From 076627fb7697b9d99a9e1e7a1b2443cfc74728d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: blueloveTH <blueloveth@foxmail.com>
Date: Sun, 13 Apr 2025 23:06:20 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 01/16] Create threading.md

---
 docs/features/threading.md | 140 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 140 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 docs/features/threading.md

diff --git a/docs/features/threading.md b/docs/features/threading.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1eb55510
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/features/threading.md
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+---
+icon: dot
+title: Threading
+---
+
+pocketpy organizes its state by `VM` structure.
+Users can have at maximum 16 `VM` instances (index from 0 to 15).
+Each `VM` instance can only be accessed by exactly one thread at a time.
+If you are trying to run two python scripts in parallel refering the same `VM` instance,
+you will crash it definitely.
+
+However, there are two ways to achieve multi-threading in pocketpy.
+
+One way is to use a native threading library such as `pthread`.
+You can wrap the multi-threading logic into a C function and bind it to pocketpy.
+Be careful and not to access the same `VM` instance from multiple threads at the same time.
+You need to lock critical resources or perform a deep copy of all needed data.
+
+## ComputeThread
+
+The other way is to use `pkpy.ComputeThread`.
+It is like an isolate in Dart language.
+`ComputeThread` is a true multi-threading model to allow you run python scripts in parallel without lock,
+backed by a separate `VM` instance.
+
+`ComputeThread` is highly designed for computational intensive tasks in games.
+For example, you can run game logic in main thread (VM 0) and run world generation in another thread (e.g. VM 1).
+
+```mermaid
+graph TD
+    subgraph Main Thread
+        A[Game Start]
+        B[Submit WorldGen Job]
+        C[Frame 1]
+        D[Frame 2]
+        E[Frame 3]
+        F[...]
+        G[Get WorldGen Result]
+        H[Render World]
+    end
+    subgraph WorldGen Thread
+        O[Generate Biomes]
+        P[Generate Terrain]
+        Q[Generate Creatures]
+        R[Dump Result]
+    end
+    A --> B
+    B --> C
+    C --> D
+    D --> E
+    E --> F
+    F --> G
+    G --> H
+
+    O --> P
+    P --> Q
+    Q --> R
+
+    B --> O
+    R --> G
+```
+
+#### `main.py`
+```python
+import time
+from pkpy import ComputeThread
+
+thread = ComputeThread(1)
+print("Game Start")
+
+# import worldgen.py
+thread.exec_blocked('from worldgen import gen_world')
+
+print("Submit WorldGen Job")
+thread.call('gen_world', 3, (100, 100), 10)
+
+# wait for worldgen to finish
+for i in range(1, 100000):
+    print('Frame:', i)
+    time.sleep(1)
+    if thread.is_done:
+        break
+
+error = thread.last_error()
+if error is not None:
+    print("Error:", error)
+else:
+    retval = thread.last_retval()
+    biomes = retval['biomes']
+    terrain = retval['terrain']
+    creatures = retval['creatures']
+    print("World Generation Complete", len(biomes), len(terrain), len(creatures))
+```
+
+#### `worldgen.py`
+```python
+import time
+import random
+
+def gen_world(biome_count: int, terrain_size: tuple[int, int], creature_count: int) -> dict:
+    # simulate a long computation
+    time.sleep(3)
+
+    # generate world data
+    all_biomes = ["forest", "desert", "ocean", "mountain", "swamp"]
+    all_creatures = ["wolf", "bear", "fish", "bird", "lizard"]
+
+    width, height = terrain_size
+
+    terrain_data = [
+        random.randint(1, 10)
+        for _ in range(width * height)
+    ]
+
+    creatures = [
+        {
+            "name": random.choice(all_creatures),
+            "x": random.randint(0, width - 1),
+            "y": random.randint(0, height - 1),
+        }
+        for i in range(creature_count)
+    ]
+
+    return {
+        "biomes": all_biomes[:biome_count],
+        "terrain": terrain_data,
+        "creatures": creatures,
+    }
+```
+
+Run `main.py` and you will see the result like this:
+```
+Game Start
+Submit WorldGen Job
+Frame: 1
+Frame: 2
+Frame: 3
+Frame: 4
+World Generation Complete 3 10000 10
+```
\ No newline at end of file

From e81dc95e6fac2503082762c46f7a87bf369e122a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: blueloveTH <blueloveth@foxmail.com>
Date: Sun, 13 Apr 2025 23:12:16 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 02/16] Update threading.md

---
 docs/features/threading.md | 6 +++++-
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/docs/features/threading.md b/docs/features/threading.md
index 1eb55510..49afee46 100644
--- a/docs/features/threading.md
+++ b/docs/features/threading.md
@@ -137,4 +137,8 @@ Frame: 2
 Frame: 3
 Frame: 4
 World Generation Complete 3 10000 10
-```
\ No newline at end of file
+```
+
+`ComputeThread` used `pickle` module to serialize the data between threads.
+So parameters and return values must be supported by `pickle`.
+See [pickle](https://pocketpy.dev/modules/pickle/) for more details.

From 01418a71443b16b0f3546bdcb3d87d75fb889b8a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: blueloveTH <blueloveth@foxmail.com>
Date: Sun, 13 Apr 2025 23:20:14 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 03/16] Update threading.md

---
 docs/features/threading.md | 13 +++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/features/threading.md b/docs/features/threading.md
index 49afee46..a51857de 100644
--- a/docs/features/threading.md
+++ b/docs/features/threading.md
@@ -139,6 +139,15 @@ Frame: 4
 World Generation Complete 3 10000 10
 ```
 
-`ComputeThread` used `pickle` module to serialize the data between threads.
-So parameters and return values must be supported by `pickle`.
+`ComputeThread` uses `pickle` module to serialize the data between threads.
+Parameters and return values must be supported by `pickle`.
 See [pickle](https://pocketpy.dev/modules/pickle/) for more details.
+
+Since `ComputeThread` is backed by a separate `VM` instance,
+it does not share any state with the main thread
+except for the parameters you pass to it.
+Therefore, common python modules will be imported twice in each thread.
+
+If you want to identify which VM instance the module is running in,
+you can call `pkpy.currentvm` or let your `ComputeThread` set some special flags
+before importing these modules.

