Support running compiled bytecodes (#421)

.gitignore

@@ -42,3 +42,5 @@ docs/C-API/functions.md
 cmake-build-*
 tmp/
 profiler_report.json
+
+tmp/

compileall.py

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import sys
+import os
+
+if len(sys.argv) != 4:
+    print('Usage: python compileall.py <pocketpy_executable> <source_dir> <output_dir>')
+    exit(1)
+
+pkpy_exe = sys.argv[1]
+source_dir = sys.argv[2]
+output_dir = sys.argv[3]
+
+def do_compile(src_path, dst_path):
+    cmd = f'{pkpy_exe} --compile "{src_path}" "{dst_path}"'
+    print(src_path)
+    assert os.system(cmd) == 0
+
+for root, _, files in os.walk(source_dir):
+    for file in files:
+        if not file.endswith('.py'):
+            continue
+        src_path = os.path.join(root, file)
+        dst_path = os.path.join(
+            output_dir,
+            os.path.relpath(root, source_dir),
+            file + 'c'
+        )
+        os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(dst_path), exist_ok=True)
+        do_compile(src_path, dst_path)

docs/retype.yml

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ output: .retype
 url: https://pocketpy.dev
 branding:
   title: pocketpy
-  label: v2.1.6
+  label: v2.1.7
   logo: "./static/logo.png"
 favicon: "./static/logo.png"
 meta:

include/pocketpy/common/serialize.h

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include "pocketpy/common/vector.h"
+#include "pocketpy/common/str.h"
+
+
+typedef struct c11_serializer {
+    c11_vector data;
+} c11_serializer;
+
+void c11_serializer__ctor(c11_serializer* self, int16_t magic, int8_t major_ver, int8_t minor_ver);
+void c11_serializer__dtor(c11_serializer* self);
+void c11_serializer__write_cstr(c11_serializer* self, const char*);
+void c11_serializer__write_bytes(c11_serializer* self, const void* data, int size);
+void* c11_serializer__submit(c11_serializer* self, int* size);
+
+typedef struct c11_deserializer {
+    char error_msg[64];
+    const uint8_t* data;
+    int size;
+    int index;
+    int8_t major_ver;
+    int8_t minor_ver;
+} c11_deserializer;
+
+void c11_deserializer__ctor(c11_deserializer* self, const void* data, int size);
+void c11_deserializer__dtor(c11_deserializer* self);
+bool c11_deserializer__check_header(c11_deserializer* self, int16_t magic, int8_t major_ver, int8_t minor_ver_min);
+const char* c11_deserializer__read_cstr(c11_deserializer* self);
+void* c11_deserializer__read_bytes(c11_deserializer* self, int size);
+
+
+#define DEF_ATOMIC_INLINE_RW(name, T) \
+    static inline void c11_serializer__write_##name(c11_serializer* self, T value){ \
+        c11_serializer__write_bytes(self, &value, sizeof(T)); \
+    } \
+    static inline T c11_deserializer__read_##name(c11_deserializer* self){ \
+        const void* p = self->data + self->index; \
+        self->index += sizeof(T); \
+        T retval;\
+        memcpy(&retval, p, sizeof(T)); \
+        return retval; \
+    }
+
+DEF_ATOMIC_INLINE_RW(i8, int8_t)
+DEF_ATOMIC_INLINE_RW(i16, int16_t)
+DEF_ATOMIC_INLINE_RW(i32, int32_t)
+DEF_ATOMIC_INLINE_RW(i64, int64_t)
+DEF_ATOMIC_INLINE_RW(f32, float)
+DEF_ATOMIC_INLINE_RW(f64, double)
+DEF_ATOMIC_INLINE_RW(type, py_Type)
+
+#undef DEF_ATOMIC_INLINE_RW
+

include/pocketpy/common/vector.h

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ bool c11_vector__contains(const c11_vector* self, void* elem);
 void* c11_vector__submit(c11_vector* self, int* length);
 void c11_vector__swap(c11_vector* self, c11_vector* other);
 int c11_vector__nextcap(c11_vector* self);
+void c11_vector__extend(c11_vector* self, const void* p, int size);
 
 #define c11__getitem(T, self, index) (((T*)(self)->data)[index])
 #define c11__setitem(T, self, index, value) ((T*)(self)->data)[index] = value;
@@ -40,17 +41,6 @@ int c11_vector__nextcap(c11_vector* self);
 
 #define c11_vector__back(T, self) (((T*)(self)->data)[(self)->length - 1])
 
-#define c11_vector__extend(T, self, p, size)                                                       \
-    do {                                                                                           \
-        int min_capacity = (self)->length + (size);                                                \
-        if((self)->capacity < min_capacity) {                                                      \
-            int nextcap = c11_vector__nextcap(self);                                               \
-            c11_vector__reserve((self), c11__max(nextcap, min_capacity));                          \
-        }                                                                                          \
-        memcpy((T*)(self)->data + (self)->length, (p), (size) * sizeof(T));                        \
-        (self)->length += (size);                                                                  \
-    } while(0)
-
 #define c11_vector__insert(T, self, index, elem)                                                   \
     do {                                                                                           \
         if((self)->length == (self)->capacity) {                                                   \

include/pocketpy/config.h

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 #pragma once
 // clang-format off
 
-#define PK_VERSION				"2.1.6"
+#define PK_VERSION				"2.1.7"
 #define PK_VERSION_MAJOR            2
 #define PK_VERSION_MINOR            1
-#define PK_VERSION_PATCH            6
+#define PK_VERSION_PATCH            7
 
 /*************** feature settings ***************/
 #ifndef PK_ENABLE_OS                // can be overridden by cmake

include/pocketpy/interpreter/vm.h

@@ -62,7 +62,6 @@ typedef struct VM {
     void* ctx;         // user-defined context
 
     CachedNames cached_names;
-    NameDict compile_time_funcs;
 
     py_StackRef curr_class;
     py_StackRef curr_decl_based_function;   // this is for get current function without frame

include/pocketpy/objects/codeobject.h

@@ -45,26 +45,26 @@ typedef enum Opcode {
 } Opcode;
 
 typedef struct Bytecode {
-    uint8_t op;
+    uint16_t op;
     uint16_t arg;
 } Bytecode;
 
 void Bytecode__set_signed_arg(Bytecode* self, int arg);
 bool Bytecode__is_forward_jump(const Bytecode* self);
 
-typedef struct CodeBlock {
-    CodeBlockType type;
-    int parent;  // parent index in blocks
-    int start;   // start index of this block in codes, inclusive
-    int end;     // end index of this block in codes, exclusive
-    int end2;    // ...
-} CodeBlock;
-
 typedef struct BytecodeEx {
-    int lineno;       // line number for each bytecode
+    int32_t lineno;       // line number for each bytecode
-    int iblock;       // block index
+    int32_t iblock;       // block index
 } BytecodeEx;
 
