = ret[0]; i = ret[1]
return ok
def __setitem__(self, key, value):
ret = self.__probe(key)
ok = ret[0]; i = ret[1]
if ok:
self._a[i][1] = value
else:
self._a[i] = [key, value]
self._len += 1
if self._len > self._capacity * 0.6:
self.__resize_2x()
def __delitem__(self, key):
ret = self.__probe(key)
ok = ret[0]; i = ret[1]
if not ok:
raise KeyError(key)
self._a[i] = None
self._len -= 1
def __resize_2x(self):
old_a = self._a
self._capacity *= 2
self._a = [None] * self._capacity
self._len = 0
for kv in old_a:
if kv is not None:
self[kv[0]] = kv[1]
def keys(self):
ret = []
for kv in self._a:
if kv is not None:
ret.append(kv[0])
return ret
def values(self):
ret = []
for kv in self._a:
if kv is not None:
ret.append(kv[1])
return ret
def items(self):
ret = []
for kv in self._a:
if kv is not None:
ret.append(kv)
return ret
def __str__(self):
ret = '{'
for kv in self.items():
ret += str(kv[0]) + ': ' + str(kv[1]) + ', '
if ret[-2:] == ', ':
ret = ret[:-2]
return ret + '}'
)";

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#pragma once
#include "obj.h"
enum Opcode {
#define OPCODE(name) OP_##name,
#include "opcodes.h"
#undef OPCODE
};
static const char* OP_NAMES[] = {
#define OPCODE(name) #name,
#include "opcodes.h"
#undef OPCODE
};
struct ByteCode{
uint8_t op;
int arg;
uint16_t line;
};
_Str pad(const _Str& s, const int n){
return s + _Str(n - s.size(), ' ');
}
class CodeObject {
public:
std::vector<ByteCode> co_code;
_Str co_filename;
_Str co_name;
PyVarList co_consts;
std::vector<_Str> co_names;
int addConst(PyVar v){
co_consts.push_back(v);
return co_consts.size() - 1;
}
int addName(const _Str& name){
auto iter = std::find(co_names.begin(), co_names.end(), name);
if(iter == co_names.end()){
co_names.push_back(name);
return co_names.size() - 1;
}
return iter - co_names.begin();
}
int getNameIndex(const _Str& name){
auto iter = std::find(co_names.begin(), co_names.end(), name);
if(iter == co_names.end()) return -1;
return iter - co_names.begin();
}
_Str toString(){
_StrStream ss;
int prev_line = -1;
for(int i=0; i<co_code.size(); i++){
const ByteCode& byte = co_code[i];
_Str line = std::to_string(byte.line);
if(byte.line == prev_line) line = "";
else{
if(prev_line != -1) ss << "\n";
prev_line = byte.line;
}
ss << pad(line, 12) << " " << pad(std::to_string(i), 3);
ss << " " << pad(OP_NAMES[byte.op], 20) << " ";
ss << (byte.arg == -1 ? "" : std::to_string(byte.arg));
if(i != co_code.size() - 1) ss << '\n';
}
_StrStream consts;
consts << "co_consts: ";
for(int i=0; i<co_consts.size(); i++){
consts << co_consts[i]->getTypeName();
if(i != co_consts.size() - 1) consts << ", ";
}
_StrStream names;
names << "co_names: ";
for(int i=0; i<co_names.size(); i++){
names << co_names[i];
if(i != co_names.size() - 1) names << ", ";
}
ss << '\n' << consts.str() << '\n' << names.str() << '\n';
for(int i=0; i<co_consts.size(); i++){
auto fn = std::get_if<_Func>(&co_consts[i]->_native);
if(fn) ss << '\n' << fn->code->co_name << ":\n" << fn->code->toString();
}
return _Str(ss);
}
};
class Frame {
private:
std::stack<PyVar> s_data;
int ip = 0;
public:
StlDict* f_globals;
StlDict f_locals;
const CodeObject* code;
Frame(const CodeObject* code, StlDict locals, StlDict* globals)
: code(code), f_locals(locals), f_globals(globals) {}
inline const ByteCode& readCode() {
return code->co_code[ip++];
}
int currentLine(){
if(isEnd()) return -1;
return code->co_code[ip].line;
}
inline bool isEnd() const {
return ip >= code->co_code.size();
}
inline PyVar popValue(){
PyVar v = s_data.top();
s_data.pop();
return v;
}
inline const PyVar& topValue() const {
return s_data.top();
}
inline void pushValue(PyVar v){
s_data.push(v);
}
inline int valueCount() const {
return s_data.size();
}
inline void jumpTo(int i){
this->ip = i;
}
inline PyVarList popNReversed(int n){
PyVarList v(n);
for(int i=n-1; i>=0; i--) v[i] = popValue();
return v;
}
};