From b12d2bc4ccf9b356e407e9162c4b8bde3949f8a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: blueloveTH <blueloveth@foxmail.com>
Date: Sun, 13 Apr 2025 23:31:44 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 04/16] better names

---
 docs/features/threading.md |  4 ++--
 include/typings/pkpy.pyi   | 18 +++++++++++++-----
 src/modules/pkpy.c         | 18 +++++++++---------
 tests/98_thread.py         |  8 ++++----
 4 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/features/threading.md b/docs/features/threading.md
index a51857de..de12ebc5 100644
--- a/docs/features/threading.md
+++ b/docs/features/threading.md
@@ -69,10 +69,10 @@ thread = ComputeThread(1)
 print("Game Start")
 
 # import worldgen.py
-thread.exec_blocked('from worldgen import gen_world')
+thread.exec('from worldgen import gen_world')
 
 print("Submit WorldGen Job")
-thread.call('gen_world', 3, (100, 100), 10)
+thread.submit_call('gen_world', 3, (100, 100), 10)
 
 # wait for worldgen to finish
 for i in range(1, 100000):
diff --git a/include/typings/pkpy.pyi b/include/typings/pkpy.pyi
index a41581c0..ec5815af 100644
--- a/include/typings/pkpy.pyi
+++ b/include/typings/pkpy.pyi
@@ -35,9 +35,17 @@ class ComputeThread:
     def last_error(self) -> str | None: ...
     def last_retval(self): ...
 
-    def exec(self, source: str) -> None: ...
-    def eval(self, source: str) -> None: ...
-    def call(self, eval_src: str, *args, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+    def submit_exec(self, source: str) -> None:
+        """Submit a job to execute some source code."""
 
-    def exec_blocked(self, source: str) -> None: ...
-    def eval_blocked(self, source: str): ...
+    def submit_eval(self, source: str) -> None:
+        """Submit a job to evaluate some source code."""
+
+    def submit_call(self, eval_src: str, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
+        """Submit a job to call a function with arguments."""
+
+    def exec(self, source: str) -> None:
+        """Directly execute some source code."""
+
+    def eval(self, source: str):
+        """Directly evaluate some source code."""
diff --git a/src/modules/pkpy.c b/src/modules/pkpy.c
index 160b54b4..79cac762 100644
--- a/src/modules/pkpy.c
+++ b/src/modules/pkpy.c
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ __ERROR:
     return (c11_thrd_retval_t)0;
 }
 
-static bool ComputeThread_exec(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool ComputeThread_submit_exec(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     c11_ComputeThread* self = py_touserdata(py_arg(0));
     if(!self->is_done) return OSError("thread is not done yet");
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ static bool ComputeThread_exec(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool ComputeThread_eval(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool ComputeThread_submit_eval(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     c11_ComputeThread* self = py_touserdata(py_arg(0));
     if(!self->is_done) return OSError("thread is not done yet");
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ static bool ComputeThread_eval(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool ComputeThread_call(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool ComputeThread_submit_call(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(4);
     c11_ComputeThread* self = py_touserdata(py_arg(0));
     if(!self->is_done) return OSError("thread is not done yet");
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ __ERROR:
     return false;
 }
 
-static bool ComputeThread_exec_blocked(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool ComputeThread_exec(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     c11_ComputeThread* self = py_touserdata(py_arg(0));
     PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(1, tp_str);
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ static bool ComputeThread_exec_blocked(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return c11_ComputeThread__exec_blocked(self, source, EXEC_MODE);
 }
 
-static bool ComputeThread_eval_blocked(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool ComputeThread_eval(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     c11_ComputeThread* self = py_touserdata(py_arg(0));
     PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(1, tp_str);
@@ -409,12 +409,12 @@ static void pk_ComputeThread__register(py_Ref mod) {
     py_bindmethod(type, "last_error", ComputeThread_last_error);
     py_bindmethod(type, "last_retval", ComputeThread_last_retval);
 
+    py_bindmethod(type, "submit_exec", ComputeThread_submit_exec);
+    py_bindmethod(type, "submit_eval", ComputeThread_submit_eval);
+    py_bind(py_tpobject(type), "submit_call(self, eval_src, *args, **kwargs)", ComputeThread_submit_call);
+
     py_bindmethod(type, "exec", ComputeThread_exec);
     py_bindmethod(type, "eval", ComputeThread_eval);
-    py_bind(py_tpobject(type), "call(self, eval_src, *args, **kwargs)", ComputeThread_call);
-
-    py_bindmethod(type, "exec_blocked", ComputeThread_exec_blocked);
-    py_bindmethod(type, "eval_blocked", ComputeThread_eval_blocked);
 }
 
 void pk__add_module_pkpy() {
diff --git a/tests/98_thread.py b/tests/98_thread.py
index 45db99f0..bc428315 100644
--- a/tests/98_thread.py
+++ b/tests/98_thread.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ thread_1 = ComputeThread(1)
 thread_2 = ComputeThread(2)
 
 for t in [thread_1, thread_2]:
-    t.exec_blocked('''
+    t.exec('''
 def func(a):
     from pkpy import currentvm
     print("Hello from thread", currentvm(), "a =", a)
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ def func(a):
                    
 x = 123
 ''')
-assert thread_1.eval_blocked('x') == 123
+assert thread_1.eval('x') == 123
 
 # thread_1.wait_for_done()
 # thread_2.wait_for_done()
 
-thread_1.call('func', [1, 2, 3])
-thread_2.call('func', [4, 5, 6])
+thread_1.submit_call('func', [1, 2, 3])
+thread_2.submit_call('func', [4, 5, 6])
 
 while not thread_1.is_done or not thread_2.is_done:
     print("Waiting for threads to finish...")

From cfa909f1b9bbf68637e45dca3ab93fc409157bcf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: blueloveTH <blueloveTH@foxmail.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Apr 2025 14:41:38 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 05/16] add `color32`

---
 include/pocketpy/linalg.h       |  10 ++
 include/pocketpy/objects/base.h |   1 +
 include/pocketpy/pocketpy.h     |   3 +
 include/typings/linalg.pyi      |  40 +++++
 src/modules/linalg.c            | 269 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/80_color32.py             |  25 +++
 6 files changed, 348 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 tests/80_color32.py

diff --git a/include/pocketpy/linalg.h b/include/pocketpy/linalg.h
index 38e37228..09a9dacb 100644
--- a/include/pocketpy/linalg.h
+++ b/include/pocketpy/linalg.h
@@ -33,3 +33,13 @@ typedef union c11_mat3x3 {
     float m[3][3];
     float data[9];
 } c11_mat3x3;
+
+typedef union c11_color32 {
+    struct {
+        unsigned char r;
+        unsigned char g;
+        unsigned char b;
+        unsigned char a;
+    };
+    unsigned char data[4];
+} c11_color32;
diff --git a/include/pocketpy/objects/base.h b/include/pocketpy/objects/base.h
index d7dbbc43..f3432aef 100644
--- a/include/pocketpy/objects/base.h
+++ b/include/pocketpy/objects/base.h
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ typedef struct py_TValue {
         PyObject* _obj;
         c11_vec2 _vec2;
         c11_vec2i _vec2i;
+        c11_color32 _color32;
         void* _ptr;
     };
 } py_TValue;
diff --git a/include/pocketpy/pocketpy.h b/include/pocketpy/pocketpy.h
index a44faa41..92f4637d 100644
--- a/include/pocketpy/pocketpy.h
+++ b/include/pocketpy/pocketpy.h
@@ -672,12 +672,14 @@ void py_newvec2(py_OutRef out, c11_vec2);
 void py_newvec3(py_OutRef out, c11_vec3);
 void py_newvec2i(py_OutRef out, c11_vec2i);
 void py_newvec3i(py_OutRef out, c11_vec3i);
+void py_newcolor32(py_OutRef out, c11_color32);
 c11_mat3x3* py_newmat3x3(py_OutRef out);
 c11_vec2 py_tovec2(py_Ref self);
 c11_vec3 py_tovec3(py_Ref self);
 c11_vec2i py_tovec2i(py_Ref self);
 c11_vec3i py_tovec3i(py_Ref self);
 c11_mat3x3* py_tomat3x3(py_Ref self);
+c11_color32 py_tocolor32(py_Ref self);
 
 /************* Others *************/
 
@@ -765,6 +767,7 @@ enum py_PredefinedType {
     tp_vec2i,
     tp_vec3i,
     tp_mat3x3,
+    tp_color32,
     /* array2d */
     tp_array2d_like,
     tp_array2d_like_iterator,
diff --git a/include/typings/linalg.pyi b/include/typings/linalg.pyi
index 936a9b04..06477cc8 100644
--- a/include/typings/linalg.pyi
+++ b/include/typings/linalg.pyi
@@ -180,4 +180,44 @@ class vec3(_vecF['vec3']):
     def __init__(self, xyz: vec3i) -> None: ...