+typedef struct CodeBlock {
+    int32_t type;
+    int32_t parent;  // parent index in blocks
+    int32_t start;   // start index of this block in codes, inclusive
+    int32_t end;     // end index of this block in codes, exclusive
+    int32_t end2;    // ...
+} CodeBlock;
+
 typedef struct CodeObject {
     SourceData_ src;
     c11_string* name;
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ typedef struct CodeObject {
 
     c11_vector /*T=py_TValue*/ consts;  // constants
     c11_vector /*T=py_Name*/ varnames;  // local variables
-    c11_vector /*T=py_Name*/ names;
+    c11_vector /*T=py_Name*/ names;     // non-local names
-    int nlocals;
+    int nlocals;  // number of local variables
 
     c11_smallmap_n2d varnames_inv;
     c11_smallmap_n2d names_inv;
@@ -93,6 +93,10 @@ int CodeObject__add_varname(CodeObject* self, py_Name name);
 int CodeObject__add_name(CodeObject* self, py_Name name);
 void CodeObject__gc_mark(const CodeObject* self, c11_vector* p_stack);
 
+// Serialization
+void* CodeObject__dumps(const CodeObject* co, int* size);
+char* CodeObject__loads(const void* data, int size, const char* filename, CodeObject* out);
+
 typedef struct FuncDeclKwArg {
     int index;        // index in co->varnames
     py_Name key;      // name of this argument
@@ -110,7 +114,7 @@ typedef struct FuncDecl {
     int starred_kwarg;  // index in co->varnames, -1 if no **kwarg
     bool nested;        // whether this function is nested
 
-    const char* docstring;  // docstring of this function (weak ref)
+    char* docstring;
 
     FuncType type;
     c11_smallmap_n2d kw_to_index;
@@ -125,6 +129,7 @@ void FuncDecl__add_kwarg(FuncDecl* self, py_Name name, const py_TValue* value);
 void FuncDecl__add_starred_arg(FuncDecl* self, py_Name name);
 void FuncDecl__add_starred_kwarg(FuncDecl* self, py_Name name);
 void FuncDecl__gc_mark(const FuncDecl* self, c11_vector* p_stack);
+void FuncDecl__dtor(FuncDecl* self);
 
 // runtime function
 typedef struct Function {

include/pocketpy/pocketpy.h

@@ -79,8 +79,8 @@ typedef void (*py_TraceFunc)(py_Frame* frame, enum py_TraceEvent);
 
 /// A struct contains the callbacks of the VM.
 typedef struct py_Callbacks {
-    /// Used by `__import__` to load a source module.
+    /// Used by `__import__` to load a source or compiled module.
-    char* (*importfile)(const char*);
+    char* (*importfile)(const char* path, int* data_size);
     /// Called before `importfile` to lazy-import a C module.
     PY_MAYBENULL py_GlobalRef (*lazyimport)(const char*);
     /// Used by `print` to output a string.
@@ -182,6 +182,9 @@ PK_API bool py_compile(const char* source,
                        const char* filename,
                        enum py_CompileMode mode,
                        bool is_dynamic) PY_RAISE PY_RETURN;
+/// Compile a `.py` file into a `.pyc` file.
+PK_API bool py_compilefile(const char* src_path,
+                           const char* dst_path) PY_RAISE;
 /// Run a source string.
 /// @param source source string.
 /// @param filename filename (for error messages).
@@ -300,10 +303,6 @@ PK_API void
     py_bindproperty(py_Type type, const char* name, py_CFunction getter, py_CFunction setter);
 /// Bind a magic method to type.
 PK_API void py_bindmagic(py_Type type, py_Name name, py_CFunction f);
-/// Bind a compile-time function via "decl-based" style.
-PK_API void py_macrobind(const char* sig, py_CFunction f);
-/// Get a compile-time function by name.
-PK_API py_ItemRef py_macroget(py_Name name);
 
 /************* Value Cast *************/
 

include/pybind11/tests/module.cpp

@@ -94,8 +94,8 @@ struct import_callback {
         _importfile = nullptr;
     };
 
-    static char* importfile(const char* path) {
+    static char* importfile(const char* path, int* data_size) {
-        if(value.empty()) return _importfile(path);
+        if(value.empty()) return _importfile(path, data_size);
         // +1 for the null terminator
         char* cstr = new char[value.size() + 1];
 

plugins/flutter/pocketpy/ios/pocketpy.podspec

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ A new Flutter FFI plugin project.
 
   s.prepare_command = <<-CMD
   rm -rf pocketpy
-  git clone --branch v2.1.6 --depth 1 https://github.com/pocketpy/pocketpy.git
+  git clone --branch v2.1.7 --depth 1 https://github.com/pocketpy/pocketpy.git
   cd pocketpy
   git submodule update --init --recursive --depth 1
   bash build_ios_libs.sh

plugins/flutter/pocketpy/macos/pocketpy.podspec

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ A new Flutter FFI plugin project.
 
   s.prepare_command = <<-CMD
   rm -rf pocketpy
-  git clone --branch v2.1.6 --depth 1 https://github.com/pocketpy/pocketpy.git
+  git clone --branch v2.1.7 --depth 1 https://github.com/pocketpy/pocketpy.git
   cd pocketpy
   git submodule update --init --recursive --depth 1
   bash build_darwin_libs.sh

plugins/flutter/pocketpy/pubspec.yaml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 name: pocketpy
 description: A lightweight Python interpreter for game engines. It supports Android/iOS/Windows/Linux/MacOS.
-version: 2.1.6
+version: 2.1.7
 homepage: https://pocketpy.dev
 repository: https://github.com/pocketpy/pocketpy
 

plugins/flutter/pocketpy/src/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ set(PK_BUILD_SHARED_LIB ON CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
 FetchContent_Declare(
   pocketpy
   GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/pocketpy/pocketpy.git
-  GIT_TAG        v2.1.6
+  GIT_TAG        v2.1.7
 )
 
 FetchContent_MakeAvailable(pocketpy)

src/common/chunkedvector.c

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ PK_INLINE int c11__bit_length(unsigned long x) {
 #if(defined(__clang__) || defined(__GNUC__))
     return x == 0 ? 0 : (int)sizeof(unsigned long) * 8 - __builtin_clzl(x);
 #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
-    static_assert(sizeof(unsigned long) <= 4, "unsigned long is greater than 4 bytes");
+    _Static_assert(sizeof(unsigned long) <= 4, "unsigned long is greater than 4 bytes");
     unsigned long msb;
     if(_BitScanReverse(&msb, x)) { return (int)msb + 1; }
     return 0;