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#pragma once
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <cstring>
#include "parser.h"
#include "error.h"
#include "vm.h"
class Compiler;
typedef void (Compiler::*GrammarFn)();
typedef void (Compiler::*CompilerAction)();
struct GrammarRule{
GrammarFn prefix;
GrammarFn infix;
Precedence precedence;
};
struct Loop {
bool forLoop;
int start;
std::vector<int> breaks;
Loop(bool forLoop, int start) : forLoop(forLoop), start(start) {}
};
#define ExprCommaSplitArgs(end) \
int ARGC = 0; \
do { \
matchNewLines(); \
if (peek() == TK(end)) break; \
compileExpression(); \
ARGC++; \
matchNewLines(); \
} while (match(TK(","))); \
matchNewLines(); \
consume(TK(end));
class Compiler {
public:
std::unique_ptr<Parser> parser;
bool repl_mode;
bool l_value;
std::stack<_Code> codes;
std::stack<Loop> loops;
bool isCompilingClass = false;
_Str path = "<?>";
VM* vm;
std::unordered_map<_TokenType, GrammarRule> rules;
_Code getCode() {
return codes.top();
}
Loop& getLoop() {
return loops.top();
}
Compiler(VM* vm, const char* source, _Code code, bool repl_mode){
this->vm = vm;
this->codes.push(code);
this->repl_mode = repl_mode;
if (!code->co_filename.empty()) path = code->co_filename;
this->parser = std::make_unique<Parser>(source);
// http://journal.stuffwithstuff.com/2011/03/19/pratt-parsers-expression-parsing-made-easy/
#define METHOD(name) &Compiler::name
#define NO_INFIX PREC_NONE
for(_TokenType i=0; i<__TOKENS_LEN; i++) rules[i] = { nullptr, nullptr, PREC_NONE };
rules[TK(".")] = { nullptr, METHOD(exprAttrib), PREC_ATTRIB };
rules[TK("(")] = { METHOD(exprGrouping), METHOD(exprCall), PREC_CALL };
rules[TK("[")] = { METHOD(exprList), METHOD(exprSubscript), PREC_SUBSCRIPT };
rules[TK("{")] = { METHOD(exprMap), nullptr, NO_INFIX };
rules[TK("%")] = { nullptr, METHOD(exprBinaryOp), PREC_FACTOR };
rules[TK("+")] = { nullptr, METHOD(exprBinaryOp), PREC_TERM };
rules[TK("-")] = { METHOD(exprUnaryOp), METHOD(exprBinaryOp), PREC_TERM };
rules[TK("*")] = { nullptr, METHOD(exprBinaryOp), PREC_FACTOR };
rules[TK("/")] = { nullptr, METHOD(exprBinaryOp), PREC_FACTOR };
rules[TK("//")] = { nullptr, METHOD(exprBinaryOp), PREC_FACTOR };
rules[TK("**")] = { nullptr, METHOD(exprBinaryOp), PREC_EXPONENT };
rules[TK(">")] = { nullptr, METHOD(exprBinaryOp), PREC_COMPARISION };
rules[TK("<")] = { nullptr, METHOD(exprBinaryOp), PREC_COMPARISION };
rules[TK("==")] = { nullptr, METHOD(exprBinaryOp), PREC_EQUALITY };
rules[TK("!=")] = { nullptr, METHOD(exprBinaryOp), PREC_EQUALITY };
rules[TK(">=")] = { nullptr, METHOD(exprBinaryOp), PREC_COMPARISION };
rules[TK("<=")] = { nullptr, METHOD(exprBinaryOp), PREC_COMPARISION };
rules[TK("lambda")] = { METHOD(exprLambda), nullptr, NO_INFIX };
rules[TK("None")] = { METHOD(exprValue), nullptr, NO_INFIX };
rules[TK("in")] = { nullptr, METHOD(exprBinaryOp), PREC_TEST };
rules[TK("is")] = { nullptr, METHOD(exprBinaryOp), PREC_TEST };
rules[TK("not in")] = { nullptr, METHOD(exprBinaryOp), PREC_TEST };
rules[TK("is not")] = { nullptr, METHOD(exprBinaryOp), PREC_TEST };
rules[TK("and")] = { nullptr, METHOD(exprAnd), PREC_LOGICAL_AND };
rules[TK("or")] = { nullptr, METHOD(exprOr), PREC_LOGICAL_OR };
rules[TK("not")] = { METHOD(exprUnaryOp), nullptr, PREC_UNARY };
rules[TK("True")] = { METHOD(exprValue), nullptr, NO_INFIX };
rules[TK("False")] = { METHOD(exprValue), nullptr, NO_INFIX };
rules[TK("@id")] = { METHOD(exprName), nullptr, NO_INFIX };
rules[TK("@num")] = { METHOD(exprLiteral), nullptr, NO_INFIX };
rules[TK("@str")] = { METHOD(exprLiteral), nullptr, NO_INFIX };
#undef METHOD
#undef NO_INFIX
}
void eatString(bool single_quote) {
std::vector<char> buff;
char quote = (single_quote) ? '\'' : '"';
while (true) {
char c = parser->eatChar();
if (c == quote) break;
if (c == '\0')
throw SyntaxError(path, parser->makeErrToken(), "EOL while scanning string literal");
if (c == '\\') {
switch (parser->eatCharIncludeNewLine()) {
case '"': buff.push_back('"'); break;
case '\'': buff.push_back('\''); break;
case '\\': buff.push_back('\\'); break;
case 'n': buff.push_back('\n'); break;
case 'r': buff.push_back('\r'); break;
case 't': buff.push_back('\t'); break;
case '\n': break; // Just ignore the next line.
case '\r': if (parser->matchChar('\n')) break;
default: throw SyntaxError(path, parser->makeErrToken(), "invalid syntax");
}
} else {
buff.push_back(c);
}
}
parser->setNextToken(TK("@str"), vm->PyStr(_Str(buff.data(), buff.size())));
}
void eatNumber() {
char c = *(parser->token_start);
bool is_float = false;
while (isdigit(parser->peekChar())) parser->eatChar();
if (parser->peekChar() == '.' && isdigit(parser->peekNextChar())) {
parser->matchChar('.');
is_float = true;
while (isdigit(parser->peekChar())) parser->eatChar();
}
errno = 0;
PyVar value = vm->None;
if(is_float){
value = vm->PyFloat(atof(parser->token_start));
} else {
value = vm->PyInt(atoi(parser->token_start));
}
if (errno == ERANGE) {
const char* start = parser->token_start;
int len = (int)(parser->current_char - start);
throw SyntaxError(path, parser->makeErrToken(), "number literal too large: %.*s", len, start);
}
parser->setNextToken(TK("@num"), value);
}
// Lex the next token and set it as the next token.
void lexToken() {
parser->previous = parser->current;
parser->current = parser->nextToken();
//printf("<%s> ", TK_STR(peek()));
while (parser->peekChar() != '\0') {
parser->token_start = parser->current_char;
char c = parser->eatCharIncludeNewLine();
switch (c) {
case '"': eatString(false); return;
case '\'': eatString(true); return;
case '#': parser->skipLineComment(); break;
case '{': parser->setNextToken(TK("{")); return;
case '}': parser->setNextToken(TK("}")); return;
case ',': parser->setNextToken(TK(",")); return;
case ':': parser->setNextToken(TK(":")); return;
case ';': parser->setNextToken(TK(";")); return;
case '(': parser->setNextToken(TK("(")); return;
case ')': parser->setNextToken(TK(")")); return;
case '[': parser->setNextToken(TK("[")); return;
case ']': parser->setNextToken(TK("]")); return;
case '%': parser->setNextToken(TK("%")); return;
case '.': parser->setNextToken(TK(".")); return;
case '=': parser->setNextTwoCharToken('=', TK("="), TK("==")); return;
case '>': parser->setNextTwoCharToken('=', TK(">"), TK(">=")); return;
case '<': parser->setNextTwoCharToken('=', TK("<"), TK("<=")); return;
case '+': parser->setNextTwoCharToken('=', TK("+"), TK("+=")); return;
case '-': parser->setNextTwoCharToken('=', TK("-"), TK("-=")); return;
case '!':
if(parser->matchChar('=')) parser->setNextToken(TK("!="));
else SyntaxError(path, parser->makeErrToken(), "expected '=' after '!'");
break;
case '*':
if (parser->matchChar('*')) {
parser->setNextToken(TK("**")); // '**'
} else {
parser->setNextTwoCharToken('=', TK("*"), TK("*="));
}
return;
case '/':
if(parser->matchChar('/')) {
parser->setNextTwoCharToken('=', TK("//"), TK("//="));
} else {
parser->setNextTwoCharToken('=', TK("/"), TK("/="));
}
return;
case '\r': break; // just ignore '\r'
case ' ': case '\t': parser->eatSpaces(); break;
case '\n': {
parser->setNextToken(TK("@eol"));
while(parser->matchChar('\n'));
if(!parser->eatIndentation())
throw SyntaxError(path, parser->makeErrToken(), "unindent does not match any outer indentation level");
return;
}
default: {
if (isdigit(c)) {
eatNumber();
} else if (isalpha(c) || c=='_') {
parser->eatName();
} else {
throw SyntaxError(path, parser->makeErrToken(), "unknown character: %c", c);
}
return;
}
}
}
parser->token_start = parser->current_char;
parser->setNextToken(TK("@eof"));
}
_TokenType peek() {
return parser->current.type;
}
bool match(_TokenType expected) {
if (peek() != expected) return false;
lexToken();
return true;
}
void consume(_TokenType expected) {
lexToken();
Token prev = parser->previous;
if (prev.type != expected){
throw SyntaxError(path, prev, "expected '%s', but got '%s'", TK_STR(expected), TK_STR(prev.type));
}
}
bool matchNewLines(bool repl_throw=false) {
bool consumed = false;
if (peek() == TK("@eol")) {
while (peek() == TK("@eol")) lexToken();
consumed = true;
}
if (repl_throw && peek() == TK("@eof")){
throw NeedMoreLines();
}
return consumed;
}
bool matchEndStatement() {
if (match(TK(";"))) {
matchNewLines();
return true;
}
if (matchNewLines() || peek() == TK("@eof"))
return true;
if (peek() == TK("@dedent")) return true;
return false;
}
void consumeEndStatement() {
if (!matchEndStatement())
throw SyntaxError(path, parser->current, "expected statement end");
}
bool matchAssignment() {
if (match(TK("="))) return true;
if (match(TK("+="))) return true;
if (match(TK("-="))) return true;
if (match(TK("*="))) return true;
if (match(TK("/="))) return true;
if (match(TK("//="))) return true;
return false;
}
#define OP_STORE_AUTO (codes.size()==1) ? OP_STORE_NAME : OP_STORE_FAST
void exprLiteral() {
PyVar value = parser->previous.value;
int index = getCode()->addConst(value);
emitCode(OP_LOAD_CONST, index);
}
void exprLambda() {
}
void exprName() {
Token tkname = parser->previous;
_Str name(tkname.start, tkname.length);
int index = getCode()->addName(name);
if (l_value && matchAssignment()) {
_TokenType assignment = parser->previous.type;
matchNewLines();
if (assignment == TK("=")) { // name = (expr);
compileExpression();
} else { // name += / -= / *= ... = (expr);
emitCode(OP_LOAD_NAME, index);
compileExpression();
emitAssignOp(assignment);
}
emitCode(OP_STORE_AUTO, index);
} else { // Just the name and no assignment followed by.
emitCode(OP_LOAD_NAME, index);
}
}
void emitAssignOp(_TokenType assignment){
switch (assignment) {
case TK("+="): emitCode(OP_BINARY_OP, 0); break;
case TK("-="): emitCode(OP_BINARY_OP, 1); break;
case TK("*="): emitCode(OP_BINARY_OP, 2); break;
case TK("/="): emitCode(OP_BINARY_OP, 3); break;
case TK("//="): emitCode(OP_BINARY_OP, 4); break;
default: UNREACHABLE();
}
}
void exprOr() {
int patch = emitCode(OP_JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP);
matchNewLines();
parsePrecedence(PREC_LOGICAL_OR);
patchJump(patch);
}
void exprAnd() {
int patch = emitCode(OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP);
matchNewLines();
parsePrecedence(PREC_LOGICAL_AND);
patchJump(patch);
}
void exprBinaryOp() {
_TokenType op = parser->previous.type;
matchNewLines();
parsePrecedence((Precedence)(rules[op].precedence + 1));
switch (op) {
case TK("+"): emitCode(OP_BINARY_OP, 0); break;
case TK("-"): emitCode(OP_BINARY_OP, 1); break;
case TK("*"): emitCode(OP_BINARY_OP, 2); break;
case TK("/"): emitCode(OP_BINARY_OP, 3); break;
case TK("//"): emitCode(OP_BINARY_OP, 4); break;
case TK("%"): emitCode(OP_BINARY_OP, 5); break;
case TK("**"): emitCode(OP_BINARY_OP, 6); break;
case TK("<"): emitCode(OP_COMPARE_OP, 0); break;
case TK("<="): emitCode(OP_COMPARE_OP, 1); break;
case TK("=="): emitCode(OP_COMPARE_OP, 2); break;
case TK("!="): emitCode(OP_COMPARE_OP, 3); break;
case TK(">"): emitCode(OP_COMPARE_OP, 4); break;
case TK(">="): emitCode(OP_COMPARE_OP, 5); break;
case TK("in"): emitCode(OP_CONTAINS_OP, 0); break;
case TK("not in"): emitCode(OP_CONTAINS_OP, 1); break;
case TK("is"): emitCode(OP_IS_OP, 0); break;
case TK("is not"): emitCode(OP_IS_OP, 1); break;
default: UNREACHABLE();
}
}
void exprUnaryOp() {
_TokenType op = parser->previous.type;
matchNewLines();
parsePrecedence((Precedence)(PREC_UNARY + 1));
switch (op) {
case TK("-"): emitCode(OP_UNARY_NEGATIVE); break;
case TK("not"): emitCode(OP_UNARY_NOT); break;
default: UNREACHABLE();
}
}
void exprGrouping() {
matchNewLines();
compileExpression();
matchNewLines();
consume(TK(")"));
}
void exprList() {
ExprCommaSplitArgs("]");
emitCode(OP_BUILD_LIST, ARGC);
}
void exprMap() {
int size = 0;
do {
matchNewLines();
if (peek() == TK("}")) break;
compileExpression();consume(TK(":"));compileExpression();
emitCode(OP_BUILD_TUPLE, 2);
size++;
matchNewLines();
} while (match(TK(",")));
matchNewLines();
consume(TK("}"));
emitCode(OP_BUILD_MAP, size);
}
void exprCall() {
ExprCommaSplitArgs(")");
emitCode(OP_CALL, ARGC);
}
void exprAttrib() {
consume(TK("@id"));
const _Str& name = parser->previous.str();
int index = getCode()->addName(name);
if (match(TK("("))) {
emitCode(OP_LOAD_ATTR, index);
exprCall();
return;
}
if (l_value && matchAssignment()) {
_TokenType assignment = parser->previous.type;
matchNewLines();
if (assignment != TK("=")) { // name += / -= / *= ... = (expr);
emitCode(OP_DUP_TOP);
emitCode(OP_LOAD_ATTR, index);
compileExpression();
emitAssignOp(assignment);
} else {
compileExpression();
}
emitCode(OP_STORE_ATTR, index);
} else {
emitCode(OP_LOAD_ATTR, index);
}
}
// [:], [:b]
// [a], [a:], [a:b]
void exprSubscript() {
bool slice = false;
if(match(TK(":"))){
emitCode(OP_LOAD_NONE);
if(match(TK("]"))){
emitCode(OP_LOAD_NONE);
}else{
compileExpression();
consume(TK("]"));
}
emitCode(OP_BUILD_SLICE);
slice = true;
}else{
compileExpression();
if(match(TK(":"))){
if(match(TK("]"))){
emitCode(OP_LOAD_NONE);
}else{
compileExpression();
consume(TK("]"));
}
emitCode(OP_BUILD_SLICE);
slice = true;
}else{
consume(TK("]"));
}
}
if (l_value && matchAssignment()) {
if(slice) throw SyntaxError(path, parser->previous, "can't assign to slice");
_TokenType assignment = parser->previous.type;
matchNewLines();
if (assignment != TK("=")) {
UNREACHABLE();
} else {
compileExpression();
}
emitCode(OP_STORE_SUBSCR);
} else {
emitCode(OP_BINARY_SUBSCR);
}
}
void exprValue() {
_TokenType op = parser->previous.type;
switch (op) {
case TK("None"): emitCode(OP_LOAD_NONE); break;
case TK("True"): emitCode(OP_LOAD_TRUE); break;
case TK("False"): emitCode(OP_LOAD_FALSE); break;
default: UNREACHABLE();
}
}
void parsePrecedence(Precedence precedence) {
lexToken();
GrammarFn prefix = rules[parser->previous.type].prefix;
if (prefix == nullptr) {
throw SyntaxError(path, parser->previous, "expected an expression");
}
// Make a "backup" of the l value before parsing next operators to
// reset once it done.
bool l_value = this->l_value;
this->l_value = precedence <= PREC_LOWEST;
(this->*prefix)();
while (rules[peek()].precedence >= precedence) {
lexToken();
_TokenType op = parser->previous.type;
GrammarFn infix = rules[op].infix;
(this->*infix)();
}
this->l_value = l_value;
}
void keepOpcodeLine(){
int i = getCode()->co_code.size() - 1;
getCode()->co_code[i].line = getCode()->co_code[i-1].line;
}
int emitCode(Opcode opcode, int arg=-1) {
int line = parser->previous.line;
getCode()->co_code.push_back(
ByteCode{(uint8_t)opcode, arg, (uint16_t)line}
);
return getCode()->co_code.size() - 1;
}
void patchJump(int addr_index) {
int target = getCode()->co_code.size();
getCode()->co_code[addr_index].arg = target;
}
void compileBlockBody(){
__compileBlockBody(&Compiler::compileStatement);
}
void __compileBlockBody(CompilerAction action) {
consume(TK(":"));
if(!matchNewLines(repl_mode)){
throw SyntaxError(path, parser->previous, "expected a new line after ':'");
}
consume(TK("@indent"));
while (peek() != TK("@dedent")) {
(this->*action)();
matchNewLines();
}
consume(TK("@dedent"));
}
Token compileImportPath() {
consume(TK("@id"));
Token tkmodule = parser->previous;
int index = getCode()->addName(tkmodule.str());
emitCode(OP_IMPORT_NAME, index);
return tkmodule;
}
// import module1 [as alias1 [, module2 [as alias2 ...]]
void compileRegularImport() {
do {
Token tkmodule = compileImportPath();
if (match(TK("as"))) {
consume(TK("@id"));
tkmodule = parser->previous;
}
int index = getCode()->addName(tkmodule.str());
emitCode(OP_STORE_NAME, index);
} while (match(TK(",")) && (matchNewLines(), true));
consumeEndStatement();
}
// Compiles an expression. An expression will result a value on top of the stack.
void compileExpression() {
parsePrecedence(PREC_LOWEST);
}
void compileIfStatement() {
matchNewLines();
compileExpression(); //< Condition.
int ifpatch = emitCode(OP_POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE);
compileBlockBody();
if (match(TK("elif"))) {
int exit_jump = emitCode(OP_JUMP_ABSOLUTE);
patchJump(ifpatch);
compileIfStatement();
patchJump(exit_jump);
} else if (match(TK("else"))) {
int exit_jump = emitCode(OP_JUMP_ABSOLUTE);
patchJump(ifpatch);
compileBlockBody();
patchJump(exit_jump);
} else {
patchJump(ifpatch);
}
}
Loop& enterLoop(bool forLoop){
Loop lp(forLoop, (int)getCode()->co_code.size());
loops.push(lp);
return loops.top();
}
void exitLoop(){
Loop& lp = loops.top();
for(int addr : lp.breaks) patchJump(addr);
loops.pop();
}
void compileWhileStatement() {
Loop& loop = enterLoop(false);
compileExpression();
int patch = emitCode(OP_POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE);
compileBlockBody();
emitCode(OP_JUMP_ABSOLUTE, loop.start); keepOpcodeLine();
patchJump(patch);
exitLoop();
}
void compileForStatement() {
consume(TK("@id"));
const _Str& iterName = parser->previous.str();
int iterIndex = getCode()->addName(iterName);
consume(TK("in"));
compileExpression();
emitCode(OP_GET_ITER);
Loop& loop = enterLoop(true);
int patch = emitCode(OP_FOR_ITER);
emitCode(OP_STORE_AUTO, iterIndex);
compileBlockBody();
emitCode(OP_JUMP_ABSOLUTE, loop.start); keepOpcodeLine();
patchJump(patch);
exitLoop();
}
void compileStatement() {
if (match(TK("break"))) {
if (loops.empty()) throw SyntaxError(path, parser->previous, "'break' outside loop");
consumeEndStatement();
if(getLoop().forLoop) emitCode(OP_POP_TOP); // pop the iterator of for loop.
int patch = emitCode(OP_JUMP_ABSOLUTE);
getLoop().breaks.push_back(patch);
} else if (match(TK("continue"))) {
if (loops.empty()) {
throw SyntaxError(path, parser->previous, "'continue' not properly in loop");
}
consumeEndStatement();
emitCode(OP_JUMP_ABSOLUTE, getLoop().start);
} else if (match(TK("return"))) {
if (codes.size() == 1)
throw SyntaxError(path, parser->previous, "'return' outside function");
if(matchEndStatement()){
emitCode(OP_LOAD_NONE);
}else{
compileExpression();
consumeEndStatement();
}
emitCode(OP_RETURN_VALUE);
} else if (match(TK("if"))) {
compileIfStatement();
} else if (match(TK("while"))) {
compileWhileStatement();
} else if (match(TK("for"))) {
compileForStatement();
} else if(match(TK("assert"))){
compileExpression();
emitCode(OP_ASSERT);
consumeEndStatement();
} else if(match(TK("raise"))){
consume(TK("@id")); // dummy exception type
emitCode(OP_LOAD_CONST, getCode()->addConst(vm->PyStr(parser->previous.str())));
consume(TK("("));compileExpression();consume(TK(")"));
emitCode(OP_RAISE_ERROR);
consumeEndStatement();
} else if(match(TK("del"))){
// TODO: The del implementation is problematic in some cases.
compileExpression();
ByteCode& lastCode = getCode()->co_code.back();
if(lastCode.op == OP_BINARY_SUBSCR){
lastCode.op = OP_DELETE_SUBSCR;
lastCode.arg = -1;
}else{
throw SyntaxError(path, parser->previous, "you should use 'del a[b]' syntax");
}
consumeEndStatement();
} else if(match(TK("pass"))){
consumeEndStatement();
} else {
compileExpression();
consumeEndStatement();
// If last op is not an assignment, pop the result.
uint8_t lastOp = getCode()->co_code.back().op;
if( lastOp != OP_STORE_NAME && lastOp != OP_STORE_FAST && lastOp != OP_STORE_SUBSCR && lastOp != OP_STORE_ATTR){
if(repl_mode && parser->indents.top() == 0){
emitCode(OP_PRINT_EXPR);
}
emitCode(OP_POP_TOP);
}
}
}
void compileClass(){
consume(TK("@id"));
int clsNameIdx = getCode()->addName(parser->previous.str());
int superClsNameIdx = -1;
if(match(TK("("))){
consume(TK("@id"));
superClsNameIdx = getCode()->addName(parser->previous.str());
consume(TK(")"));
}
emitCode(OP_LOAD_NONE);
isCompilingClass = true;
__compileBlockBody(&Compiler::compileFunction);
isCompilingClass = false;
if(superClsNameIdx == -1) emitCode(OP_LOAD_NONE);
else emitCode(OP_LOAD_NAME, superClsNameIdx);
emitCode(OP_BUILD_CLASS, clsNameIdx);
}
void compileFunction(){
if(isCompilingClass){
if(match(TK("pass"))) return;
consume(TK("def"));
}
consume(TK("@id"));
const _Str& name = parser->previous.str();
std::vector<_Str> argNames;
if (match(TK("(")) && !match(TK(")"))) {
do {
matchNewLines();
consume(TK("@id"));
const _Str& argName = parser->previous.str();
if (std::find(argNames.begin(), argNames.end(), argName) != argNames.end()) {
throw SyntaxError(path, parser->previous, "duplicate argument in function definition");
}
argNames.push_back(argName);
} while (match(TK(",")));
consume(TK(")"));
}
_Code fnCode = std::make_shared<CodeObject>();
fnCode->co_name = name;
fnCode->co_filename = path;
this->codes.push(fnCode);
compileBlockBody();
this->codes.pop();
PyVar fn = vm->PyFunction(_Func{name, fnCode, argNames});
emitCode(OP_LOAD_CONST, getCode()->addConst(fn));
if(!isCompilingClass) emitCode(OP_STORE_FUNCTION);
}
void compileTopLevelStatement() {
if (match(TK("class"))) {
compileClass();
} else if (match(TK("def"))) {
compileFunction();
} else if (match(TK("import"))) {
compileRegularImport();
} else {
compileStatement();
}
}
};
_Code compile(VM* vm, const char* source, _Str filename, bool repl_mode=false) {
// Skip utf8 BOM if there is any.
if (strncmp(source, "\xEF\xBB\xBF", 3) == 0) source += 3;
_Code code = std::make_shared<CodeObject>();
code->co_filename = filename;
Compiler compiler(vm, source, code, repl_mode);
// Lex initial tokens. current <-- next.
compiler.lexToken();
compiler.lexToken();
compiler.matchNewLines();
while (!compiler.match(TK("@eof"))) {
compiler.compileTopLevelStatement();
compiler.matchNewLines();
}
return code;
}