 
 
+# Color32
+class color32:
+    def __new__(cls, r: int, g: int, b: int, a: int) -> 'color32': ...
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool: ...
+    def __ne__(self, other: object) -> bool: ...
+    def __repr__(self) -> str: ...
 
+    @property
+    def r(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def g(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def b(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def a(self) -> int: ...
+
+    def with_r(self, r: int) -> 'color32': ...
+    def with_g(self, g: int) -> 'color32': ...
+    def with_b(self, b: int) -> 'color32': ...
+    def with_a(self, a: int) -> 'color32': ...
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_hex(hex: str) -> 'color32': ...
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_vec3(vec: vec3) -> 'color32': ...
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_vec3i(vec: vec3i) -> 'color32': ...
+
+    def to_hex(self) -> str: ...
+    def to_vec3(self) -> vec3: ...
+    def to_vec3i(self) -> vec3i: ...
+
+    def ansi_fg(self, text: str) -> str: ...
+    def ansi_bg(self, text: str) -> str: ...
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def alpha_blend(src: color32, dst: color32) -> color32: ...
+
+
+def rgb(r: int, g: int, b: int) -> color32: ...
+def rgba(r: int, g: int, b: int, a: float) -> color32: ...
diff --git a/src/modules/linalg.c b/src/modules/linalg.c
index 188bc779..4a79dfbb 100644
--- a/src/modules/linalg.c
+++ b/src/modules/linalg.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include "pocketpy/linalg.h"
 #include "pocketpy/pocketpy.h"
 
 #include "pocketpy/common/sstream.h"
@@ -836,6 +837,246 @@ static bool vec3__with_xy(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
+/* Color32 */
+void py_newcolor32(py_OutRef out, c11_color32 color) {
+    out->type = tp_color32;
+    out->is_ptr = false;
+    out->_color32 = color;
+}
+
+c11_color32 py_tocolor32(py_Ref obj) {
+    assert(obj->type == tp_color32);
+    return obj->_color32;
+}
+
+static bool color32__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(5);
+    c11_color32 color;
+    for(int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
+        PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(i, tp_int);
+        py_i64 val = py_toint(&argv[i]);
+        if(val < 0 || val > 255) return ValueError("color32 values must be between 0 and 255");
+        color.data[i - 1] = (unsigned char)val;
+    }
+    py_newcolor32(py_retval(), color);
+    return true;
+}
+
+#define DEFINE_COLOR32_FIELD(name)                                                                 \
+    static bool color32__##name(int argc, py_Ref argv) {                                           \
+        PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);                                                                          \
+        c11_color32 color = py_tocolor32(argv);                                                    \
+        py_newint(py_retval(), color.name);                                                        \
+        return true;                                                                               \
+    }                                                                                              \
+    static bool color32_with_##name(int argc, py_Ref argv) {                                       \
+        PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);                                                                          \
+        c11_color32 color = py_tocolor32(argv);                                                    \
+        PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(1, tp_int);                                                              \
+        py_i64 val = py_toint(&argv[1]);                                                           \
+        if(val < 0 || val > 255) {                                                                 \
+            return ValueError("color32 values must be between 0 and 255");                         \
+        }                                                                                          \
+        color.name = (unsigned char)val;                                                           \
+        py_newcolor32(py_retval(), color);                                                         \
+        return true;                                                                               \
+    }
+
+DEFINE_COLOR32_FIELD(r)
+DEFINE_COLOR32_FIELD(g)
+DEFINE_COLOR32_FIELD(b)
+DEFINE_COLOR32_FIELD(a)
+
+#undef DEFINE_COLOR32_FIELD
+
+static bool color32_from_hex_STATIC(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
+    PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(0, tp_str);
+    c11_sv hex = py_tosv(argv);
+    c11_color32 color;
+    int res;
+    if(hex.size == 7) {
+        res = scanf(hex.data, "#%2hhx%2hhx%2hhx", &color.r, &color.g, &color.b);
+        if(res != 3) return ValueError("invalid hex color format");
+        color.a = 255;
+    } else {
+        res = sscanf(hex.data, "#%2hhx%2hhx%2hhx%2hhx", &color.r, &color.g, &color.b, &color.a);
+        if(res != 4) return ValueError("invalid hex color format");
+    }
+    py_newcolor32(py_retval(), color);
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool color32_from_vec3_STATIC(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
+    PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(0, tp_vec3);
+    c11_vec3 v = py_tovec3(argv);
+    c11_color32 color;
+    color.r = (unsigned char)(v.x * 255);
+    color.g = (unsigned char)(v.y * 255);
+    color.b = (unsigned char)(v.z * 255);
+    color.a = 255;
+    py_newcolor32(py_retval(), color);
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool color32_from_vec3i_STATIC(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
+    PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(0, tp_vec3i);