src/common/serialize.c

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+#include "pocketpy/common/serialize.h"
+
+// >>> ord('🥕')
+// 129365
+// >>> ord('🍋')
+// 127819
+
+static uint32_t c11__checksum_32bit(const void* data, int size){
+    const uint8_t* p = (const uint8_t*)data;
+    uint32_t res = 0;
+    for(int i = 0; i < size; i++){
+        res = res * 31 + p[i];
+    }
+    return res;
+}
+
+void c11_serializer__ctor(c11_serializer* self, int16_t magic, int8_t major_ver, int8_t minor_ver){
+    c11_vector__ctor(&self->data, 1);
+    c11_serializer__write_i16(self, magic);
+    c11_serializer__write_i8(self, major_ver);
+    c11_serializer__write_i8(self, minor_ver);
+}
+
+void c11_serializer__dtor(c11_serializer* self){
+    c11_vector__dtor(&self->data);
+}
+
+void c11_serializer__write_cstr(c11_serializer *self, const char* cstr) {
+    int len = (int)strlen(cstr);
+    c11_serializer__write_bytes(self, cstr, len + 1);
+}
+
+void c11_serializer__write_bytes(c11_serializer* self, const void* data, int size){
+    c11_vector__extend(&self->data, data, size);
+}
+
+void* c11_serializer__submit(c11_serializer* self, int* size){
+    uint32_t checksum = c11__checksum_32bit(self->data.data, self->data.length);
+    c11_serializer__write_bytes(self, &checksum, sizeof(uint32_t));
+    return c11_vector__submit(&self->data, size);
+}
+
+void c11_deserializer__ctor(c11_deserializer* self, const void* data, int size){
+    self->data = (const uint8_t*)data;
+    self->size = size;
+    self->index = 0;
+    self->error_msg[0] = '\0';
+}
+
+void c11_deserializer__dtor(c11_deserializer* self){
+    // nothing to do
+}
+
+bool c11_deserializer__error(c11_deserializer* self, const char* msg){
+    snprintf(self->error_msg, sizeof(self->error_msg), "%s", msg);
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool c11_deserializer__check_header(c11_deserializer* self, int16_t magic, int8_t major_ver, int8_t minor_ver_min){
+    if(self->size < 8){
+        return c11_deserializer__error(self, "bad header: size < 8");
+    }
+    // read 16bit magic
+    int16_t file_magic = c11_deserializer__read_i16(self);
+    if(file_magic != magic){
+        return c11_deserializer__error(self, "bad header: magic mismatch");
+    }
+    // read 16bit version
+    self->major_ver = c11_deserializer__read_i8(self);
+    self->minor_ver = c11_deserializer__read_i8(self);
+
+    // check checksum
+    uint32_t checksum;
+    memcpy(&checksum, self->data + self->size - 4, sizeof(uint32_t));
+    uint32_t actual_checksum = c11__checksum_32bit(self->data, self->size - 4);
+    if(checksum != actual_checksum){
+        return c11_deserializer__error(self, "bad header: checksum mismatch");
+    }
+    // check version
+    if(self->major_ver != major_ver){
+        return c11_deserializer__error(self, "bad header: major version mismatch");
+    }
+    if(self->minor_ver < minor_ver_min){
+        // file_ver: 1.1, require_ver: 1.0 => ok
+        // file_ver: 1.1, require_ver: 1.1 => ok
+        // file_ver: 1.1, require_ver: 1.2 => error
+        return c11_deserializer__error(self, "bad header: minor version mismatch");
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+const char* c11_deserializer__read_cstr(c11_deserializer* self){
+    const char* p = (const char*)(self->data + self->index);
+    self->index += (strlen(p) + 1);
+    return p;
+}
+
+void* c11_deserializer__read_bytes(c11_deserializer* self, int size){
+    void* p = (void*)(self->data + self->index);
+    self->index += size;
+    return p;
+}

src/common/sourcedata.c

@@ -8,10 +8,16 @@ static void SourceData__ctor(struct SourceData* self,
                              const char* filename,
                              enum py_CompileMode mode,
                              bool is_dynamic) {
-    self->filename = c11_string__new(filename);
     self->mode = mode;
+    self->is_dynamic = is_dynamic;
+    self->filename = c11_string__new(filename);
     c11_vector__ctor(&self->line_starts, sizeof(const char*));
 
+    if(!source) {
+        self->source = NULL;
+        return;
+    }
+
     // Skip utf8 BOM if there is any.
     if(strncmp(source, "\xEF\xBB\xBF", 3) == 0) source += 3;
     // Drop all '\r'
@@ -34,13 +40,12 @@ static void SourceData__ctor(struct SourceData* self,
         self->source->data[last_index + 1] = '\0';
     }
 
-    self->is_dynamic = is_dynamic;
     c11_vector__push(const char*, &self->line_starts, self->source->data);
 }
 
 static void SourceData__dtor(struct SourceData* self) {
     c11_string__delete(self->filename);
-    c11_string__delete(self->source);
+    if(self->source) c11_string__delete(self->source);
     c11_vector__dtor(&self->line_starts);
 }
 
@@ -59,7 +64,7 @@ bool SourceData__get_line(const struct SourceData* self,
                           int lineno,
                           const char** st,
                           const char** ed) {
-    if(lineno < 0) return false;
+    if(lineno < 0 || !self->source) return false;
     lineno -= 1;
     if(lineno < 0) lineno = 0;
     const char* _start = c11__getitem(const char*, &self->line_starts, lineno);

src/common/sstream.c

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ void c11_sbuf__write_cstr(c11_sbuf* self, const char* str) {
 }
 
 void c11_sbuf__write_cstrn(c11_sbuf* self, const char* str, int n) {
-    c11_vector__extend(char, &self->data, str, n);
+    c11_vector__extend(&self->data, str, n);
 }
 
 void c11_sbuf__write_quoted(c11_sbuf* self, c11_sv sv, char quote) {

src/common/vector.c

@@ -76,3 +76,14 @@ int c11_vector__nextcap(c11_vector* self) {
         return self->capacity + (self->capacity >> 2);
     }
 }
+
+void c11_vector__extend(c11_vector* self, const void* p, int size) {
+    int min_capacity = self->length + size;
+    if(self->capacity < min_capacity) {
+        int nextcap = c11_vector__nextcap(self);
+        c11_vector__reserve((self), c11__max(nextcap, min_capacity));
+    }
+    void* dst = (char*)self->data + self->length * self->elem_size;
+    memcpy(dst, p, size * self->elem_size);
+    self->length += size;
+}

src/compiler/compiler.c

@@ -76,7 +76,6 @@ static int Ctx__prepare_loop_divert(Ctx* self, int line, bool is_break);
 static int Ctx__enter_block(Ctx* self, CodeBlockType type);
 static void Ctx__exit_block(Ctx* self);
 static int Ctx__emit_(Ctx* self, Opcode opcode, uint16_t arg, int line);
-// static void Ctx__revert_last_emit_(Ctx* self);
 static int Ctx__emit_int(Ctx* self, int64_t value, int line);
 static void Ctx__patch_jump(Ctx* self, int index);
 static void Ctx__emit_jump(Ctx* self, int target, int line);
@@ -1177,7 +1176,7 @@ static void Ctx__s_emit_decorators(Ctx* self, int count) {
 }
 
 static int Ctx__emit_(Ctx* self, Opcode opcode, uint16_t arg, int line) {
-    Bytecode bc = {(uint8_t)opcode, arg};
+    Bytecode bc = {(uint16_t)opcode, arg};
     BytecodeEx bcx = {line, self->curr_iblock};
     c11_vector__push(Bytecode, &self->co->codes, bc);
     c11_vector__push(BytecodeEx, &self->co->codes_ex, bcx);
@@ -1187,11 +1186,6 @@ static int Ctx__emit_(Ctx* self, Opcode opcode, uint16_t arg, int line) {
     return i;
 }
 