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#pragma once
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include "parser.h"
class NeedMoreLines : public std::exception {};
class SyntaxError : public std::exception {
private:
_Str _what;
public:
char message[100];
_Str path;
int lineno;
SyntaxError(const _Str& path, Token tk, const char* msg, ...) {
va_list args;
va_start(args, msg);
vsnprintf(message, 100, msg, args);
va_end(args);
this->path = path;
lineno = tk.line;
_StrStream ss;
ss << " File '" << path << "', line " << std::to_string(lineno) << std::endl;
ss << _Str("SyntaxError: ") << message;
_what = ss.str();
}
const char* what() const noexcept override {
return _what.str().c_str();
}
};

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#pragma once
#include "obj.h"
typedef std::function<PyVar (int)> _PyIntFn;
class RangeIterator : public _Iterator {
private:
int current;
_Range r;
_PyIntFn fn;
public:
RangeIterator(PyVar _ref, _PyIntFn fn) : _Iterator(_ref), fn(fn) {
this->r = std::get<_Range>(_ref->_native);
this->current = r.start;
}
PyVar next() override {
PyVar val = fn(current);
current += r.step;
return val;
}
bool hasNext() override {
if(r.step > 0){
return current < r.stop;
}else{
return current > r.stop;
}
}
};
class VectorIterator : public _Iterator {
private:
int index = 0;
const PyVarList* vec;
public:
VectorIterator(PyVar _ref) : _Iterator(_ref) {
vec = &std::get<PyVarList>(_ref->_native);
}
bool hasNext(){
return index < vec->size();
}
PyVar next(){
return vec->at(index++);
}
};

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#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <chrono>
#include "pocketpy.h"
//#define PK_DEBUG
//#define PK_DEBUG_TIME
class Timer{
private:
std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::high_resolution_clock> start;
std::string title;
public:
Timer(const std::string& title){
#ifdef PK_DEBUG_TIME
start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
this->title = title;
#endif
}
void stop(){
#ifdef PK_DEBUG_TIME
auto end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
double elapsed = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(end - start).count() / 1000000.0;
std::cout << title << ": " << elapsed << " s" << std::endl;
#endif
}
};
VM* newVM(){
VM* vm = createVM([](const char* str) {
std::cout << str;
std::cout.flush();
});
registerModule(vm, "math", "pi = 3.141593");
return vm;
}
void REPL(){
std::cout << "pocketpy 0.1.0" << std::endl;
bool need_more_lines = false;
std::string buffer;
VM* vm = newVM();
while(true){
vm->printFn(need_more_lines ? "... " : ">>> ");
std::string line;
std::getline(std::cin, line);
if(need_more_lines){
buffer += line;
buffer += '\n';
int n = buffer.size();
if(n>=2 && buffer[n-1]=='\n' && buffer[n-2]=='\n'){
need_more_lines = false;
line = buffer;
buffer.clear();
}else{
continue;
}
}else{
if(line == "exit()") break;
if(line.empty()) continue;
}
try{
_Code code = compile(vm, line.c_str(), "<stdin>", true);
vm->exec(code);
#ifdef PK_DEBUG
}catch(NeedMoreLines& e){
#else
}catch(std::exception& e){
#endif
if(need_more_lines = dynamic_cast<NeedMoreLines*>(&e)){
buffer += line;
buffer += '\n';
}else{
vm->printFn(e.what());
vm->printFn("\n");
vm->cleanError();
}
}
}
}
int main(int argc, char** argv){
if(argc == 1){
REPL();
return 0;
// argc = 2;
// argv = new char*[2]{argv[0], (char*)"../tests/singletype/basic.py"};
}
if(argc == 2){
std::string filename = argv[1];
if(filename == "-h" || filename == "--help"){
std::cout << "Usage: pocketpy [filename]" << std::endl;
return 0;
}
#ifndef PK_DEBUG
try{
#endif
std::ifstream file(filename);
std::string src((std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(file)), std::istreambuf_iterator<char>());
VM* vm = newVM();
Timer timer("编译时间");
_Code code = compile(vm, src.c_str(), filename, false);
timer.stop();
//std::cout << code->toString() << std::endl;
Timer timer2("运行时间");
vm->exec(code);
timer2.stop();
#ifndef PK_DEBUG
}catch(std::exception& e){
std::cout << e.what() << std::endl;
}
#endif
return 0;
}
}