+    c11_vec3i v = py_tovec3i(argv);
+    c11_color32 color;
+    color.r = (unsigned char)v.x;
+    color.g = (unsigned char)v.y;
+    color.b = (unsigned char)v.z;
+    color.a = 255;
+    py_newcolor32(py_retval(), color);
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool color32_to_hex(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
+    c11_color32 color = py_tocolor32(argv);
+    char buf[16];
+    int size;
+    if(color.a == 255) {
+        size = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "#%02x%02x%02x", color.r, color.g, color.b);
+    } else {
+        size = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "#%02x%02x%02x%02x", color.r, color.g, color.b, color.a);
+    }
+    py_newstrv(py_retval(), (c11_sv){buf, size});
+    return true;
+}
+
+static void c11_color32_premult(c11_color32* color) {
+    if(color->a == 255) return;
+    float alpha = color->a / 255.0f;
+    color->r = (unsigned char)(color->r * alpha);
+    color->g = (unsigned char)(color->g * alpha);
+    color->b = (unsigned char)(color->b * alpha);
+}
+
+static bool color32_to_vec3(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
+    c11_color32 color = py_tocolor32(argv);
+    c11_color32_premult(&color);
+    c11_vec3 v;
+    v.x = (float)color.r / 255;
+    v.y = (float)color.g / 255;
+    v.z = (float)color.b / 255;
+    py_newvec3(py_retval(), v);
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool color32_to_vec3i(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
+    c11_color32 color = py_tocolor32(argv);
+    c11_color32_premult(&color);
+    c11_vec3i v;
+    v.x = (int)color.r;
+    v.y = (int)color.g;
+    v.z = (int)color.b;
+    py_newvec3i(py_retval(), v);
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool color32__eq__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
+    if(argv[1].type != tp_color32) {
+        py_newnotimplemented(py_retval());
+        return true;
+    }
+    c11_color32 lhs = py_tocolor32(&argv[0]);
+    c11_color32 rhs = py_tocolor32(&argv[1]);
+    bool eq = memcmp(&lhs, &rhs, sizeof(c11_color32)) == 0;
+    py_newbool(py_retval(), eq);
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool color32__ne__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
+    if(argv[1].type != tp_color32) {
+        py_newnotimplemented(py_retval());
+        return true;
+    }
+    c11_color32 lhs = py_tocolor32(&argv[0]);
+    c11_color32 rhs = py_tocolor32(&argv[1]);
+    bool eq = memcmp(&lhs, &rhs, sizeof(c11_color32)) != 0;
+    py_newbool(py_retval(), eq);
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool color32__repr__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
+    c11_color32 color = py_tocolor32(argv);
+    char buf[64];
+    int size = snprintf(buf, 64, "color32(%d, %d, %d, %d)", color.r, color.g, color.b, color.a);
+    py_newstrv(py_retval(), (c11_sv){buf, size});
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool color32_ansi_fg(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
+    c11_color32 color = py_tocolor32(argv);
+    c11_color32_premult(&color);
+    char buf[32];
+    int size = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "\033[38;2;%d;%d;%dm", color.r, color.g, color.b);
+    py_newstrv(py_retval(), (c11_sv){buf, size});
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool color32_ansi_bg(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
+    c11_color32 color = py_tocolor32(argv);
+    c11_color32_premult(&color);
+    char buf[32];
+    int size = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "\033[48;2;%d;%d;%dm", color.r, color.g, color.b);
+    py_newstrv(py_retval(), (c11_sv){buf, size});
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool linalg_rgb(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(3);
+    PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(0, tp_int);
+    PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(1, tp_int);
+    PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(2, tp_int);
+    c11_color32 color;
+    color.r = (unsigned char)py_toint(&argv[0]);
+    color.g = (unsigned char)py_toint(&argv[1]);
+    color.b = (unsigned char)py_toint(&argv[2]);
+    color.a = 255;
+    py_newcolor32(py_retval(), color);
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool linalg_rgba(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(4);
+    PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(0, tp_int);
+    PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(1, tp_int);
+    PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(2, tp_int);
+    PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(3, tp_float);
+    c11_color32 color;
+    color.r = (unsigned char)py_toint(&argv[0]);
+    color.g = (unsigned char)py_toint(&argv[1]);
+    color.b = (unsigned char)py_toint(&argv[2]);
+    color.a = (unsigned char)(py_tofloat(&argv[3]) * 255);
+    py_newcolor32(py_retval(), color);
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool color32_alpha_blend_STATIC(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
+    c11_color32 src = py_tocolor32(&argv[0]);
+    c11_color32 dst = py_tocolor32(&argv[1]);
+    float alpha = src.a / 255.0f;
+    c11_color32 res;
+    res.r = (unsigned char)(src.r * alpha + dst.r * (1 - alpha));
+    res.g = (unsigned char)(src.g * alpha + dst.g * (1 - alpha));
+    res.b = (unsigned char)(src.b * alpha + dst.b * (1 - alpha));
+    res.a = (unsigned char)(src.a * alpha + dst.a * (1 - alpha));
+    py_newcolor32(py_retval(), res);
+    return true;
+}
+
 void pk__add_module_linalg() {
     py_Ref mod = py_newmodule("linalg");
 
@@ -844,18 +1085,21 @@ void pk__add_module_linalg() {
     py_Type vec2i = pk_newtype("vec2i", tp_object, mod, NULL, false, true);
     py_Type vec3i = pk_newtype("vec3i", tp_object, mod, NULL, false, true);
     py_Type mat3x3 = pk_newtype("mat3x3", tp_object, mod, NULL, false, true);