-// static void Ctx__revert_last_emit_(Ctx* self) {
-//     c11_vector__pop(&self->co->codes);
-//     c11_vector__pop(&self->co->codes_ex);
-// }
-
 static int Ctx__emit_int(Ctx* self, int64_t value, int line) {
     if(INT16_MIN <= value && value <= INT16_MAX) {
         return Ctx__emit_(self, OP_LOAD_SMALL_INT, (uint16_t)value, line);
@@ -1881,64 +1875,10 @@ static Error* exprMap(Compiler* self) {
 
 static Error* read_literal(Compiler* self, py_Ref out);
 
-static Error* exprCompileTimeCall(Compiler* self, py_ItemRef func, int line) {
-    Error* err;
-    py_push(func);
-    py_pushnil();
-
-    uint16_t argc = 0;
-    uint16_t kwargc = 0;
-    // copied from `exprCall`
-    do {
-        if(curr()->type == TK_RPAREN) break;
-        if(curr()->type == TK_ID && next()->type == TK_ASSIGN) {
-            consume(TK_ID);
-            py_Name key = py_namev(Token__sv(prev()));
-            consume(TK_ASSIGN);
-            // k=v
-            py_pushname(key);
-            check(read_literal(self, py_pushtmp()));
-            kwargc += 1;
-        } else {
-            if(kwargc > 0) {
-                return SyntaxError(self, "positional argument follows keyword argument");
-            }
-            check(read_literal(self, py_pushtmp()));
-            argc += 1;
-        }
-    } while(match(TK_COMMA));
-    consume(TK_RPAREN);
-
-    py_StackRef p0 = py_peek(0);
-    bool ok = py_vectorcall(argc, kwargc);
-    if(!ok) {
-        char* msg = py_formatexc();
-        py_clearexc(p0);
-        err = SyntaxError(self, "compile-time call error:\n%s", msg);
-        PK_FREE(msg);
-        return err;
-    }
-
-    // TODO: optimize string dedup
-    int index = Ctx__add_const(ctx(), py_retval());
-    Ctx__s_push(ctx(), (Expr*)LoadConstExpr__new(line, index));
-    return NULL;
-}
-
 static Error* exprCall(Compiler* self) {
     Error* err;
     Expr* callable = Ctx__s_popx(ctx());
     int line = prev()->line;
-    if(callable->vt->is_name) {
-        NameExpr* ne = (NameExpr*)callable;
-        py_ItemRef func = py_macroget(ne->name);
-        if(func != NULL) {
-            py_StackRef p0 = py_peek(0);
-            err = exprCompileTimeCall(self, func, line);
-            if(err != NULL) py_clearexc(p0);
-            return err;
-        }
-    }
     
     CallExpr* e = CallExpr__new(line, callable);
     Ctx__s_push(ctx(), (Expr*)e);  // push onto the stack in advance
@@ -2425,7 +2365,7 @@ static Error* compile_function(Compiler* self, int decorators) {
             py_TValue* consts = decl->code.consts.data;
             py_TValue* c = &consts[codes[0].arg];
             if(py_isstr(c)) {
-                decl->docstring = py_tostr(c);
+                decl->docstring = c11_strdup(py_tostr(c));
                 codes[0].op = OP_NO_OP;
                 codes[1].op = OP_NO_OP;
             }

src/interpreter/py_compile.c

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#include "pocketpy/pocketpy.h"
+#include "pocketpy/interpreter/vm.h"
+#include <errno.h>
+
+bool py_compilefile(const char* src_path, const char* dst_path) {
+    // read
+    FILE* fp = fopen(src_path, "rb");
+    if(fp == NULL) {
+        const char* msg = strerror(errno);
+        return OSError("[Errno %d] %s: '%s'", errno, msg, src_path);
+    }
+    fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_END);
+    long size = ftell(fp);
+    fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_SET);
+    char* buffer = PK_MALLOC(size + 1);
+    size = fread(buffer, 1, size, fp);
+    buffer[size] = 0;
+    fclose(fp);
+    // compile
+    bool ok = py_compile(buffer, src_path, EXEC_MODE, false);
+    PK_FREE(buffer);
+    if(!ok) return false;
+    // dump
+    py_assign(py_pushtmp(), py_retval());
+    int bc_size;
+    void* bc_data = CodeObject__dumps(py_touserdata(py_peek(-1)), &bc_size);
+    py_pop();
+    // write
+    fp = fopen(dst_path, "wb");
+    if(fp == NULL) {
+        PK_FREE(bc_data);
+        const char* msg = strerror(errno);
+        return OSError("[Errno %d] %s: '%s'", errno, msg, dst_path);
+    }
+    fwrite(bc_data, 1, bc_size, fp);
+    fclose(fp);
+    PK_FREE(bc_data);
+    return true;
+}

src/interpreter/vm.c

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <assert.h>
 
-static char* pk_default_importfile(const char* path) {
+static char* pk_default_importfile(const char* path, int* data_size) {
 #if PK_ENABLE_OS
     FILE* f = fopen(path, "rb");
     if(f == NULL) return NULL;
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ static char* pk_default_importfile(const char* path) {
     size = fread(buffer, 1, size, f);
     buffer[size] = 0;
     fclose(f);
+    if(data_size) *data_size = (int)size;
     return buffer;
 #else
     return NULL;
@@ -112,7 +113,6 @@ void VM__ctor(VM* self) {
     self->stack.end = self->stack.begin + PK_VM_STACK_SIZE;
 
     CachedNames__ctor(&self->cached_names);
-    NameDict__ctor(&self->compile_time_funcs, PK_TYPE_ATTR_LOAD_FACTOR);
 
     /* Init Builtin Types */
     // 0: unused
@@ -306,7 +306,6 @@ void VM__dtor(VM* self) {
     BinTree__dtor(&self->modules);
     FixedMemoryPool__dtor(&self->pool_frame);
     CachedNames__dtor(&self->cached_names);
-    NameDict__dtor(&self->compile_time_funcs);
     c11_vector__dtor(&self->types);
 }
 
@@ -671,12 +670,6 @@ void ManagedHeap__mark(ManagedHeap* self) {
         CachedNames_KV* kv = c11_chunkedvector__at(&vm->cached_names.entries, i);
         pk__mark_value(&kv->val);
     }
-    // mark compile time functions
-    for(int i = 0; i < vm->compile_time_funcs.capacity; i++) {
-        NameDict_KV* kv = &vm->compile_time_funcs.items[i];
-        if(kv->key == NULL) continue;
-        pk__mark_value(&kv->value);
-    }
     // mark types
     int types_length = vm->types.length;
     // 0-th type is placeholder

src/modules/pickle.c

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ static void PickleObject__dtor(PickleObject* self) {
 static bool PickleObject__py_submit(PickleObject* self, py_OutRef out);
 
 static void PickleObject__write_bytes(PickleObject* buf, const void* data, int size) {
-    c11_vector__extend(char, &buf->codes, data, size);
+    c11_vector__extend(&buf->codes, data, size);
 }
 
 static void c11_sbuf__write_type_path(c11_sbuf* path_buf, py_Type type) {

src/objects/codeobject.c

@@ -17,11 +17,12 @@ bool Bytecode__is_forward_jump(const Bytecode* self) {
            (op == OP_FOR_ITER || op == OP_FOR_ITER_YIELD_VALUE);
 }
 