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#pragma once
#include <unordered_map>
#include <memory>
#include <variant>
#include <functional>
#include <stack>
#include <cmath>
#include <stdexcept>
#include "str.h"
class PyObject;
class CodeObject;
class VM;
typedef std::shared_ptr<PyObject> PyVar;
typedef PyVar PyVarOrNull;
typedef std::vector<PyVar> PyVarList;
typedef std::unordered_map<_Str, PyVar> StlDict;
typedef PyVar (*_CppFunc)(VM*, PyVarList);
typedef std::shared_ptr<CodeObject> _Code;
struct _Func {
_Str name;
_Code code;
std::vector<_Str> argNames;
};
struct BoundedMethod {
PyVar obj;
PyVar method;
};
struct _Range {
int start = 0;
int stop = -1;
int step = 1;
};
struct _Slice {
int start = 0;
int stop = 2147483647;
void normalize(int len){
if(start < 0) start += len;
if(stop < 0) stop += len;
if(start < 0) start = 0;
if(stop > len) stop = len;
}
};
class _Iterator {
private:
PyVar _ref; // keep a reference to the object so it will not be deleted while iterating
public:
virtual PyVar next() = 0;
virtual bool hasNext() = 0;
_Iterator(PyVar _ref) : _ref(_ref) {}
};
typedef std::variant<int,float,bool,_Str,PyVarList,_CppFunc,_Func,std::shared_ptr<_Iterator>,BoundedMethod,_Range,_Slice> _Value;
#define UNREACHABLE() throw std::runtime_error("Unreachable code")
struct PyObject {
StlDict attribs;
_Value _native;
inline bool isType(const PyVar& type){
return attribs[__class__] == type;
}
// currently __name__ is only used for 'type'
_Str getName(){
_Value val = attribs["__name__"]->_native;
return std::get<_Str>(val);
}
_Str getTypeName(){
return attribs[__class__]->getName();
}
PyObject(_Value val): _native(val) {}
};

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#ifdef OPCODE
OPCODE(LOAD_CONST)
OPCODE(LOAD_NAME)
OPCODE(IMPORT_NAME)
OPCODE(STORE_FAST)
OPCODE(STORE_NAME)
OPCODE(PRINT_EXPR)
OPCODE(POP_TOP)
OPCODE(CALL)
OPCODE(RETURN_VALUE)
OPCODE(BINARY_OP)
OPCODE(COMPARE_OP)
OPCODE(IS_OP)
OPCODE(CONTAINS_OP)
OPCODE(UNARY_NEGATIVE)
OPCODE(UNARY_NOT)
OPCODE(DUP_TOP)
OPCODE(BUILD_LIST)
OPCODE(BUILD_TUPLE)
OPCODE(BUILD_MAP)
OPCODE(BUILD_SLICE)
OPCODE(BINARY_SUBSCR)
OPCODE(STORE_SUBSCR)
OPCODE(DELETE_SUBSCR)
OPCODE(LOAD_ATTR)
OPCODE(STORE_ATTR)
OPCODE(GET_ITER)
OPCODE(FOR_ITER)
OPCODE(POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE)
OPCODE(JUMP_ABSOLUTE)
OPCODE(JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP)
OPCODE(JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP)
// non-standard python opcodes
OPCODE(LOAD_NONE)
OPCODE(LOAD_TRUE)
OPCODE(LOAD_FALSE)
OPCODE(ASSERT)
OPCODE(RAISE_ERROR)
OPCODE(STORE_FUNCTION)
OPCODE(BUILD_CLASS)
#endif

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#pragma once
#include <string_view>
#include <cstring>
#include <queue>
#include "obj.h"
typedef uint8_t _TokenType;
constexpr const char* __TOKENS[] = {
"@error", "@eof", "@eol", "@sof",
".", ",", ":", ";", "#", "(", ")", "[", "]", "{", "}", "%",
"+", "-", "*", "/", "//", "**", "=", ">", "<",
"==", "!=", ">=", "<=",
"+=", "-=", "*=", "/=", "//=",
/** KW_BEGIN **/
"class", "import", "as", "def", "lambda", "pass", "del",
"None", "in", "is", "and", "or", "not", "True", "False",
"while", "for", "if", "elif", "else", "break", "continue", "return", "assert", "raise",
/** KW_END **/
"is not", "not in",
"@id", "@num", "@str",
"@indent", "@dedent"
};
const _TokenType __TOKENS_LEN = sizeof(__TOKENS) / sizeof(__TOKENS[0]);
constexpr _TokenType __tokenIndex(const char* token) {
for(int k=0; k<__TOKENS_LEN; k++){
const char* i = __TOKENS[k];
const char* j = token;
while(*i && *j && *i == *j){
i++; j++;
}
if(*i == *j) return k;
}
return 0;
}
#define TK(s) __tokenIndex(s)
#define TK_STR(t) __TOKENS[t]
const _TokenType __KW_BEGIN = __tokenIndex("class");
const _TokenType __KW_END = __tokenIndex("raise");
const std::unordered_map<std::string_view, _TokenType> __KW_MAP = [](){
std::unordered_map<std::string_view, _TokenType> map;
for(int k=__KW_BEGIN; k<=__KW_END; k++) map[__TOKENS[k]] = k;
return map;
}();
struct Token{
_TokenType type;
const char* start; //< Begining of the token in the source.
int length; //< Number of chars of the token.
int line; //< Line number of the token (1 based).
PyVar value; //< Literal value of the token.
const _Str str() const {
return _Str(start, length);
}
};
enum Precedence {
PREC_NONE,
PREC_LOWEST,
PREC_LOGICAL_OR, // or
PREC_LOGICAL_AND, // and
PREC_EQUALITY, // == !=
PREC_TEST, // in is
PREC_COMPARISION, // < > <= >=
PREC_TERM, // + -
PREC_FACTOR, // * / %
PREC_UNARY, // - not
PREC_EXPONENT, // **
PREC_CALL, // ()
PREC_SUBSCRIPT, // []
PREC_ATTRIB, // .index
PREC_PRIMARY,
};
// The context of the parsing phase for the compiler.
struct Parser {
const char* source; //< Currently compiled source.
const char* token_start; //< Start of the currently parsed token.
const char* current_char; //< Current char position in the source.
const char* line_start; //< Start of the current line.
int current_line = 1;
Token previous, current;
std::queue<Token> nexts;
std::stack<int> indents;
Token nextToken(){
if(nexts.empty()) return makeErrToken();
Token t = nexts.front();
if(t.type == TK("@eof") && indents.size()>1){
nexts.pop();
indents.pop();
return Token{TK("@dedent"), token_start, 0, current_line};
}
nexts.pop();
return t;
}
char peekChar() {
return *current_char;
}
char peekNextChar() {
if (peekChar() == '\0') return '\0';
return *(current_char + 1);
}
int eatSpaces(){
int count = 0;
while (true) {
switch (peekChar()) {
case ' ': count++; break;
case '\t': count+=4; break;
default: return count;
}
eatChar();
}
}
bool eatIndentation(){
int spaces = eatSpaces();
// https://docs.python.org/3/reference/lexical_analysis.html#indentation
if(spaces > indents.top()){
indents.push(spaces);
nexts.push(Token{TK("@indent"), token_start, 0, current_line});
} else if(spaces < indents.top()){
while(spaces < indents.top()){
indents.pop();
nexts.push(Token{TK("@dedent"), token_start, 0, current_line});
}
if(spaces != indents.top()){
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
char eatChar() {
char c = peekChar();
if(c == '\n') throw std::runtime_error("eatChar() cannot consume a newline");
current_char++;
return c;
}
char eatCharIncludeNewLine() {
char c = peekChar();
current_char++;
if (c == '\n'){
current_line++;
line_start = current_char;
}
return c;
}
void eatName() {
char c = peekChar();
while (isalpha(c) || c=='_' || isdigit(c)) {
eatChar();
c = peekChar();
}
const char* name_start = token_start;
int length = (int)(current_char - name_start);
std::string_view name(name_start, length);
if(__KW_MAP.count(name)){
if(name == "not"){
if(strncmp(current_char, " in", 3) == 0){
current_char += 3;
setNextToken(TK("not in"));
return;
}
}else if(name == "is"){
if(strncmp(current_char, " not", 4) == 0){
current_char += 4;
setNextToken(TK("is not"));
return;
}
}
setNextToken(__KW_MAP.at(name));
} else {
setNextToken(TK("@id"));
}
}
void skipLineComment() {
char c;
while ((c = peekChar()) != '\0') {
if (c == '\n') return;
eatChar();
}
}
// If the current char is [c] consume it and advance char by 1 and returns
// true otherwise returns false.
bool matchChar(char c) {
if (peekChar() != c) return false;
eatCharIncludeNewLine();
return true;
}
// Returns an error token from the current position for reporting error.
Token makeErrToken() {
return Token{TK("@error"), token_start, (int)(current_char - token_start), current_line};
}
// Initialize the next token as the type.
void setNextToken(_TokenType type, PyVar value=nullptr) {
nexts.push( Token{
type,
token_start,
(int)(current_char - token_start),
current_line - ((type == TK("@eol")) ? 1 : 0),
value
});
}
void setNextTwoCharToken(char c, _TokenType one, _TokenType two) {
if (matchChar(c)) setNextToken(two);
else setNextToken(one);
}
Parser(const char* source) {
this->source = source;
this->token_start = source;
this->current_char = source;
this->line_start = source;
this->nexts.push(Token{TK("@sof"), token_start, 0, current_line});
this->indents.push(0);
}
};