+    py_Type color32 = pk_newtype("color32", tp_object, mod, NULL, false, true);
 
     py_setdict(mod, py_name("vec2"), py_tpobject(vec2));
     py_setdict(mod, py_name("vec3"), py_tpobject(vec3));
     py_setdict(mod, py_name("vec2i"), py_tpobject(vec2i));
     py_setdict(mod, py_name("vec3i"), py_tpobject(vec3i));
     py_setdict(mod, py_name("mat3x3"), py_tpobject(mat3x3));
+    py_setdict(mod, py_name("color32"), py_tpobject(color32));
 
     assert(vec2 == tp_vec2);
     assert(vec3 == tp_vec3);
     assert(vec2i == tp_vec2i);
     assert(vec3i == tp_vec3i);
     assert(mat3x3 == tp_mat3x3);
+    assert(color32 == tp_color32);
 
     /* vec2 */
     py_bindmagic(vec2, __new__, vec2__new__);
@@ -997,6 +1241,31 @@ void pk__add_module_linalg() {
                (c11_vec3){
                    {1, 1, 1}
     });
+
+    /* color32 */
+    py_bindmagic(color32, __new__, color32__new__);
+    py_bindmagic(color32, __repr__, color32__repr__);
+    py_bindmagic(color32, __eq__, color32__eq__);
+    py_bindmagic(color32, __ne__, color32__ne__);
+    py_bindproperty(color32, "r", color32__r, NULL);
+    py_bindproperty(color32, "g", color32__g, NULL);
+    py_bindproperty(color32, "b", color32__b, NULL);
+    py_bindproperty(color32, "a", color32__a, NULL);
+    py_bindmethod(color32, "with_r", color32_with_r);
+    py_bindmethod(color32, "with_g", color32_with_g);
+    py_bindmethod(color32, "with_b", color32_with_b);
+    py_bindmethod(color32, "with_a", color32_with_a);
+    py_bindstaticmethod(color32, "from_hex", color32_from_hex_STATIC);
+    py_bindstaticmethod(color32, "from_vec3", color32_from_vec3_STATIC);
+    py_bindstaticmethod(color32, "from_vec3i", color32_from_vec3i_STATIC);
+    py_bindmethod(color32, "to_hex", color32_to_hex);
+    py_bindmethod(color32, "to_vec3", color32_to_vec3);
+    py_bindmethod(color32, "to_vec3i", color32_to_vec3i);
+    py_bindmethod(color32, "ansi_fg", color32_ansi_fg);
+    py_bindmethod(color32, "ansi_bg", color32_ansi_bg);
+    py_bindfunc(mod, "rgb", linalg_rgb);
+    py_bindfunc(mod, "rgba", linalg_rgba);
+    py_bindstaticmethod(color32, "alpha_blend", color32_alpha_blend_STATIC);
 }
 
 #undef DEFINE_VEC_FIELD
diff --git a/tests/80_color32.py b/tests/80_color32.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1c51d75b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/80_color32.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from linalg import color32, rgb, rgba
+
+a = color32(100, 200, 255, 120)
+assert a.r == 100
+assert a.g == 200
+assert a.b == 255
+assert a.a == 120
+assert a.with_r(255).r == 255 
+assert a.with_g(255).g == 255
+assert a.with_b(255).b == 255
+assert a.with_a(255).a == 255 and a.with_a(255).g == a.g
+
+assert a.to_hex() == '#64c8ff78'
+assert color32.from_hex('#64c8ff78') == a
+
+assert rgb(100, 200, 255) != a
+assert rgba(100, 200, 255, 120 / 255) == a
+
+b = color32(75, 150, 200, 200)
+assert a == a and b == b
+assert a != b
+
+assert repr(b) == 'color32(75, 150, 200, 200)'
+
+# assert color32.alpha_blend(a, b) == color32(86, 173, 225, 162)

From 94ce95c74de5ab7a1683b5d103c69ccc864f1a27 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: blueloveTH <blueloveTH@foxmail.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Apr 2025 15:10:48 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 06/16] rename `linalg` to `vmath`

---
 amalgamate.py                             |  2 +-
 docs/modules/linalg.md                    |  8 +++-----
 include/pocketpy/common/_generated.h      |  1 +
 include/pocketpy/interpreter/modules.h    |  2 +-
 include/pocketpy/pocketpy.h               |  6 +++---
 include/pocketpy/{linalg.h => vmath.h}    |  0
 include/typings/array2d.pyi               |  2 +-
 include/typings/colorcvt.pyi              |  2 +-
 include/typings/pkpy.pyi                  |  2 +-
 include/typings/{linalg.pyi => vmath.pyi} |  0
 python/linalg.py                          |  1 +
 scripts/c_bind/c_bind/__init__.py         |  2 +-
 scripts/c_bind/c_bind/converters.py       |  2 +-
 scripts/c_bind/c_bind/library.py          |  2 +-
 scripts/c_bind/gen_box2d.py               |  6 +++---
 scripts/c_bind/gen_raylib.py              |  6 +++---
 src/common/_generated.c                   |  2 ++
 src/interpreter/vm.c                      |  2 +-
 src/modules/array2d.c                     |  2 +-
 src/modules/{linalg.c => vmath.c}         | 14 +++++++-------
 tests/72_json.py                          |  5 ++++-
 tests/80_color32.py                       |  2 +-
 tests/{80_linalg.py => 80_vmath.py}       |  2 +-
 tests/90_array2d.py                       |  2 +-
 tests/90_chunked_array2d.py               |  2 +-
 tests/90_colorcvt.py                      |  2 +-
 tests/90_pickle.py                        |  4 ++--
 27 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)
 rename include/pocketpy/{linalg.h => vmath.h} (100%)
 rename include/typings/{linalg.pyi => vmath.pyi} (100%)
 create mode 100644 python/linalg.py
 rename src/modules/{linalg.c => vmath.c} (99%)
 rename tests/{80_linalg.py => 80_vmath.py} (99%)

diff --git a/amalgamate.py b/amalgamate.py
index e3da24b6..9facee36 100644
--- a/amalgamate.py
+++ b/amalgamate.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from typing import List, Dict
 assert os.system("python prebuild.py") == 0
 
 ROOT = 'include/pocketpy'
-PUBLIC_HEADERS = ['config.h', 'export.h', 'linalg.h', 'pocketpy.h']
+PUBLIC_HEADERS = ['config.h', 'export.h', 'vmath.h', 'pocketpy.h']
 
 COPYRIGHT = '''/*
  *  Copyright (c) 2025 blueloveTH
diff --git a/docs/modules/linalg.md b/docs/modules/linalg.md
index 579d4f90..d8840372 100644
--- a/docs/modules/linalg.md
+++ b/docs/modules/linalg.md
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 ---
 icon: package
-label: linalg
+label: vmath
 ---
 
-Provide `mat3x3`, `vec2`, `vec3`, `vec2i` and `vec3i` types.
-
-This classes adopt `torch`'s naming convention. Methods with `_` suffix will modify the instance itself.
+Provide vector math operations.