-static void FuncDecl__dtor(FuncDecl* self) {
+void FuncDecl__dtor(FuncDecl* self) {
     CodeObject__dtor(&self->code);
     c11_vector__dtor(&self->args);
     c11_vector__dtor(&self->kwargs);
     c11_smallmap_n2d__dtor(&self->kw_to_index);
+    if(self->docstring) py_free(self->docstring);
 }
 
 FuncDecl_ FuncDecl__rcnew(SourceData_ src, c11_sv name) {
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ FuncDecl_ FuncDecl__rcnew(SourceData_ src, c11_sv name) {
     self->rc.dtor = (void (*)(void*))FuncDecl__dtor;
     CodeObject__ctor(&self->code, src, name);
 
-    c11_vector__ctor(&self->args, sizeof(int));
+    c11_vector__ctor(&self->args, sizeof(int32_t));
     c11_vector__ctor(&self->kwargs, sizeof(FuncDeclKwArg));
 
     self->starred_arg = -1;
@@ -66,8 +67,8 @@ bool FuncDecl__is_duplicated_arg(const FuncDecl* decl, py_Name name) {
 }
 
 void FuncDecl__add_arg(FuncDecl* self, py_Name name) {
-    int index = CodeObject__add_varname(&self->code, name);
+    int32_t index = CodeObject__add_varname(&self->code, name);
-    c11_vector__push(int, &self->args, index);
+    c11_vector__push(int32_t, &self->args, index);
 }
 
 void FuncDecl__add_kwarg(FuncDecl* self, py_Name name, const py_TValue* value) {
@@ -89,32 +90,6 @@ void FuncDecl__add_starred_kwarg(FuncDecl* self, py_Name name) {
     self->starred_kwarg = index;
 }
 
-FuncDecl_ FuncDecl__build(c11_sv name,
-                          c11_sv* args,
-                          int argc,
-                          c11_sv starred_arg,
-                          c11_sv* kwargs,
-                          int kwargc,
-                          py_Ref kwdefaults,  // a tuple contains default values
-                          c11_sv starred_kwarg,
-                          const char* docstring) {
-    SourceData_ source = SourceData__rcnew("pass", "<bind>", EXEC_MODE, false);
-    FuncDecl_ decl = FuncDecl__rcnew(source, name);
-    for(int i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
-        FuncDecl__add_arg(decl, py_namev(args[i]));
-    }
-    if(starred_arg.size) { FuncDecl__add_starred_arg(decl, py_namev(starred_arg)); }
-    assert(py_istype(kwdefaults, tp_tuple));
-    assert(py_tuple_len(kwdefaults) == kwargc);
-    for(int i = 0; i < kwargc; i++) {
-        FuncDecl__add_kwarg(decl, py_namev(kwargs[i]), py_tuple_getitem(kwdefaults, i));
-    }
-    if(starred_kwarg.size) FuncDecl__add_starred_kwarg(decl, py_namev(starred_kwarg));
-    decl->docstring = docstring;
-    PK_DECREF(source);
-    return decl;
-}
-
 void CodeObject__ctor(CodeObject* self, SourceData_ src, c11_sv name) {
     self->src = src;
     PK_INCREF(src);