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#pragma once
#include "vm.h"
#include "compiler.h"
inline int _round(float f){
if(f > 0) return (int)(f + 0.5);
return (int)(f - 0.5);
}
#define BIND_NUM_ARITH_OPT(name, op) \
_vm->bindMethodMulti({"int","float"}, #name, [](VM* vm, PyVarList args){ \
if(!vm->isIntOrFloat(args[0], args[1])) \
vm->_error("TypeError", "unsupported operand type(s) for " #op ); \
if(args[0]->isType(vm->_tp_int) && args[1]->isType(vm->_tp_int)){ \
return vm->PyInt(vm->PyInt_AS_C(args[0]) op vm->PyInt_AS_C(args[1])); \
}else{ \
return vm->PyFloat(vm->numToFloat(args[0]) op vm->numToFloat(args[1])); \
} \
});
#define BIND_NUM_LOGICAL_OPT(name, op, fallback) \
_vm->bindMethodMulti({"int","float"}, #name, [](VM* vm, PyVarList args){ \
if(!vm->isIntOrFloat(args[0], args[1])){ \
if constexpr(fallback) return vm->PyBool(args[0] op args[1]); \
vm->_error("TypeError", "unsupported operand type(s) for " #op ); \
} \
return vm->PyBool(vm->numToFloat(args[0]) op vm->numToFloat(args[1])); \
});
void __initializeBuiltinFunctions(VM* _vm) {
BIND_NUM_ARITH_OPT(__add__, +)
BIND_NUM_ARITH_OPT(__sub__, -)
BIND_NUM_ARITH_OPT(__mul__, *)
BIND_NUM_LOGICAL_OPT(__lt__, <, false)
BIND_NUM_LOGICAL_OPT(__le__, <=, false)
BIND_NUM_LOGICAL_OPT(__gt__, >, false)
BIND_NUM_LOGICAL_OPT(__ge__, >=, false)
BIND_NUM_LOGICAL_OPT(__eq__, ==, true)
BIND_NUM_LOGICAL_OPT(__ne__, !=, true)
#undef BIND_NUM_ARITH_OPT
#undef BIND_NUM_LOGICAL_OPT
_vm->bindBuiltinFunc("print", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
for (auto& arg : args) vm->printFn(vm->PyStr_AS_C(vm->asStr(arg)) + " ");
vm->printFn("\n");
return vm->None;
});
_vm->bindBuiltinFunc("hash", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
return vm->PyInt(vm->hash(args.at(0)));
});
_vm->bindBuiltinFunc("chr", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
int i = vm->PyInt_AS_C(args.at(0));
if (i < 0 || i > 128) vm->_error("ValueError", "chr() arg not in range(128)");
return vm->PyStr(_Str(1, (char)i));
});
_vm->bindBuiltinFunc("round", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
return vm->PyInt(_round(vm->numToFloat(args.at(0))));
});
_vm->bindBuiltinFunc("ord", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
_Str s = vm->PyStr_AS_C(args.at(0));
if (s.size() != 1) vm->_error("TypeError", "ord() expected an ASCII character");
return vm->PyInt((int)s[0]);
});
_vm->bindBuiltinFunc("dir", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
PyVarList ret;
for (auto& [k, _] : args.at(0)->attribs) ret.push_back(vm->PyStr(k));
return vm->PyList(ret);
});
_vm->bindMethod("object", "__new__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
PyVar obj = vm->newObject(args.at(0), -1);
args.erase(args.begin());
PyVarOrNull init_fn = vm->getAttr(obj, __init__, false);
if (init_fn != nullptr) vm->call(init_fn, args);
return obj;
});
_vm->bindMethod("object", "__str__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
PyVar _self = args[0];
_Str s = "<" + _self->getTypeName() + " object at " + std::to_string((uintptr_t)_self.get()) + ">";
return vm->PyStr(s);
});
_vm->bindMethod("range", "__new__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
_Range r;
if( args.size() == 0 ) vm->_error("TypeError", "range expected 1 arguments, got 0");
else if (args.size() == 1+1) {
r.stop = vm->PyInt_AS_C(args[1]);
}
else if (args.size() == 2+1) {
r.start = vm->PyInt_AS_C(args[1]);
r.stop = vm->PyInt_AS_C(args[2]);
}
else if (args.size() == 3+1) {
r.start = vm->PyInt_AS_C(args[1]);
r.stop = vm->PyInt_AS_C(args[2]);
r.step = vm->PyInt_AS_C(args[3]);
}
else {
vm->_error("TypeError", "range expected 1 to 3 arguments, got " + std::to_string(args.size()-1));
}
return vm->PyRange(r);
});
_vm->bindMethod("range", "__iter__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
vm->__checkType(args.at(0), vm->_tp_range);
auto iter = std::make_shared<RangeIterator>(args[0], [=](int val){return vm->PyInt(val);});
return vm->PyIter(iter);
});
_vm->bindMethod("NoneType", "__str__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
return vm->PyStr("None");
});
_vm->bindMethodMulti({"int", "float"}, "__truediv__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
if(!vm->isIntOrFloat(args[0], args[1]))
vm->_error("TypeError", "unsupported operand type(s) for " "/" );
return vm->PyFloat(vm->numToFloat(args[0]) / vm->numToFloat(args[1]));
});
_vm->bindMethodMulti({"int", "float"}, "__pow__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
if(!vm->isIntOrFloat(args[0], args[1]))
vm->_error("TypeError", "unsupported operand type(s) for " "**" );
if(args[0]->isType(vm->_tp_int) && args[1]->isType(vm->_tp_int)){
return vm->PyInt(_round(pow(vm->PyInt_AS_C(args[0]), vm->PyInt_AS_C(args[1]))));
}else{
return vm->PyFloat((float)pow(vm->numToFloat(args[0]), vm->numToFloat(args[1])));
}
});
/************ PyInt ************/
_vm->bindMethod("int", "__floordiv__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
if(!args[0]->isType(vm->_tp_int) || !args[1]->isType(vm->_tp_int))
vm->_error("TypeError", "unsupported operand type(s) for " "//" );
return vm->PyInt(vm->PyInt_AS_C(args[0]) / vm->PyInt_AS_C(args[1]));
});
_vm->bindMethod("int", "__mod__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
if(!args[0]->isType(vm->_tp_int) || !args[1]->isType(vm->_tp_int))
vm->_error("TypeError", "unsupported operand type(s) for " "%" );
return vm->PyInt(vm->PyInt_AS_C(args[0]) % vm->PyInt_AS_C(args[1]));
});
_vm->bindMethod("int", "__neg__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
if(!args[0]->isType(vm->_tp_int))
vm->_error("TypeError", "unsupported operand type(s) for " "-" );
return vm->PyInt(-1 * vm->PyInt_AS_C(args[0]));
});
_vm->bindMethod("int", "__str__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
return vm->PyStr(std::to_string(vm->PyInt_AS_C(args[0])));
});
/************ PyFloat ************/
_vm->bindMethod("float", "__neg__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
return vm->PyFloat(-1.0f * vm->PyFloat_AS_C(args[0]));
});
_vm->bindMethod("float", "__str__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
return vm->PyStr(std::to_string(vm->PyFloat_AS_C(args[0])));
});
/************ PyString ************/
_vm->bindMethod("str", "__new__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
vm->_assert(args[0] == vm->_tp_str, "str.__new__ must be called with str as first argument");
vm->_assert(args.size() == 2, "str expected 1 argument");
return vm->asStr(args[1]);
});
_vm->bindMethod("str", "__add__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
if(!args[0]->isType(vm->_tp_str) || !args[1]->isType(vm->_tp_str))
vm->_error("TypeError", "unsupported operand type(s) for " "+" );
const _Str& lhs = vm->PyStr_AS_C(args[0]);
const _Str& rhs = vm->PyStr_AS_C(args[1]);
return vm->PyStr(lhs + rhs);
});
_vm->bindMethod("str", "__len__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
const _Str& _self = vm->PyStr_AS_C(args[0]);
return vm->PyInt(_self.u8_length());
});
_vm->bindMethod("str", "__contains__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
const _Str& _self = vm->PyStr_AS_C(args[0]);
const _Str& _other = vm->PyStr_AS_C(args[1]);
return vm->PyBool(_self.str().find(_other.str()) != _Str::npos);
});
_vm->bindMethod("str", "__str__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
return args[0]; // str is immutable
});
_vm->bindMethod("str", "__eq__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
const _Str& _self = vm->PyStr_AS_C(args[0]);
const _Str& _other = vm->PyStr_AS_C(args[1]);
return vm->PyBool(_self == _other);
});
_vm->bindMethod("str", "__ne__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
const _Str& _self = vm->PyStr_AS_C(args[0]);
const _Str& _other = vm->PyStr_AS_C(args[1]);
return vm->PyBool(_self != _other);
});
_vm->bindMethod("str", "__getitem__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
const _Str& _self (vm->PyStr_AS_C(args[0]));
if(args[1]->isType(vm->_tp_slice)){
_Slice s = vm->PySlice_AS_C(args[1]);
s.normalize(_self.u8_length());
return vm->PyStr(_self.u8_substr(s.start, s.stop));
}
int _index = vm->PyInt_AS_C(args[1]);
_index = vm->normalizedIndex(_index, _self.u8_length());
return vm->PyStr(_self.u8_getitem(_index));
});
_vm->bindMethod("str", "__gt__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
const _Str& _self (vm->PyStr_AS_C(args[0]));
const _Str& _obj (vm->PyStr_AS_C(args[1]));
return vm->PyBool(_self > _obj);
});
_vm->bindMethod("str", "__lt__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
const _Str& _self (vm->PyStr_AS_C(args[0]));
const _Str& _obj (vm->PyStr_AS_C(args[1]));
return vm->PyBool(_self < _obj);
});
_vm->bindMethod("str", "upper", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
const _Str& _self (vm->PyStr_AS_C(args[0]));
_StrStream ss;
for(auto c : _self.str()) ss << (char)toupper(c);
return vm->PyStr(ss);
});
_vm->bindMethod("str", "lower", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
const _Str& _self (vm->PyStr_AS_C(args[0]));
_StrStream ss;
for(auto c : _self.str()) ss << (char)tolower(c);
return vm->PyStr(ss);
});
_vm->bindMethod("str", "replace", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
const _Str& _self = vm->PyStr_AS_C(args[0]);
const _Str& _old = vm->PyStr_AS_C(args[1]);
const _Str& _new = vm->PyStr_AS_C(args[2]);
std::string _copy = _self.str();
// replace all occurences of _old with _new in _copy
size_t pos = 0;
while ((pos = _copy.find(_old.str(), pos)) != std::string::npos) {
_copy.replace(pos, _old.str().length(), _new.str());
pos += _new.str().length();
}
return vm->PyStr(_copy);
});
_vm->bindMethod("str", "startswith", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
const _Str& _self = vm->PyStr_AS_C(args[0]);
const _Str& _prefix = vm->PyStr_AS_C(args[1]);
return vm->PyBool(_self.str().find(_prefix.str()) == 0);
});
_vm->bindMethod("str", "endswith", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
const _Str& _self = vm->PyStr_AS_C(args[0]);
const _Str& _suffix = vm->PyStr_AS_C(args[1]);
return vm->PyBool(_self.str().rfind(_suffix.str()) == _self.str().length() - _suffix.str().length());
});
/************ PyList ************/
_vm->bindMethod("list", "__iter__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
vm->__checkType(args.at(0), vm->_tp_list);
auto iter = std::make_shared<VectorIterator>(args[0]);
return vm->PyIter(iter);
});
_vm->bindMethod("list", "append", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
PyVarList& _self = vm->PyList_AS_C(args[0]);
_self.push_back(args[1]);
return vm->None;
});
_vm->bindMethod("list", "insert", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
PyVarList& _self = vm->PyList_AS_C(args[0]);
int _index = vm->PyInt_AS_C(args[1]);
_index = vm->normalizedIndex(_index, _self.size());
_self.insert(_self.begin() + _index, args[2]);
return vm->None;
});
_vm->bindMethod("list", "clear", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
vm->PyList_AS_C(args[0]).clear();
return vm->None;
});
_vm->bindMethod("list", "copy", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
return vm->PyList(vm->PyList_AS_C(args[0]));
});
_vm->bindMethod("list", "pop", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
PyVarList& _self = vm->PyList_AS_C(args[0]);
if(_self.empty()) vm->_error("IndexError", "pop from empty list");
PyVar ret = _self.back();
_self.pop_back();
return ret;
});
_vm->bindMethod("list", "__add__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
const PyVarList& _self = vm->PyList_AS_C(args[0]);
const PyVarList& _obj = vm->PyList_AS_C(args[1]);
PyVarList _new_list = _self;
_new_list.insert(_new_list.end(), _obj.begin(), _obj.end());
return vm->PyList(_new_list);
});
_vm->bindMethod("list", "__len__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
const PyVarList& _self = vm->PyList_AS_C(args[0]);
return vm->PyInt(_self.size());
});
_vm->bindMethod("list", "__getitem__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
const PyVarList& _self = vm->PyList_AS_C(args[0]);
if(args[1]->isType(vm->_tp_slice)){
_Slice s = vm->PySlice_AS_C(args[1]);
s.normalize(_self.size());
PyVarList _new_list;
for(int i = s.start; i < s.stop; i++)
_new_list.push_back(_self[i]);
return vm->PyList(_new_list);
}
int _index = vm->PyInt_AS_C(args[1]);
_index = vm->normalizedIndex(_index, _self.size());
return _self[_index];
});
_vm->bindMethod("list", "__setitem__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
PyVarList& _self = vm->PyList_AS_C(args[0]);
int _index = vm->PyInt_AS_C(args[1]);
_index = vm->normalizedIndex(_index, _self.size());
_self[_index] = args[2];
return vm->None;
});
_vm->bindMethod("list", "__delitem__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
PyVarList& _self = vm->PyList_AS_C(args[0]);
int _index = vm->PyInt_AS_C(args[1]);
_index = vm->normalizedIndex(_index, _self.size());
_self.erase(_self.begin() + _index);
return vm->None;
});
/************ PyTuple ************/
_vm->bindMethod("tuple", "__iter__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
vm->__checkType(args.at(0), vm->_tp_tuple);
auto iter = std::make_shared<VectorIterator>(args[0]);
return vm->PyIter(iter);
});
_vm->bindMethod("tuple", "__len__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
const PyVarList& _self = vm->PyTuple_AS_C(args[0]);
return vm->PyInt(_self.size());
});
_vm->bindMethod("tuple", "__getitem__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
const PyVarList& _self = vm->PyTuple_AS_C(args[0]);
int _index = vm->PyInt_AS_C(args[1]);
_index = vm->normalizedIndex(_index, _self.size());
return _self[_index];
});
/************ PyBool ************/
_vm->bindMethod("bool", "__str__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
bool val = vm->PyBool_AS_C(args[0]);
return vm->PyStr(val ? "True" : "False");
});
_vm->bindMethod("bool", "__eq__", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
return vm->PyBool(args[0] == args[1]);
});
}
void __runCodeBuiltins(VM* vm, const char* src){
_Code code = compile(vm, src, "builtins.py");
vm->exec(code, {}, vm->builtins);
}
#include <cstdlib>
void __addModuleRandom(VM* vm){
srand(time(NULL));
PyVar random = vm->newModule("random");
vm->bindFunc(random, "randint", [](VM* vm, PyVarList args) {
int _min = vm->PyInt_AS_C(args[0]);
int _max = vm->PyInt_AS_C(args[1]);
return vm->PyInt(rand() % (_max - _min + 1) + _min);
});
vm->_modules["random"] = random;
}
#include "builtins.h"
#ifdef _WIN32
#define __EXPORT __declspec(dllexport)
#elif __APPLE__
#define __EXPORT __attribute__((visibility("default"))) __attribute__((used))
#else
#define __EXPORT
#endif
extern "C" {
__EXPORT
VM* createVM(PrintFn printFn){
VM* vm = new VM();
__initializeBuiltinFunctions(vm);
__runCodeBuiltins(vm, __BUILTINS_CODE);
__addModuleRandom(vm);
vm->printFn = printFn;
return vm;
}
__EXPORT
void destroyVM(VM* vm){
delete vm;
}
__EXPORT
void exec(VM* vm, const char* source){
try{
_Code code = compile(vm, source, "main.py");
vm->exec(code);
}catch(std::exception& e){
vm->printFn(e.what());
vm->printFn("\n");
vm->cleanError();
}
}
__EXPORT
void registerModule(VM* vm, const char* name, const char* source){
_Code code = compile(vm, source, name + _Str(".py"));
vm->registerCompiledModule(name, code);
}
}