 
 #### Source code
 
-:::code source="../../include/typings/linalg.pyi" :::
\ No newline at end of file
+:::code source="../../include/typings/vmath.pyi" :::
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/include/pocketpy/common/_generated.h b/include/pocketpy/common/_generated.h
index e9da082e..478339dc 100644
--- a/include/pocketpy/common/_generated.h
+++ b/include/pocketpy/common/_generated.h
@@ -11,5 +11,6 @@ extern const char kPythonLibs_dataclasses[];
 extern const char kPythonLibs_datetime[];
 extern const char kPythonLibs_functools[];
 extern const char kPythonLibs_heapq[];
+extern const char kPythonLibs_linalg[];
 extern const char kPythonLibs_operator[];
 extern const char kPythonLibs_typing[];
diff --git a/include/pocketpy/interpreter/modules.h b/include/pocketpy/interpreter/modules.h
index ebaf85eb..c9f982b5 100644
--- a/include/pocketpy/interpreter/modules.h
+++ b/include/pocketpy/interpreter/modules.h
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ void pk__add_module_pickle();
 void pk__add_module_base64();
 void pk__add_module_importlib();
 
-void pk__add_module_linalg();
+void pk__add_module_vmath();
 void pk__add_module_array2d();
 void pk__add_module_colorcvt();
 
diff --git a/include/pocketpy/pocketpy.h b/include/pocketpy/pocketpy.h
index 92f4637d..955b2a10 100644
--- a/include/pocketpy/pocketpy.h
+++ b/include/pocketpy/pocketpy.h
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 #include "pocketpy/config.h"
 #include "pocketpy/export.h"
-#include "pocketpy/linalg.h"
+#include "pocketpy/vmath.h"
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {
@@ -667,7 +667,7 @@ PK_API bool
 /// noexcept
 PK_API int py_dict_len(py_Ref self);
 
-/************* linalg module *************/
+/************* vmath module *************/
 void py_newvec2(py_OutRef out, c11_vec2);
 void py_newvec3(py_OutRef out, c11_vec3);
 void py_newvec2i(py_OutRef out, c11_vec2i);
@@ -761,7 +761,7 @@ enum py_PredefinedType {
     tp_ImportError,
     tp_AssertionError,
     tp_KeyError,
-    /* linalg */
+    /* vmath */
     tp_vec2,
     tp_vec3,
     tp_vec2i,
diff --git a/include/pocketpy/linalg.h b/include/pocketpy/vmath.h
similarity index 100%
rename from include/pocketpy/linalg.h
rename to include/pocketpy/vmath.h
diff --git a/include/typings/array2d.pyi b/include/typings/array2d.pyi
index 3f5ea767..5e588256 100644
--- a/include/typings/array2d.pyi
+++ b/include/typings/array2d.pyi
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from typing import Callable, Literal, overload, Iterator, Self
-from linalg import vec2i
+from vmath import vec2i
 
 Neighborhood = Literal['Moore', 'von Neumann']
 
diff --git a/include/typings/colorcvt.pyi b/include/typings/colorcvt.pyi
index 8152eb72..29530ce8 100644
--- a/include/typings/colorcvt.pyi
+++ b/include/typings/colorcvt.pyi
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from linalg import vec3
+from vmath import vec3
 
 def linear_srgb_to_srgb(rgb: vec3) -> vec3: ...
 def srgb_to_linear_srgb(rgb: vec3) -> vec3: ...
diff --git a/include/typings/pkpy.pyi b/include/typings/pkpy.pyi
index ec5815af..28ab3ba4 100644
--- a/include/typings/pkpy.pyi
+++ b/include/typings/pkpy.pyi
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from typing import Self, Literal
-from linalg import vec2, vec2i
+from vmath import vec2, vec2i
 
 class TValue[T]:
     def __new__(cls, value: T) -> Self: ...
diff --git a/include/typings/linalg.pyi b/include/typings/vmath.pyi
similarity index 100%
rename from include/typings/linalg.pyi
rename to include/typings/vmath.pyi
diff --git a/python/linalg.py b/python/linalg.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e0b704ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/linalg.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+from vmath import *
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/scripts/c_bind/c_bind/__init__.py b/scripts/c_bind/c_bind/__init__.py
index 32b28cba..07af10a0 100644
--- a/scripts/c_bind/c_bind/__init__.py
+++ b/scripts/c_bind/c_bind/__init__.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from .function import gen_function
-from .converters import get_converter, set_linalg_converter, set_enum_converters
+from .converters import get_converter, set_vmath_converter, set_enum_converters
 from .writer import Writer
 from .struct import gen_struct
 from .enum import gen_enum
diff --git a/scripts/c_bind/c_bind/converters.py b/scripts/c_bind/c_bind/converters.py
index 8d6e9848..d116b81d 100644
--- a/scripts/c_bind/c_bind/converters.py
+++ b/scripts/c_bind/c_bind/converters.py
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ for t in LINALG_TYPES:
 _CONVERTERS['void'] = VoidConverter('void')
 _CONVERTERS['c11_array2d'] = StructConverter('c11_array2d', 'tp_array2d')
 
-def set_linalg_converter(T: str, py_T: str):
+def set_vmath_converter(T: str, py_T: str):
     assert py_T in LINALG_TYPES
     _CONVERTERS[T] = BuiltinVectorConverter(T, py_T)
 
diff --git a/scripts/c_bind/c_bind/library.py b/scripts/c_bind/c_bind/library.py
index 54f935d0..ef0c885a 100644
--- a/scripts/c_bind/c_bind/library.py
+++ b/scripts/c_bind/c_bind/library.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class Library:
 
         w, pyi_w = Writer(), Writer()
 
-        pyi_w.write('from linalg import vec2, vec3, vec2i, vec3i, mat3x3')
+        pyi_w.write('from vmath import vec2, vec3, vec2i, vec3i, mat3x3')
         pyi_w.write('from typing import overload')
         pyi_w.write('intptr = int')
         pyi_w.write('')
diff --git a/scripts/c_bind/gen_box2d.py b/scripts/c_bind/gen_box2d.py
index 1df2812f..57f3d7a8 100644
--- a/scripts/c_bind/gen_box2d.py
+++ b/scripts/c_bind/gen_box2d.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import pcpp
 import pycparser
-from c_bind import Library, set_linalg_converter, set_enum_converters
+from c_bind import Library, set_vmath_converter, set_enum_converters
 from c_bind.meta import Header
 import os
 
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ header.remove_functions({'b2CreateTimer', 'b2Hash', 'b2DefaultDebugDraw'})
 
 lib = Library.from_header('box2d', header)
 
-set_linalg_converter('b2Vec2', 'vec2')
-set_linalg_converter('b2Vec3', 'vec3')
+set_vmath_converter('b2Vec2', 'vec2')
+set_vmath_converter('b2Vec3', 'vec3')
 
 set_enum_converters([enum.name for enum in lib.enums])
 
diff --git a/scripts/c_bind/gen_raylib.py b/scripts/c_bind/gen_raylib.py
index f4ed88bf..4a4a57e9 100644
--- a/scripts/c_bind/gen_raylib.py
+++ b/scripts/c_bind/gen_raylib.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 import json
-from c_bind import Library, set_linalg_converter