src/objects/codeobject_ser.c

@@ -0,0 +1,368 @@
+#include "pocketpy/objects/codeobject.h"
+#include "pocketpy/common/serialize.h"
+#include "pocketpy/common/utils.h"
+
+// Magic number for CodeObject serialization: "CO" = 0x434F
+#define CODEOBJECT_MAGIC 0x434F
+#define CODEOBJECT_VER_MAJOR 1
+#define CODEOBJECT_VER_MINOR 0
+#define CODEOBJECT_VER_MINOR_MIN 0
+
+// Forward declarations
+static void FuncDecl__serialize(c11_serializer* s,
+                                const FuncDecl* decl,
+                                const struct SourceData* parent_src);
+static FuncDecl_ FuncDecl__deserialize(c11_deserializer* d, SourceData_ embedded_src);
+static void CodeObject__serialize(c11_serializer* s,
+                                  const CodeObject* co,
+                                  const struct SourceData* parent_src);
+static CodeObject CodeObject__deserialize(c11_deserializer* d, const char* filename, SourceData_ embedded_src);
+
+// Serialize a py_TValue constant
+// Supported types: None, int, float, bool, str, bytes, tuple, Ellipsis
+static void TValue__serialize(c11_serializer* s, py_Ref val) {
+    c11_serializer__write_type(s, val->type);
+    // 1. co_consts: int | float | str
+    // 2. function defaults: see `read_literal()` in compiler.c
+    switch(val->type) {
+        case tp_int: c11_serializer__write_i64(s, val->_i64); break;
+        case tp_float: c11_serializer__write_f64(s, val->_f64); break;
+        case tp_str: {
+            c11_sv sv = py_tosv((py_Ref)val);
+            c11_serializer__write_i32(s, sv.size);
+            c11_serializer__write_bytes(s, sv.data, sv.size);
+            break;
+        }
+        case tp_bool: {
+            bool value = py_tobool(val);
+            c11_serializer__write_i8(s, value ? 1 : 0);
+            break;
+        }
+        case tp_NoneType: break;
+        case tp_ellipsis: break;
+        case tp_tuple: {
+            int len = py_tuple_len(val);
+            c11_serializer__write_i32(s, len);
+            for(int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+                py_Ref item = py_tuple_getitem(val, i);
+                TValue__serialize(s, item);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        default: c11__abort("TValue__serialize: invalid type '%s'", py_tpname(val->type));
+    }
+}
+
+// Deserialize a py_TValue constant
+static void TValue__deserialize(c11_deserializer* d, py_OutRef out) {
+    py_Type type = c11_deserializer__read_type(d);
+    switch(type) {
+        case tp_int: {
+            py_i64 v = c11_deserializer__read_i64(d);
+            py_newint(out, v);
+            break;
+        }
+        case tp_float: {
+            py_f64 v = c11_deserializer__read_f64(d);
+            py_newfloat(out, v);
+            break;
+        }
+        case tp_str: {
+            int size = c11_deserializer__read_i32(d);
+            char* dst = py_newstrn(out, size);
+            char* src = c11_deserializer__read_bytes(d, size);
+            memcpy(dst, src, size);
+            break;
+        }
+        case tp_bool: {
+            bool v = c11_deserializer__read_i8(d) != 0;
+            py_newbool(out, v);
+            break;
+        }
+        case tp_NoneType: {
+            py_newnone(out);
+            break;
+        }
+        case tp_ellipsis: {
+            py_newellipsis(out);
+            break;
+        }
+        case tp_tuple: {
+            int len = c11_deserializer__read_i32(d);
+            py_newtuple(out, len);
+            for(int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+                py_ItemRef item = py_tuple_getitem(out, i);
+                TValue__deserialize(d, item);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            c11__abort("TValue__deserialize: invalid type '%s'", py_tpname(type));
+    }
+}
+
+// Serialize CodeObject
+static void CodeObject__serialize(c11_serializer* s,
+                                  const CodeObject* co,
+                                  const struct SourceData* parent_src) {
+    // SourceData
+    if(parent_src) {
+        c11__rtassert(co->src == parent_src);
+    }
+
+    // name
+    c11_serializer__write_cstr(s, co->name->data);
+
+    // codes
+    _Static_assert(sizeof(Bytecode) == sizeof(uint16_t) * 2, "");
+    c11_serializer__write_i32(s, co->codes.length);
+    c11_serializer__write_bytes(s, co->codes.data, co->codes.length * sizeof(Bytecode));
+
+    // codes_ex
+    _Static_assert(sizeof(BytecodeEx) == sizeof(int32_t) * 2, "");
+    c11_serializer__write_i32(s, co->codes_ex.length);
+    c11_serializer__write_bytes(s, co->codes_ex.data, co->codes_ex.length * sizeof(BytecodeEx));
+
+    // consts
+    c11_serializer__write_i32(s, co->consts.length);
+    for(int i = 0; i < co->consts.length; i++) {
+        py_Ref val = c11__at(py_TValue, &co->consts, i);
+        TValue__serialize(s, val);
+    }
+
+    // varnames (as cstr via py_name2str)
+    c11_serializer__write_i32(s, co->varnames.length);
+    for(int i = 0; i < co->varnames.length; i++) {
+        py_Name name = c11__getitem(py_Name, &co->varnames, i);
+        c11_serializer__write_cstr(s, py_name2str(name));
+    }
+
+    // names (as cstr via py_name2str)
+    c11_serializer__write_i32(s, co->names.length);
+    for(int i = 0; i < co->names.length; i++) {
+        py_Name name = c11__getitem(py_Name, &co->names, i);
+        c11_serializer__write_cstr(s, py_name2str(name));
+    }
+
+    // nlocals
+    c11_serializer__write_i32(s, co->nlocals);
+
+    // blocks
+    _Static_assert(sizeof(CodeBlock) == sizeof(int32_t) * 5, "");
+    c11_serializer__write_i32(s, co->blocks.length);
+    c11_serializer__write_bytes(s, co->blocks.data, co->blocks.length * sizeof(CodeBlock));
+
+    // func_decls
+    c11_serializer__write_i32(s, co->func_decls.length);
+    for(int i = 0; i < co->func_decls.length; i++) {
+        const FuncDecl* decl = c11__getitem(FuncDecl_, &co->func_decls, i);
+        FuncDecl__serialize(s, decl, co->src);
+    }
+
+    // start_line, end_line
+    c11_serializer__write_i32(s, co->start_line);
+    c11_serializer__write_i32(s, co->end_line);
+}
+
+// Deserialize CodeObject (initialize co before calling)
+static CodeObject CodeObject__deserialize(c11_deserializer* d, const char* filename, SourceData_ embedded_src) {
+    CodeObject co;
+
+    // SourceData
+    SourceData_ src;
+    if(embedded_src != NULL) {
+        c11__rtassert(filename == NULL);
+        src = embedded_src;
+        PK_INCREF(src);
+    } else {
+        c11__rtassert(filename != NULL);
+        src = SourceData__rcnew(NULL, filename, EXEC_MODE, false);
+    }
+
+    // name
+    const char* name = c11_deserializer__read_cstr(d);
+    c11_sv name_sv = {name, strlen(name)};
+
+    // Initialize the CodeObject
+    CodeObject__ctor(&co, src, name_sv);
+    PK_DECREF(src);  // CodeObject__ctor increments ref count
+    // Clear the default root block that CodeObject__ctor adds
+    c11_vector__clear(&co.blocks);
+
+    // codes
+    int codes_len = c11_deserializer__read_i32(d);
+    c11_vector__extend(&co.codes,
+                       c11_deserializer__read_bytes(d, codes_len * sizeof(Bytecode)),
+                       codes_len);
+    // codes_ex
+    int codes_ex_len = c11_deserializer__read_i32(d);
+    c11_vector__extend(&co.codes_ex,
+                       c11_deserializer__read_bytes(d, codes_ex_len * sizeof(BytecodeEx)),
+                       codes_ex_len);
+
+    // consts
+    int consts_len = c11_deserializer__read_i32(d);
+    for(int i = 0; i < consts_len; i++) {
+        py_Ref p_val = c11_vector__emplace(&co.consts);
+        TValue__deserialize(d, p_val);
+    }
+
+    // varnames
+    int varnames_len = c11_deserializer__read_i32(d);
+    for(int i = 0; i < varnames_len; i++) {
+        const char* s = c11_deserializer__read_cstr(d);
+        py_Name n = py_name(s);
+        c11_vector__push(py_Name, &co.varnames, n);
+        c11_smallmap_n2d__set(&co.varnames_inv, n, i);
+    }
+
+    // names
+    int names_len = c11_deserializer__read_i32(d);
+    for(int i = 0; i < names_len; i++) {
+        const char* s = c11_deserializer__read_cstr(d);
+        py_Name n = py_name(s);
+        c11_vector__push(py_Name, &co.names, n);
+        c11_smallmap_n2d__set(&co.names_inv, n, i);
+    }
+
+    // nlocals
+    co.nlocals = c11_deserializer__read_i32(d);
+
+    // blocks
+    int blocks_len = c11_deserializer__read_i32(d);
+    c11_vector__extend(&co.blocks,
+                       c11_deserializer__read_bytes(d, blocks_len * sizeof(CodeBlock)),
+                       blocks_len);
+    // func_decls
+    int func_decls_len = c11_deserializer__read_i32(d);
+    for(int i = 0; i < func_decls_len; i++) {
+        FuncDecl_ decl = FuncDecl__deserialize(d, src);
+        c11_vector__push(FuncDecl_, &co.func_decls, decl);
+    }
+
+    // start_line, end_line
+    co.start_line = c11_deserializer__read_i32(d);
+    co.end_line = c11_deserializer__read_i32(d);
+
+    return co;
+}
+
+// Serialize FuncDecl
+static void FuncDecl__serialize(c11_serializer* s,
+                                const FuncDecl* decl,
+                                const struct SourceData* parent_src) {
+    // CodeObject (embedded)
+    CodeObject__serialize(s, &decl->code, parent_src);
+
+    // args
+    c11_serializer__write_i32(s, decl->args.length);
+    c11_serializer__write_bytes(s, decl->args.data, decl->args.length * sizeof(int32_t));
+
+    // kwargs
+    c11_serializer__write_i32(s, decl->kwargs.length);
+    for(int i = 0; i < decl->kwargs.length; i++) {
+        FuncDeclKwArg* kw = c11__at(FuncDeclKwArg, &decl->kwargs, i);
+        c11_serializer__write_i32(s, kw->index);
+        c11_serializer__write_cstr(s, py_name2str(kw->key));
+        TValue__serialize(s, &kw->value);
+    }
+
+    // starred_arg, starred_kwarg
+    c11_serializer__write_i32(s, decl->starred_arg);
+    c11_serializer__write_i32(s, decl->starred_kwarg);
+
+    // nested
+    c11_serializer__write_i8(s, decl->nested ? 1 : 0);
+
+    // docstring
+    int has_docstring = decl->docstring != NULL ? 1 : 0;
+    c11_serializer__write_i8(s, has_docstring);
+    if(has_docstring) c11_serializer__write_cstr(s, decl->docstring);
+
+    // type
+    c11_serializer__write_i8(s, (int8_t)decl->type);
+}
+
+// Deserialize FuncDecl
+static FuncDecl_ FuncDecl__deserialize(c11_deserializer* d, SourceData_ embedded_src) {
+    FuncDecl* self = PK_MALLOC(sizeof(FuncDecl));
+    self->rc.count = 1;
+    self->rc.dtor = (void (*)(void*))FuncDecl__dtor;
+
+    c11_vector__ctor(&self->args, sizeof(int32_t));
+    c11_vector__ctor(&self->kwargs, sizeof(FuncDeclKwArg));
+    c11_smallmap_n2d__ctor(&self->kw_to_index);
+
+    // CodeObject (embedded)
+    self->code = CodeObject__deserialize(d, NULL, embedded_src);
+
+    // args
+    int args_len = c11_deserializer__read_i32(d);
+    c11_vector__extend(&self->args,
+                       c11_deserializer__read_bytes(d, args_len * sizeof(int32_t)),
+                       args_len);
+
+    // kwargs
+    int kwargs_len = c11_deserializer__read_i32(d);
+    for(int i = 0; i < kwargs_len; i++) {
+        FuncDeclKwArg* kw = c11_vector__emplace(&self->kwargs);
+        kw->index = c11_deserializer__read_i32(d);
+        const char* key_str = c11_deserializer__read_cstr(d);
+        kw->key = py_name(key_str);
+        TValue__deserialize(d, &kw->value);
+        c11_smallmap_n2d__set(&self->kw_to_index, kw->key, kw->index);
+    }
+    // starred_arg
+    self->starred_arg = c11_deserializer__read_i32(d);
+    // starred_kwarg
+    self->starred_kwarg = c11_deserializer__read_i32(d);
+
+    // nested
+    self->nested = c11_deserializer__read_i8(d) != 0;
+
+    // docstring
+    int has_docstring = c11_deserializer__read_i8(d);
+    if(has_docstring) {
+        const char* docstring = c11_deserializer__read_cstr(d);
+        self->docstring = c11_strdup(docstring);
+    } else {
+        self->docstring = NULL;
+    }
+
+    // type
+    self->type = (FuncType)c11_deserializer__read_i8(d);
+    return self;
+}
+
+// Public API: Serialize CodeObject to bytes
+void* CodeObject__dumps(const CodeObject* co, int* size) {
+    c11_serializer s;
+    c11_serializer__ctor(&s, CODEOBJECT_MAGIC, CODEOBJECT_VER_MAJOR, CODEOBJECT_VER_MINOR);
+    CodeObject__serialize(&s, co, NULL);
+    return c11_serializer__submit(&s, size);
+}
+
+// Public API: Deserialize CodeObject from bytes
+// Returns error message or NULL on success
+char* CodeObject__loads(const void* data, int size, const char* filename, CodeObject* out) {
+    c11_deserializer d;
+    c11_deserializer__ctor(&d, data, size);
+
+    if(!c11_deserializer__check_header(&d,
+                                       CODEOBJECT_MAGIC,
+                                       CODEOBJECT_VER_MAJOR,
+                                       CODEOBJECT_VER_MINOR_MIN)) {
+        char* error_msg = c11_strdup(d.error_msg);
+        c11_deserializer__dtor(&d);
+        return error_msg;
+    }
+
+    *out = CodeObject__deserialize(&d, filename, NULL);
+    c11_deserializer__dtor(&d);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+#undef CODEOBJECT_MAGIC
+#undef CODEOBJECT_VER_MAJOR
+#undef CODEOBJECT_VER_MINOR
+#undef CODEOBJECT_VER_MINOR_MIN