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#pragma once
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
typedef std::stringstream _StrStream;
class _Str {
private:
mutable bool utf8_initialized = false;
mutable std::vector<uint16_t> _u8_index; // max_len is 65535
std::string _s;
mutable bool hash_initialized = false;
mutable size_t _hash;
void utf8_lazy_init() const{
if(utf8_initialized) return;
for(int i = 0; i < size(); i++){
// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3911536/utf-8-unicode-whats-with-0xc0-and-0x80
if((_s[i] & 0xC0) != 0x80)
_u8_index.push_back(i);
}
utf8_initialized = true;
}
public:
_Str(const char* s): _s(s) {}
_Str(const char* s, size_t len): _s(s, len) {}
_Str(int n, char fill = ' '): _s(n, fill) {}
_Str(const std::string& s): _s(s) {}
_Str(std::string&& s): _s(std::move(s)) {}
_Str(const _StrStream& ss): _s(ss.str()) {}
_Str(){}
size_t hash() const{
if(!hash_initialized){
_hash = std::hash<std::string>()(_s);
hash_initialized = true;
}
return _hash;
}
int u8_length() const {
utf8_lazy_init();
return _u8_index.size();
}
_Str u8_getitem(int i) const{
return u8_substr(i, i+1);
}
_Str u8_substr(int start, int end) const{
utf8_lazy_init();
if(start >= end) return _Str();
int c_end = end >= _u8_index.size() ? size() : _u8_index[end];
return _s.substr(_u8_index.at(start), c_end - _u8_index.at(start));
}
int size() const {
return _s.size();
}
bool empty() const {
return _s.empty();
}
bool operator==(const _Str& other) const {
return _s == other._s;
}
bool operator!=(const _Str& other) const {
return _s != other._s;
}
bool operator<(const _Str& other) const {
return _s < other._s;
}
bool operator>(const _Str& other) const {
return _s > other._s;
}
char operator[](int i) const {
return _s[i];
}
friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const _Str& s){
os << s._s;
return os;
}
_Str operator+(const _Str& other) const {
return _Str(_s + other._s);
}
_Str operator+(const char* other) const {
return _Str(_s + other);
}
_Str operator+(const std::string& other) const {
return _Str(_s + other);
}
friend _Str operator+(const char* other, const _Str& s){
return _Str(other + s._s);
}
friend _Str operator+(const std::string& other, const _Str& s){
return _Str(other + s._s);
}
const std::string& str() const {
return _s;
}
static const std::size_t npos = std::string::npos;
operator const char*() const {
return _s.c_str();
}
};
namespace std {
template<>
struct hash<_Str> {
std::size_t operator()(const _Str& s) const {
return s.hash();
}
};
}
const _Str& __class__ = _Str("__class__");
const _Str& __base__ = _Str("__base__");
const _Str& __new__ = _Str("__new__");
const _Str& __iter__ = _Str("__iter__");
const _Str& __str__ = _Str("__str__");
const _Str& __neg__ = _Str("__neg__");
const _Str& __getitem__ = _Str("__getitem__");
const _Str& __setitem__ = _Str("__setitem__");
const _Str& __contains__ = _Str("__contains__");
const _Str& __init__ = _Str("__init__");
const _Str CMP_SPECIAL_METHODS[] = {
"__lt__", "__le__", "__eq__", "__ne__", "__gt__", "__ge__"
};
const _Str BIN_SPECIAL_METHODS[] = {
"__add__", "__sub__", "__mul__", "__truediv__", "__floordiv__", "__mod__", "__pow__"
};