+from c_bind import Library, set_vmath_converter
 
 with open('../3rd/raylib/parser/output/raylib_api.json') as f:
     data = json.load(f)
 
 lib = Library.from_raylib(data)
-set_linalg_converter('Vector2', 'vec2')
-set_linalg_converter('Vector3', 'vec3')
+set_vmath_converter('Vector2', 'vec2')
+set_vmath_converter('Vector3', 'vec3')
 
 lib.build(
     includes=['raylib.h'],
diff --git a/src/common/_generated.c b/src/common/_generated.c
index 80731fb0..bc1fe2be 100644
--- a/src/common/_generated.c
+++ b/src/common/_generated.c
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ const char kPythonLibs_dataclasses[] = "def _get_annotations(cls: type):\n    in
 const char kPythonLibs_datetime[] = "from time import localtime\nimport operator\n\nclass timedelta:\n    def __init__(self, days=0, seconds=0):\n        self.days = days\n        self.seconds = seconds\n\n    def __repr__(self):\n        return f\"datetime.timedelta(days={self.days}, seconds={self.seconds})\"\n\n    def __eq__(self, other) -> bool:\n        if not isinstance(other, timedelta):\n            return NotImplemented\n        return (self.days, self.seconds) == (other.days, other.seconds)\n\n    def __ne__(self, other) -> bool:\n        if not isinstance(other, timedelta):\n            return NotImplemented\n        return (self.days, self.seconds) != (other.days, other.seconds)\n\n\nclass date:\n    def __init__(self, year: int, month: int, day: int):\n        self.year = year\n        self.month = month\n        self.day = day\n\n    @staticmethod\n    def today():\n        t = localtime()\n        return date(t.tm_year, t.tm_mon, t.tm_mday)\n    \n    def __cmp(self, other, op):\n        if not isinstance(other, date):\n            return NotImplemented\n        if self.year != other.year:\n            return op(self.year, other.year)\n        if self.month != other.month:\n            return op(self.month, other.month)\n        return op(self.day, other.day)\n\n    def __eq__(self, other) -> bool:\n        return self.__cmp(other, operator.eq)\n    \n    def __ne__(self, other) -> bool:\n        return self.__cmp(other, operator.ne)\n\n    def __lt__(self, other: 'date') -> bool:\n        return self.__cmp(other, operator.lt)\n\n    def __le__(self, other: 'date') -> bool:\n        return self.__cmp(other, operator.le)\n\n    def __gt__(self, other: 'date') -> bool:\n        return self.__cmp(other, operator.gt)\n\n    def __ge__(self, other: 'date') -> bool:\n        return self.__cmp(other, operator.ge)\n\n    def __str__(self):\n        return f\"{self.year}-{self.month:02}-{self.day:02}\"\n\n    def __repr__(self):\n        return f\"datetime.date({self.year}, {self.month}, {self.day})\"\n\n\nclass datetime(date):\n    def __init__(self, year: int, month: int, day: int, hour: int, minute: int, second: int):\n        super().__init__(year, month, day)\n        # Validate and set hour, minute, and second\n        if not 0 <= hour <= 23:\n            raise ValueError(\"Hour must be between 0 and 23\")\n        self.hour = hour\n        if not 0 <= minute <= 59:\n            raise ValueError(\"Minute must be between 0 and 59\")\n        self.minute = minute\n        if not 0 <= second <= 59:\n            raise ValueError(\"Second must be between 0 and 59\")\n        self.second = second\n\n    def date(self) -> date:\n        return date(self.year, self.month, self.day)\n\n    @staticmethod\n    def now():\n        t = localtime()\n        tm_sec = t.tm_sec\n        if tm_sec == 60:\n            tm_sec = 59\n        return datetime(t.tm_year, t.tm_mon, t.tm_mday, t.tm_hour, t.tm_min, tm_sec)\n\n    def __str__(self):\n        return f\"{self.year}-{self.month:02}-{self.day:02} {self.hour:02}:{self.minute:02}:{self.second:02}\"\n\n    def __repr__(self):\n        return f\"datetime.datetime({self.year}, {self.month}, {self.day}, {self.hour}, {self.minute}, {self.second})\"\n\n    def __cmp(self, other, op):\n        if not isinstance(other, datetime):\n            return NotImplemented\n        if self.year != other.year:\n            return op(self.year, other.year)\n        if self.month != other.month:\n            return op(self.month, other.month)\n        if self.day != other.day:\n            return op(self.day, other.day)\n        if self.hour != other.hour:\n            return op(self.hour, other.hour)\n        if self.minute != other.minute:\n            return op(self.minute, other.minute)\n        return op(self.second, other.second)\n\n    def __eq__(self, other) -> bool:\n        return self.__cmp(other, operator.eq)\n    \n    def __ne__(self, other) -> bool:\n        return self.__cmp(other, operator.ne)\n    \n    def __lt__(self, other) -> bool:\n        return self.__cmp(other, operator.lt)\n    \n    def __le__(self, other) -> bool:\n        return self.__cmp(other, operator.le)\n    \n    def __gt__(self, other) -> bool:\n        return self.__cmp(other, operator.gt)\n    \n    def __ge__(self, other) -> bool:\n        return self.__cmp(other, operator.ge)\n\n\n";
 const char kPythonLibs_functools[] = "class cache:\n    def __init__(self, f):\n        self.f = f\n        self.cache = {}\n\n    def __call__(self, *args):\n        if args not in self.cache:\n            self.cache[args] = self.f(*args)\n        return self.cache[args]\n    \ndef reduce(function, sequence, initial=...):\n    it = iter(sequence)\n    if initial is ...:\n        try:\n            value = next(it)\n        except StopIteration:\n            raise TypeError(\"reduce() of empty sequence with no initial value\")\n    else:\n        value = initial\n    for element in it:\n        value = function(value, element)\n    return value\n\nclass partial:\n    def __init__(self, f, *args, **kwargs):\n        self.f = f\n        if not callable(f):\n            raise TypeError(\"the first argument must be callable\")\n        self.args = args\n        self.kwargs = kwargs\n\n    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):\n        kwargs.update(self.kwargs)\n        return self.f(*self.args, *args, **kwargs)\n\n";