src/public/Bindings.c

@@ -46,16 +46,3 @@ void py_bindmagic(py_Type type, py_Name name, py_CFunction f) {
     py_Ref tmp = py_emplacedict(py_tpobject(type), name);
     py_newnativefunc(tmp, f);
 }
-
-void py_macrobind(const char* sig, py_CFunction f) {
-    py_Ref tmp = py_pushtmp();
-    py_Name name = py_newfunction(tmp, sig, f, NULL, 0);
-    NameDict__set(&pk_current_vm->compile_time_funcs, name, tmp);
-    py_pop();
-}
-
-py_ItemRef py_macroget(py_Name name) {
-    NameDict* d = &pk_current_vm->compile_time_funcs;
-    if(d->length == 0) return NULL;
-    return NameDict__try_get(d, name);
-}

src/public/GlobalSetup.c

@@ -32,6 +32,10 @@ void py_initialize() {
     _Static_assert(sizeof(py_TValue) == 24, "sizeof(py_TValue) != 24");
     _Static_assert(offsetof(py_TValue, extra) == 4, "offsetof(py_TValue, extra) != 4");
 
+    // check sizes
+    _Static_assert(sizeof(float) == 4, "");
+    _Static_assert(sizeof(double) == 8, "");
+
     pk_current_vm = pk_all_vm[0] = &pk_default_vm;
 
     // initialize some convenient references
@@ -117,7 +121,7 @@ void py_sys_setargv(int argc, char** argv) {
     py_GlobalRef sys = py_getmodule("sys");
     py_Ref argv_list = py_getdict(sys, py_name("argv"));
     py_list_clear(argv_list);
-    for(int i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+    for(int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
         py_newstr(py_list_emplace(argv_list), argv[i]);
     }
 }

src/public/ModuleSystem.c

@@ -140,20 +140,39 @@ int py_import(const char* path_cstr) {
     c11_string* filename = c11_string__new3("%s.py", slashed_path->data);
 
     bool need_free = true;
+    bool is_pyc = false;
     const char* data = load_kPythonLib(path_cstr);
+    int data_size = -1;
+
     if(data != NULL) {
         need_free = false;
         goto __SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    data = vm->callbacks.importfile(filename->data);
+    data = vm->callbacks.importfile(filename->data, &data_size);
     if(data != NULL) goto __SUCCESS;
 
+    c11_string__delete(filename);
+    filename = c11_string__new3("%s.pyc", slashed_path->data);
+    data = vm->callbacks.importfile(filename->data, &data_size);
+    if(data != NULL) {
+        is_pyc = true;
+        goto __SUCCESS;
+    }
+
     c11_string__delete(filename);
     filename = c11_string__new3("%s%c__init__.py", slashed_path->data, PK_PLATFORM_SEP);
-    data = vm->callbacks.importfile(filename->data);
+    data = vm->callbacks.importfile(filename->data, &data_size);
     if(data != NULL) goto __SUCCESS;
 