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#pragma once
#include "codeobject.h"
#include "iter.h"
#define DEF_NATIVE(type, ctype, ptype) \
inline PyVar Py##type(ctype value) { \
return newObject(ptype, value); \
} \
\
inline ctype& Py##type##_AS_C(const PyVar& obj) { \
__checkType(obj, ptype); \
return std::get<ctype>(obj->_native); \
}
#define BINARY_XXX(i) \
{PyVar rhs = frame->popValue(); \
PyVar lhs = frame->popValue(); \
frame->pushValue(fastCall(lhs, BIN_SPECIAL_METHODS[i], {lhs,rhs}));}
#define COMPARE_XXX(i) \
{PyVar rhs = frame->popValue(); \
PyVar lhs = frame->popValue(); \
frame->pushValue(fastCall(lhs, CMP_SPECIAL_METHODS[i], {lhs,rhs}));}
// TODO: we should split this into stdout and stderr
typedef void(*PrintFn)(const char*);
class VM{
private:
std::stack< std::shared_ptr<Frame> > callstack;
public:
StlDict _types; // builtin types
PyVar None, True, False;
PrintFn printFn = [](auto s){};
PyVar builtins; // builtins module
PyVar _main; // __main__ module
StlDict _modules; // 3rd modules
VM(){
initializeBuiltinClasses();
}
void cleanError(){
while(!callstack.empty()) callstack.pop();
}
void nameError(const _Str& name){
_error("NameError", "name '" + name + "' is not defined");
}
void attributeError(PyVar obj, const _Str& name){
_error("AttributeError", "type '" + obj->getTypeName() + "' has no attribute '" + name + "'");
}
inline void __checkType(const PyVar& obj, const PyVar& type){
if(!obj->isType(type)){
_error("TypeError", "expected '" + type->getName() + "', but got '" + obj->getTypeName() + "'");
}
}
PyVar asStr(const PyVar& obj){
if(obj->isType(_tp_type)) return PyStr("<class '" + obj->getName() + "'>");
return call(obj, __str__, {});
}
PyVar asBool(const PyVar& obj){
if(obj == None) return False;
PyVar tp = obj->attribs[__class__];
if(tp == _tp_bool) return obj;
if(tp == _tp_int) return PyBool(PyInt_AS_C(obj) != 0);
if(tp == _tp_float) return PyBool(PyFloat_AS_C(obj) != 0.0f);
PyVarOrNull len_fn = getAttr(obj, "__len__", false);
if(len_fn != nullptr){
PyVar ret = call(len_fn, {});
return PyBool(PyInt_AS_C(ret) > 0);
}
return True;
}
PyVar fastCall(const PyVar& obj, const _Str& name, PyVarList args){
PyVar cls = obj->attribs[__class__];
while(cls != None) {
auto it = cls->attribs.find(name);
if(it != cls->attribs.end()){
return call(it->second, args);
}
cls = cls->attribs[__base__];
}
attributeError(obj, name);
return nullptr;
}
PyVar call(PyVar callable, PyVarList args){
if(callable->isType(_tp_type)){
// add type itself as the first argument
args.insert(args.begin(), callable);
callable = getAttr(callable, __new__);
}
if(callable->isType(_tp_bounded_method)){
auto& bm = PyBoundedMethod_AS_C(callable);
args.insert(args.begin(), bm.obj);
callable = bm.method;
}
if(callable->isType(_tp_native_function)){
auto f = std::get<_CppFunc>(callable->_native);
return f(this, args);
} else if(callable->isType(_tp_function)){
_Func fn = PyFunction_AS_C(callable);
if(args.size() != fn.argNames.size()){
_error("TypeError", "expected " + std::to_string(fn.argNames.size()) + " arguments, but got " + std::to_string(args.size()));
}
StlDict locals;
for(int i=0; i<fn.argNames.size(); i++){
locals[fn.argNames[i]] = args[i];
}
return exec(fn.code, locals);
}
_error("TypeError", "'" + callable->getTypeName() + "' object is not callable");
return None;
}
inline PyVar call(const PyVar& obj, const _Str& func, PyVarList args){
return call(getAttr(obj, func), args);
}
PyVar runFrame(std::shared_ptr<Frame> frame){
callstack.push(frame);
while(!frame->isEnd()){
const ByteCode& byte = frame->readCode();
//printf("%s (%d)\n", OP_NAMES[byte.op], byte.arg);
switch (byte.op)
{
case OP_LOAD_CONST:
frame->pushValue(frame->code->co_consts[byte.arg]);
break;
case OP_LOAD_NAME:
{
const _Str& name = frame->code->co_names[byte.arg];
auto it = frame->f_locals.find(name);
if(it != frame->f_locals.end()){
frame->pushValue(it->second);
break;
}
it = frame->f_globals->find(name);
if(it != frame->f_globals->end()){
frame->pushValue(it->second);
break;
}
it = builtins->attribs.find(name);
if(it != builtins->attribs.end()){
frame->pushValue(it->second);
break;
}
nameError(name);
} break;
case OP_STORE_FAST:
{
const _Str& name = frame->code->co_names[byte.arg];
frame->f_locals[name] = frame->popValue();
} break;
case OP_STORE_NAME:
{
const _Str& name = frame->code->co_names[byte.arg];
if(frame->f_locals.find(name) != frame->f_locals.end()){
frame->f_locals[name] = frame->popValue();
}else{
frame->f_globals->operator[](name) = frame->popValue();
}
} break;
case OP_STORE_FUNCTION:
{
PyVar obj = frame->popValue();
const _Func& fn = PyFunction_AS_C(obj);
frame->f_globals->operator[](fn.name) = obj;
} break;
case OP_BUILD_CLASS:
{
_Str clsName = frame->code->co_names[byte.arg];
PyVar clsBase = frame->popValue();
if(clsBase == None) clsBase = _tp_object;
__checkType(clsBase, _tp_type);
PyVar cls = newUserClassType(clsName, clsBase);
while(true){
PyVar fn = frame->popValue();
if(fn == None) break;
const _Func& f = PyFunction_AS_C(fn);
setAttr(cls, f.name, fn);
}
frame->f_globals->operator[](clsName) = cls;
} break;
case OP_RETURN_VALUE:
{
PyVar ret = frame->popValue();
callstack.pop();
return ret;
} break;
case OP_PRINT_EXPR:
{
const PyVar& expr = frame->topValue();
if(expr == None) break;
printFn(PyStr_AS_C(asStr(expr)));
printFn("\n");
} break;
case OP_POP_TOP: frame->popValue(); break;
case OP_BINARY_OP: BINARY_XXX(byte.arg) break;
case OP_COMPARE_OP: COMPARE_XXX(byte.arg) break;
case OP_IS_OP:
{
bool ret_c = frame->popValue() == frame->popValue();
if(byte.arg == 1) ret_c = !ret_c;
frame->pushValue(PyBool(ret_c));
} break;
case OP_CONTAINS_OP:
{
PyVar right = frame->popValue();
PyVar left = frame->popValue();
bool ret_c = PyBool_AS_C(call(right, __contains__, {left}));
if(byte.arg == 1) ret_c = !ret_c;
frame->pushValue(PyBool(ret_c));
} break;
case OP_UNARY_NEGATIVE:
{
PyVar obj = frame->popValue();
frame->pushValue(call(obj, __neg__, {}));
} break;
case OP_UNARY_NOT:
{
PyVar obj = frame->popValue();
PyVar obj_bool = asBool(obj);
frame->pushValue(PyBool(!PyBool_AS_C(obj_bool)));
} break;
case OP_LOAD_ATTR:
{
PyVar obj = frame->popValue();
const _Str& name = frame->code->co_names[byte.arg];
frame->pushValue(getAttr(obj, name));
} break;
case OP_STORE_ATTR:
{
PyVar value = frame->popValue();
PyVar obj = frame->popValue();
const _Str& name = frame->code->co_names[byte.arg];
setAttr(obj, name, value);
} break;
case OP_POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE:
if(!PyBool_AS_C(asBool(frame->popValue()))) frame->jumpTo(byte.arg);
break;
case OP_LOAD_NONE: frame->pushValue(None); break;
case OP_LOAD_TRUE: frame->pushValue(True); break;
case OP_LOAD_FALSE: frame->pushValue(False); break;
case OP_ASSERT:
{
PyVar expr = frame->popValue();
if(!PyBool_AS_C(expr)) _error("AssertionError", "assertion failed");
} break;
case OP_RAISE_ERROR:
{
_Str msg = PyStr_AS_C(asStr(frame->popValue()));
_Str type = PyStr_AS_C(frame->popValue());
_error(type, msg);
} break;
case OP_BUILD_LIST:
{
PyVarList items = frame->popNReversed(byte.arg);
frame->pushValue(PyList(items));
} break;
case OP_BUILD_MAP:
{
PyVarList items = frame->popNReversed(byte.arg);
PyVar obj = call(builtins->attribs["dict"], {PyList(items)});
frame->pushValue(obj);
} break;
case OP_BUILD_TUPLE:
{
PyVarList items = frame->popNReversed(byte.arg);
frame->pushValue(PyTuple(items));
} break;
case OP_BINARY_SUBSCR:
{
PyVar key = frame->popValue();
PyVar obj = frame->popValue();
frame->pushValue(call(obj, __getitem__, {key}));
} break;
case OP_STORE_SUBSCR:
{
PyVar value = frame->popValue();
PyVar key = frame->popValue();
PyVar obj = frame->popValue();
call(obj, __setitem__, {key, value});
} break;
case OP_DUP_TOP: frame->pushValue(frame->topValue()); break;
case OP_CALL:
{
PyVarList args = frame->popNReversed(byte.arg);
PyVar callable = frame->popValue();
frame->pushValue(call(callable, args));
} break;
case OP_JUMP_ABSOLUTE: frame->jumpTo(byte.arg); break;
case OP_GET_ITER:
{
PyVar obj = frame->popValue();
PyVarOrNull iter_fn = getAttr(obj, __iter__, false);
if(iter_fn != nullptr){
PyVar tmp = call(iter_fn, {obj});
if(tmp->isType(_tp_native_iterator)){
frame->pushValue(tmp);
break;
}
}
_error("TypeError", "'" + obj->getTypeName() + "' object is not iterable");
} break;
case OP_FOR_ITER:
{
const PyVar& iter = frame->topValue();
auto& it = PyIter_AS_C(iter);
if(it->hasNext()){
frame->pushValue(it->next());
}
else{
frame->popValue();
frame->jumpTo(byte.arg);
}
} break;
case OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP:
{
const PyVar& expr = frame->topValue();
if(!PyBool_AS_C(asBool(expr))) frame->jumpTo(byte.arg);
else frame->popValue();
} break;
case OP_JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP:
{
const PyVar& expr = frame->topValue();
if(PyBool_AS_C(asBool(expr))) frame->jumpTo(byte.arg);
else frame->popValue();
} break;
case OP_BUILD_SLICE:
{
PyVar stop = frame->popValue();
PyVar start = frame->popValue();
_Slice s;
if(start != None) {__checkType(start, _tp_int); s.start = PyInt_AS_C(start);}
if(stop != None) {__checkType(stop, _tp_int); s.stop = PyInt_AS_C(stop);}
frame->pushValue(PySlice(s));
} break;
case OP_IMPORT_NAME:
{
const _Str& name = frame->code->co_names[byte.arg];
auto it = _modules.find(name);
if(it == _modules.end()){
_error("ImportError", "module '" + name + "' not found");
}else{
frame->pushValue(it->second);
}
} break;
case OP_DELETE_SUBSCR:
{
PyVar index = frame->popValue();
PyVar obj = frame->popValue();
call(obj, "__delitem__", {index});
} break;
default:
_error("SystemError", _Str("opcode ") + OP_NAMES[byte.op] + " is not implemented");
break;
}
}
callstack.pop();
return None;
}
PyVar exec(const _Code& code, const StlDict& locals={}, PyVar _module=nullptr){
if(_module == nullptr) _module = _main;
auto frame = std::make_shared<Frame>(
code.get(),
locals,
&_module->attribs
);
return runFrame(frame);
}
void _assert(bool val, const _Str& msg){
if (!val) _error("AssertionError", msg);
}
void _error(const _Str& name, const _Str& msg){
_StrStream ss;
auto frame = callstack.top();
ss << "Traceback (most recent call last):" << std::endl;
ss << " File '" << frame->code->co_filename << "', line ";
ss << frame->currentLine() << '\n' << name << ": " << msg;
cleanError();
throw std::runtime_error(ss.str());
}
PyVar newUserClassType(_Str name, PyVar base){
PyVar obj = newClassType(name, base);
setAttr(obj, "__name__", PyStr(name));
_types.erase(name);
return obj;
}
PyVar newClassType(_Str name, PyVar base=nullptr) {
if(base == nullptr) base = _tp_object;
PyVar obj = std::make_shared<PyObject>(0);
setAttr(obj, __class__, _tp_type);
setAttr(obj, __base__, base);
_types[name] = obj;
return obj;
}
PyVar newObject(PyVar type, _Value _native) {
__checkType(type, _tp_type);
PyVar obj = std::make_shared<PyObject>(_native);
setAttr(obj, __class__, type);
return obj;
}
PyVar newModule(_Str name) {
PyVar obj = newObject(_tp_module, 0);
setAttr(obj, "__name__", PyStr(name));
return obj;
}
PyVarOrNull getAttr(const PyVar& obj, const _Str& name, bool throw_err=true) {
auto it = obj->attribs.find(name);
if(it != obj->attribs.end()) return it->second;
PyVar cls = obj->attribs[__class__];
while(cls != None) {
it = cls->attribs.find(name);
if(it != cls->attribs.end()){
PyVar valueFromCls = it->second;
if(valueFromCls->isType(_tp_function) || valueFromCls->isType(_tp_native_function)){
if(name == __new__) return valueFromCls;
return PyBoundedMethod({obj, valueFromCls});
}else{
return valueFromCls;
}
}
cls = cls->attribs[__base__];
}
if(throw_err) attributeError(obj, name);
return nullptr;
}
inline void setAttr(PyVar& obj, const _Str& name, PyVar value) {
obj->attribs[name] = value;
}
void bindMethod(_Str typeName, _Str funcName, _CppFunc fn) {
PyVar type = _types[typeName];
PyVar func = PyNativeFunction(fn);
setAttr(type, funcName, func);
}
void bindMethodMulti(std::vector<_Str> typeNames, _Str funcName, _CppFunc fn) {
for(auto& typeName : typeNames){
bindMethod(typeName, funcName, fn);
}
}
void bindBuiltinFunc(_Str funcName, _CppFunc fn) {
bindFunc(builtins, funcName, fn);
}
void bindFunc(PyVar module, _Str funcName, _CppFunc fn) {
__checkType(module, _tp_module);
PyVar func = PyNativeFunction(fn);
setAttr(module, funcName, func);
}
bool isInstance(PyVar obj, PyVar type){
PyVar t = obj->attribs[__class__];
while (t != None){
if (t == type) return true;
t = t->attribs[__base__];
}
return false;
}
inline bool isIntOrFloat(const PyVar& obj){
return obj->isType(_tp_int) || obj->isType(_tp_float);
}
inline bool isIntOrFloat(const PyVar& obj1, const PyVar& obj2){
return isIntOrFloat(obj1) && isIntOrFloat(obj2);
}
float numToFloat(const PyVar& obj){
if (obj->isType(_tp_int)){
return (float)PyInt_AS_C(obj);
}else if(obj->isType(_tp_float)){
return PyFloat_AS_C(obj);
}
UNREACHABLE();
}
int normalizedIndex(int index, int size){
if(index < 0) index += size;
if(index < 0 || index >= size){
_error("IndexError", "index out of range, " + std::to_string(index) + " not in [0, " + std::to_string(size) + ")");
}
return index;
}
// for quick access
PyVar _tp_object, _tp_type, _tp_int, _tp_float, _tp_bool, _tp_str;
PyVar _tp_list, _tp_tuple;
PyVar _tp_function, _tp_native_function, _tp_native_iterator, _tp_bounded_method;
PyVar _tp_slice, _tp_range, _tp_module;
DEF_NATIVE(Int, int, _tp_int)
DEF_NATIVE(Float, float, _tp_float)
DEF_NATIVE(Str, _Str, _tp_str)
DEF_NATIVE(List, PyVarList, _tp_list)
DEF_NATIVE(Tuple, PyVarList, _tp_tuple)
DEF_NATIVE(Function, _Func, _tp_function)
DEF_NATIVE(NativeFunction, _CppFunc, _tp_native_function)
DEF_NATIVE(Iter, std::shared_ptr<_Iterator>, _tp_native_iterator)
DEF_NATIVE(BoundedMethod, BoundedMethod, _tp_bounded_method)
DEF_NATIVE(Range, _Range, _tp_range)
DEF_NATIVE(Slice, _Slice, _tp_slice)
inline bool PyBool_AS_C(PyVar obj){return obj == True;}
inline PyVar PyBool(bool value){return value ? True : False;}
void initializeBuiltinClasses(){
_tp_object = std::make_shared<PyObject>(0);
_tp_type = std::make_shared<PyObject>(0);
_types["object"] = _tp_object;
_types["type"] = _tp_type;
_tp_bool = newClassType("bool");
_tp_int = newClassType("int");
_tp_float = newClassType("float");
_tp_str = newClassType("str");
_tp_list = newClassType("list");
_tp_tuple = newClassType("tuple");
_tp_slice = newClassType("slice");
_tp_range = newClassType("range");
_tp_module = newClassType("module");
newClassType("NoneType");
_tp_function = newClassType("function");
_tp_native_function = newClassType("_native_function");
_tp_native_iterator = newClassType("_native_iterator");
_tp_bounded_method = newClassType("_bounded_method");
this->None = newObject(_types["NoneType"], 0);
this->True = newObject(_tp_bool, true);
this->False = newObject(_tp_bool, false);
this->builtins = newModule("__builtins__");
this->_main = newModule("__main__");
setAttr(_tp_type, __base__, _tp_object);
setAttr(_tp_type, __class__, _tp_type);
setAttr(_tp_object, __base__, None);
setAttr(_tp_object, __class__, _tp_type);
for (auto& [name, type] : _types) {
setAttr(type, "__name__", PyStr(name));
}
std::vector<_Str> publicTypes = {"type", "object", "bool", "int", "float", "str", "list", "tuple", "range"};
for (auto& name : publicTypes) {
setAttr(builtins, name, _types[name]);
}
}
int hash(const PyVar& obj){
if (obj->isType(_tp_int)) return PyInt_AS_C(obj);
if (obj->isType(_tp_bool)) return PyBool_AS_C(obj) ? 1 : 0;
if (obj->isType(_tp_float)){
float val = PyFloat_AS_C(obj);
return (int)std::hash<float>()(val);
}
if (obj->isType(_tp_str)) return PyStr_AS_C(obj).hash();
if (obj->isType(_tp_type)) return (int64_t)obj.get();
_error("TypeError", "unhashable type: " + obj->getTypeName());
return 0;
}
void registerCompiledModule(_Str name, _Code code){
PyVar _m = newModule(name);
exec(code, {}, _m);
_modules[name] = _m;
}
};