+    c11_string__delete(filename);
+    filename = c11_string__new3("%s%c__init__.pyc", slashed_path->data, PK_PLATFORM_SEP);
+    data = vm->callbacks.importfile(filename->data, &data_size);
+    if(data != NULL) {
+        is_pyc = true;
+        goto __SUCCESS;
+    }
+
     c11_string__delete(filename);
     c11_string__delete(slashed_path);
     // not found
@@ -162,8 +181,25 @@ int py_import(const char* path_cstr) {
 __SUCCESS:
     do {
     } while(0);
+    
     py_GlobalRef mod = py_newmodule(path_cstr);
-    bool ok = py_exec((const char*)data, filename->data, EXEC_MODE, mod);
+
+    bool ok;
+    if(is_pyc) {
+        CodeObject co;
+        char* err = CodeObject__loads(data, data_size, filename->data, &co);
+        if(err == NULL) {
+            c11__rtassert(co.src->mode == EXEC_MODE);
+            c11__rtassert(co.src->is_dynamic == false);
+            ok = pk_exec(&co, mod);
+        } else {
+            RuntimeError("failed to load %s: %s", filename->data, err);
+            ok = false;
+        }
+    } else {
+        ok = py_exec(data, filename->data, EXEC_MODE, mod);
+    }
+    
     py_assign(py_retval(), mod);
 
     c11_string__delete(filename);
@@ -180,11 +216,13 @@ bool py_importlib_reload(py_Ref module) {
     c11_sv path = c11_string__sv(mi->path);
     c11_string* slashed_path = c11_sv__replace(path, '.', PK_PLATFORM_SEP);
     c11_string* filename = c11_string__new3("%s.py", slashed_path->data);
-    char* data = vm->callbacks.importfile(filename->data);
+    // Here we only consider source modules.
+    // Because compiled modules have no source file (it cannot be reloaded)
+    char* data = vm->callbacks.importfile(filename->data, NULL);
     if(data == NULL) {
         c11_string__delete(filename);
         filename = c11_string__new3("%s%c__init__.py", slashed_path->data, PK_PLATFORM_SEP);
-        data = vm->callbacks.importfile(filename->data);
+        data = vm->callbacks.importfile(filename->data, NULL);
     }
     c11_string__delete(slashed_path);
     if(data == NULL) return ImportError("module '%v' not found", path);

src/public/PyList.c

@@ -203,8 +203,8 @@ static bool list__add__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
         List* list_1 = py_touserdata(_1);
         py_newlist(py_retval());
         List* list = py_touserdata(py_retval());
-        c11_vector__extend(py_TValue, list, list_0->data, list_0->length);
+        c11_vector__extend(list, list_0->data, list_0->length);
-        c11_vector__extend(py_TValue, list, list_1->data, list_1->length);
+        c11_vector__extend(list, list_1->data, list_1->length);
     } else {
         py_newnotimplemented(py_retval());
     }
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ static bool list__mul__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
         List* list = py_touserdata(py_retval());
         List* list_0 = py_touserdata(_0);
         for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-            c11_vector__extend(py_TValue, list, list_0->data, list_0->length);
+            c11_vector__extend(list, list_0->data, list_0->length);
         }
     } else {
         py_newnotimplemented(py_retval());
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ static bool list_extend(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     py_TValue* p;
     int length = pk_arrayview(py_arg(1), &p);
     if(length == -1) return TypeError("extend() argument must be a list or tuple");
-    c11_vector__extend(py_TValue, self, p, length);
+    c11_vector__extend(self, p, length);
     py_newnone(py_retval());
     return true;
 }
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ static bool list_copy(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     py_newlist(py_retval());
     List* self = py_touserdata(py_arg(0));
     List* list = py_touserdata(py_retval());
-    c11_vector__extend(py_TValue, list, self->data, self->length);
+    c11_vector__extend(list, self->data, self->length);
     return true;
 }
 

src/public/ValueCreation.c

@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ py_Name py_newfunction(py_OutRef out,
         c11__abort("py_newfunction(): invalid signature '%s'", sig);
     }
     FuncDecl_ decl = c11__getitem(FuncDecl_, &code.func_decls, 0);
-    decl->docstring = docstring;
+    if(docstring) decl->docstring = c11_strdup(docstring);
     // construct the function
     Function* ud = py_newobject(out, tp_function, slots, sizeof(Function));
     Function__ctor(ud, decl, NULL, NULL);

src2/main.c

@@ -34,7 +34,9 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
 
     bool profile = false;
     bool debug = false;
-    const char* filename = NULL;
+    bool compile = false;
+    const char* arg1 = NULL;
+    const char* arg2 = NULL;
 
     for(int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
         if(strcmp(argv[i], "--profile") == 0) {
@@ -45,11 +47,19 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
             debug = true;
             continue;
         }
-        if(filename == NULL) {
+        if(strcmp(argv[i], "--compile") == 0) {
-            filename = argv[i];
+            compile = true;
             continue;
         }
-        printf("Usage: pocketpy [--profile] [--debug] filename\n");
+        if(arg1 == NULL) {
+            arg1 = argv[i];
+            continue;
+        }
+        if(arg2 == NULL) {
+            arg2 = argv[i];
+            continue;
+        }
+        printf("Usage: pocketpy [--profile] [--debug] [--compile] filename\n");
     }
 
     if(debug && profile) {
@@ -57,9 +67,22 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
         return 1;
     }
 
+    if(compile && (debug || profile)) {
+        printf("Error: --compile cannot be used with --debug or --profile.\n");
+        return 1;
+    }
+
     py_initialize();
     py_sys_setargv(argc, argv);
 
+    if(compile) {
+        bool ok = py_compilefile(arg1, arg2);
+        if(!ok) py_printexc();
+        py_finalize();
+        return ok ? 0 : 1;
+    }
+
+    const char* filename = arg1;
     if(filename == NULL) {
         if(profile) printf("Warning: --profile is ignored in REPL mode.\n");
         if(debug) printf("Warning: --debug is ignored in REPL mode.\n");

tests/801_sys.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import sys
 
-assert len(sys.argv) == 2
+filename = 'tests/801_sys.py'
-assert (sys.argv[1] == 'tests/801_sys.py'), sys.argv
+assert (sys.argv == [filename]), sys.argv
+

tests/922_py_compile.py

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+try:
+    import os
+except ImportError:
+    print('os is not enabled, skipping test...')
+    exit(0)
+
+import sys
+if sys.platform == 'win32':
+    exe_name = 'main.exe'
+else:
+    exe_name = './main'
+assert os.system(f'{exe_name} --compile python/heapq.py heapq1.pyc') == 0
+assert os.path.exists('heapq1.pyc')
+
+import heapq1
+import heapq
+
+a = [1, 2, -3, 2, 1, 5, 11, 123] * 10
+b = a.copy()
+
+heapq.heapify(a)
+heapq1.heapify(b)
+
+assert a == b
+
+os.remove('heapq1.pyc')