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g++ -o pocketpy src/main.cpp --std=c++17 -pg -O1
./pocketpy tests/1.py
gprof pocketpy gmon.out > gprof.txt
#gprof pocketpy | gprof2dot | dot -Tsvg -o output.svg
rm gmon.out

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def is_prime(x):
if x<2:
return False
for i in range(2,x):
if x%i == 0:
return False
return True
def test(n):
k = 0
for i in range(n):
if is_prime(i):
k += 1
return k
print(test(10000))

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def test(n):
k = 0
for x in range(n):
if x<2:
continue
flag = True
for i in range(2,x):
if x%i == 0:
flag = False
break
if flag:
k += 1
return k
print(test(10000))

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k = 0
for i in range(2, 10000000):
if i % 2 == 0:
k += 1
print(k)

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class Complex:
def __init__(self, realpart, imagpart):
self.r = realpart
self.i = imagpart
x = Complex(3.0, -4.5)
assert x.r == 3.0

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def compare(a,b):
d = a-b
if d > -0.0001 and d < 0.0001:
return 1
return 0
assert compare(32 + 32.0,64) == 1
assert compare(8855 / 3.2,2767.1875) == 1
#assert 6412//6.5 == 986.0 #TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for //
assert compare(1054.5*7985,8420182.5) == 1
#assert 4 % 2.0 == 0.0 #TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for %
l = [3.2,5,10,8.9]
assert 2.3 + l[0] == 5.5
assert 3 + l[1] == 8
assert compare(3/l[2],0.3) == 1
assert 3 // l[1] == 0
assert l[2] % 3 == 1
assert compare(3*l[3],26.7) == 1
assert 'a' * l[1] == 'aaaaa'
assert compare(2.9**2,8.41) == 1
assert compare(2.5**(-1),0.4) == 1
assert 2.5 > 2
assert 1.6 < 100
assert 1.0 == 1
x = 2.6
y = 5
l = [5.4,8,'40',3.14]
assert x <= y
assert y >= x
assert x != y
assert y < l[0]
str = ['s','bb']
s = 'jack' + str[0]
assert s == 'jacks'
assert str[1] * 3 == 'bbbbbb'

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def compare(a,b):
d = a-b
if d > -0.0001 and d < 0.0001:
return 1
return 0
s = 'foo'; s += 'bar'
assert s == 'foobar'
assert 1 + 2 * 3 == 7
assert (1 + 2)* 3 == 9
assert compare(1.2*3.5 , 4.2) == 1
assert compare(9.8*(2.5 - 3),-4.9) == 1
assert compare(2.4*8.6,20.64) == 1
assert compare(1.5 + 3,4.5) == 1
assert compare(1.5 + 3.9,5.4) == 1
assert 2 - 1 == 1
assert compare(5.3 - 2.5,2.8) == 1
assert 42 % 40 == 2
assert -15 % 6 == -3 # in python -15 % 6 == 3
assert 2/1 == 2
assert 3//2 == 1
assert 1 - 9 == -8
a = 1
assert -a == -1
assert 'testing'== 'test' + 'ing'
x = 42
assert x%3 == 0
x = 27
assert x%8 == 3
assert 2**3 == 8
assert -2**2 == -4
assert (-2)**2 == 4
assert compare(0.2**2,0.04) == 1
x = 4
assert x**4 == 256
assert compare(x**0.5,2) == 1
assert compare(4**(-1.0),0.25) == 1
assert 'abc' * 3 == 'abcabcabc'
assert '' * 1000 == ''
assert 'foo' * 0 == ''
assert 1 < 2
assert 3 > 1
x = 1
y = 8
assert x <= y
assert y >= x
assert x != y
assert 42 in [12, 42, 3.14]
assert 'key' in {'key':'value'}
assert 'a' in 'abc'
assert 'd' not in 'abc'
x = 1
y = 0
assert not x == False
assert not y == True
a = 1
b = 1
c = 0.1
assert (a==b) and (a is not b) # small int cache
assert a is not c

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##############################################
##String
##############################################
a = ''
b = 'test'
c ='test'
assert len(a) == 0
assert len(b) == 4
assert b == c
assert ''.lower() == '' and ''.upper() == ''
assert 'already+lower '.lower() == 'already+lower '
assert 'ALREADY+UPPER '.upper() == 'ALREADY+UPPER '
assert 'tEST+InG'.lower() == 'test+ing'
assert 'tEST+InG'.upper() == 'TEST+ING'
s = "football"
q = "abcd"
r = "zoo"
str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
assert s[0] == 'f'
assert s[1:4] == 'oot'
assert s[:-1] == 'footbal'
assert s[:10] == 'football'
assert s[-3] == 'a'
assert str[-5:] == 'ow!!!'
assert str[3:-3] == 's is string example....wow'
assert s > q;assert s < r
assert s.replace("foo","ball") == "balltball"
assert s.startswith('f') == True;assert s.endswith('o') == False
assert str.startswith('this') == True;
assert str.split('w') == ['this is string example....', 'o', '!!!']
assert "a,b,c".split(',') == ['a', 'b', 'c']
assert 'a,'.split(',') == ['a', '']
assert 'foo!!bar!!baz'.split('!!') == ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']
str = "*****this is **string** example....wow!!!*****"
s = "123abcrunoob321"
# assert str.strip( '*' ) == "this is **string** example....wow!!!"
# assert s.strip( '12' ) == "3abcrunoob3"
s1 = "-"
s2 = ""
seq = ["r","u","n","o","o","b"]
assert s1.join( seq ) == "r-u-n-o-o-b"
assert s2.join( seq ) == "runoob"
##num = 6
##assert str(num) == '6' TypeError: 'str' object is not callable
##############################################
##Lists
##############################################
l = [1,2,3,4]
assert l[2] == 3
assert l[-1] == 4
assert l[:32] == [1,2,3,4]
assert l[32:] == []
assert l[1:4] == [2,3,4]
assert l[-1:-3] == []
assert l[-3:-1] == [2,3]
l1 = [1];l2 = l1;l1 += [2];l3 = [1,1,2]
assert l2[1] == 2
assert l1 == l2
assert l1*3 == [1,2,1,2,1,2]
assert l3.count(1) == 2
member = ['Tom', 'Sunny', 'Honer', 'Lily']
teacher = [1,2,3]
assert len(member + teacher) == 7
assert member[0] == 'Tom'
assert member[-2] == 'Honer'
assert member[0:3] == ['Tom', 'Sunny', 'Honer']
member.remove('Sunny')
assert member == ['Tom', 'Honer', 'Lily']
member.pop()
assert member == ['Tom', 'Honer']
del member[0]
assert member == ['Honer']
member.append('Jack')
assert member == ['Honer','Jack']
member.extend(teacher)
assert member == ['Honer','Jack',1,2,3]
member.insert(1,'Tom')
assert member == ['Honer','Tom','Jack',1,2,3]
member.clear()
assert member == []
member = teacher.copy()
assert member == [1,2,3]
l = []
l.insert(0, 'l')
l.insert(1, 'l')
l.insert(0, 'h')
l.insert(3, 'o')
l.insert(1, 'e')
assert l == ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']
assert l.pop(-2) == 'l'
##############################################
##tuple
##############################################
# tup = ('Google', 'Runoob', 'Taobao', 'Wiki', 'Weibo','Weixin')
# assert tup[1] == 'Runoob';assert tup[-2] == 'Weibo'
# assert tup[1:] == ('Runoob', 'Taobao', 'Wiki', 'Weibo', 'Weixin')
# assert tup[2:4] == ('Taobao', 'Wiki')
# assert len(tup) == 6
##############################################
##dict
##############################################
emptyDict = dict()
assert len(emptyDict) == 0
tinydict = {'Name': 'Tom', 'Age': 7, 'Class': 'First'}
assert tinydict['Name'] == 'Tom';assert tinydict['Age'] == 7
tinydict['Age'] = 8;tinydict['School'] = "aaa"
assert tinydict['Age'] == 8;assert tinydict['School'] == "aaa"
del tinydict['Name']
assert len(tinydict) == 3
tinydict.clear()
assert len(tinydict) == 0
dict1 = {'user':'circle','num':[1,2,3]}
dict2 = dict1.copy()
assert dict2 == {'user':'circle','num':[1,2,3]}
dict1['user'] = 'root'
assert dict1 == {'user': 'root', 'num': [1, 2, 3]};assert dict2 == {'user':'circle','num':[1,2,3]}
tinydict = {'Name': 'circle', 'Age': 7}
tinydict2 = {'Sex': 'female' }
tinydict.update(tinydict2)
assert tinydict == {'Name': 'circle', 'Age': 7, 'Sex': 'female'}
dishes = {'eggs': 2, 'sausage': 1, 'bacon': 1, 'spam': 500}
keys = dishes.keys()
values = dishes.values()
assert list(keys) == ['eggs', 'sausage', 'bacon', 'spam'];assert list(values) == [2, 1, 1, 500]
d={1:"a",2:"b",3:"c"}
result=[]
for kv in d.items():
k = kv[0]; v=kv[1]
result.append(k)
result.append(v)
assert result == [1, 'a', 2, 'b', 3, 'c']

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# if tests
flag = False
name = 'luren'
if name == 'python':
flag = True
else:
flag
assert flag == False
num = 9
flag = 0
if num >= 0 and num <= 10:
flag = 1
else:
flag
assert flag == 1
num = 10
flag = 0
if num < 0 or num > 10:
flag = 1
else:
flag
assert flag == 0
num = 5
result = 0
if num == 3:
result = num
elif num == 2:
result = num
elif num == 1:
result = num
elif num < 0:
result = num
else:
result = num
assert result == 5
# for tests
k = 0
for i in range(2, 1000):
if i % 2 == 0:
k += 1
assert k ==499
k = 0
for x in range(100):
if x<2:
continue
flag = True
for i in range(2,x):
if x%i == 0:
flag = False
break
if flag:
k += 1
assert k == 25
#while tests
count = 0
while (count < 1000):
count = count + 1
assert count == 1000

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## Function Tests.
def f1():
return 'f1'
assert f1() == 'f1'
def f2(a, b, c, d):
return c
assert f2('a', 'b', 'c', 'd') == 'c'
def f3(a,b):
return a - b
assert f3(1,2) == -1
def fact(n):
if n == 1:
return 1
return n * fact(n - 1)
assert fact(5)==120