 const char kPythonLibs_heapq[] = "# Heap queue algorithm (a.k.a. priority queue)\ndef heappush(heap, item):\n    \"\"\"Push item onto heap, maintaining the heap invariant.\"\"\"\n    heap.append(item)\n    _siftdown(heap, 0, len(heap)-1)\n\ndef heappop(heap):\n    \"\"\"Pop the smallest item off the heap, maintaining the heap invariant.\"\"\"\n    lastelt = heap.pop()    # raises appropriate IndexError if heap is empty\n    if heap:\n        returnitem = heap[0]\n        heap[0] = lastelt\n        _siftup(heap, 0)\n        return returnitem\n    return lastelt\n\ndef heapreplace(heap, item):\n    \"\"\"Pop and return the current smallest value, and add the new item.\n\n    This is more efficient than heappop() followed by heappush(), and can be\n    more appropriate when using a fixed-size heap.  Note that the value\n    returned may be larger than item!  That constrains reasonable uses of\n    this routine unless written as part of a conditional replacement:\n\n        if item > heap[0]:\n            item = heapreplace(heap, item)\n    \"\"\"\n    returnitem = heap[0]    # raises appropriate IndexError if heap is empty\n    heap[0] = item\n    _siftup(heap, 0)\n    return returnitem\n\ndef heappushpop(heap, item):\n    \"\"\"Fast version of a heappush followed by a heappop.\"\"\"\n    if heap and heap[0] < item:\n        item, heap[0] = heap[0], item\n        _siftup(heap, 0)\n    return item\n\ndef heapify(x):\n    \"\"\"Transform list into a heap, in-place, in O(len(x)) time.\"\"\"\n    n = len(x)\n    # Transform bottom-up.  The largest index there's any point to looking at\n    # is the largest with a child index in-range, so must have 2*i + 1 < n,\n    # or i < (n-1)/2.  If n is even = 2*j, this is (2*j-1)/2 = j-1/2 so\n    # j-1 is the largest, which is n//2 - 1.  If n is odd = 2*j+1, this is\n    # (2*j+1-1)/2 = j so j-1 is the largest, and that's again n//2-1.\n    for i in reversed(range(n//2)):\n        _siftup(x, i)\n\n# 'heap' is a heap at all indices >= startpos, except possibly for pos.  pos\n# is the index of a leaf with a possibly out-of-order value.  Restore the\n# heap invariant.\ndef _siftdown(heap, startpos, pos):\n    newitem = heap[pos]\n    # Follow the path to the root, moving parents down until finding a place\n    # newitem fits.\n    while pos > startpos:\n        parentpos = (pos - 1) >> 1\n        parent = heap[parentpos]\n        if newitem < parent:\n            heap[pos] = parent\n            pos = parentpos\n            continue\n        break\n    heap[pos] = newitem\n\ndef _siftup(heap, pos):\n    endpos = len(heap)\n    startpos = pos\n    newitem = heap[pos]\n    # Bubble up the smaller child until hitting a leaf.\n    childpos = 2*pos + 1    # leftmost child position\n    while childpos < endpos:\n        # Set childpos to index of smaller child.\n        rightpos = childpos + 1\n        if rightpos < endpos and not heap[childpos] < heap[rightpos]:\n            childpos = rightpos\n        # Move the smaller child up.\n        heap[pos] = heap[childpos]\n        pos = childpos\n        childpos = 2*pos + 1\n    # The leaf at pos is empty now.  Put newitem there, and bubble it up\n    # to its final resting place (by sifting its parents down).\n    heap[pos] = newitem\n    _siftdown(heap, startpos, pos)";
+const char kPythonLibs_linalg[] = "from vmath import *";
 const char kPythonLibs_operator[] = "# https://docs.python.org/3/library/operator.html#mapping-operators-to-functions\n\ndef le(a, b): return a <= b\ndef lt(a, b): return a < b\ndef ge(a, b): return a >= b\ndef gt(a, b): return a > b\ndef eq(a, b): return a == b\ndef ne(a, b): return a != b\n\ndef and_(a, b): return a & b\ndef or_(a, b): return a | b\ndef xor(a, b): return a ^ b\ndef invert(a): return ~a\ndef lshift(a, b): return a << b\ndef rshift(a, b): return a >> b\n\ndef is_(a, b): return a is b\ndef is_not(a, b): return a is not b\ndef not_(a): return not a\ndef truth(a): return bool(a)\ndef contains(a, b): return b in a\n\ndef add(a, b): return a + b\ndef sub(a, b): return a - b\ndef mul(a, b): return a * b\ndef truediv(a, b): return a / b\ndef floordiv(a, b): return a // b\ndef mod(a, b): return a % b\ndef pow(a, b): return a ** b\ndef neg(a): return -a\ndef matmul(a, b): return a @ b\n\ndef getitem(a, b): return a[b]\ndef setitem(a, b, c): a[b] = c\ndef delitem(a, b): del a[b]\n\ndef iadd(a, b): a += b; return a\ndef isub(a, b): a -= b; return a\ndef imul(a, b): a *= b; return a\ndef itruediv(a, b): a /= b; return a\ndef ifloordiv(a, b): a //= b; return a\ndef imod(a, b): a %= b; return a\n# def ipow(a, b): a **= b; return a\n# def imatmul(a, b): a @= b; return a\ndef iand(a, b): a &= b; return a\ndef ior(a, b): a |= b; return a\ndef ixor(a, b): a ^= b; return a\ndef ilshift(a, b): a <<= b; return a\ndef irshift(a, b): a >>= b; return a\n";
 const char kPythonLibs_typing[] = "class _Placeholder:\n    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):\n        pass\n    def __getitem__(self, *args):\n        return self\n    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):\n        return self\n    def __and__(self, other):\n        return self\n    def __or__(self, other):\n        return self\n    def __xor__(self, other):\n        return self\n\n\n_PLACEHOLDER = _Placeholder()\n\nList = _PLACEHOLDER\nDict = _PLACEHOLDER\nTuple = _PLACEHOLDER\nSet = _PLACEHOLDER\nAny = _PLACEHOLDER\nUnion = _PLACEHOLDER\nOptional = _PLACEHOLDER\nCallable = _PLACEHOLDER\nType = _PLACEHOLDER\nTypeAlias = _PLACEHOLDER\nNewType = _PLACEHOLDER\n\nLiteral = _PLACEHOLDER\nLiteralString = _PLACEHOLDER\n\nIterable = _PLACEHOLDER\nGenerator = _PLACEHOLDER\nIterator = _PLACEHOLDER\n\nHashable = _PLACEHOLDER\n\nTypeVar = _PLACEHOLDER\nSelf = _PLACEHOLDER\n\nProtocol = object\nGeneric = object\nNever = object\n\nTYPE_CHECKING = False\n\n# decorators\noverload = lambda x: x\nfinal = lambda x: x\n\n# exhaustiveness checking\nassert_never = lambda x: x\n";
 
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ const char* load_kPythonLib(const char* name) {
     if (strcmp(name, "datetime") == 0) return kPythonLibs_datetime;
     if (strcmp(name, "functools") == 0) return kPythonLibs_functools;
     if (strcmp(name, "heapq") == 0) return kPythonLibs_heapq;
+    if (strcmp(name, "linalg") == 0) return kPythonLibs_linalg;
     if (strcmp(name, "operator") == 0) return kPythonLibs_operator;
     if (strcmp(name, "typing") == 0) return kPythonLibs_typing;
     return NULL;
diff --git a/src/interpreter/vm.c b/src/interpreter/vm.c
index 2bae8274..5a42a96a 100644
--- a/src/interpreter/vm.c
+++ b/src/interpreter/vm.c
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ void VM__ctor(VM* self) {
 
     py_newnotimplemented(py_emplacedict(&self->builtins, py_name("NotImplemented")));
 
-    pk__add_module_linalg();
+    pk__add_module_vmath();
     pk__add_module_array2d();
     pk__add_module_colorcvt();
 
diff --git a/src/modules/array2d.c b/src/modules/array2d.c
index f24de751..3a6eef31 100644
--- a/src/modules/array2d.c
+++ b/src/modules/array2d.c
@@ -774,7 +774,7 @@ static void register_array2d_like(py_Ref mod) {
     py_bindmethod(type, "convolve", array2d_like_convolve);
 
     const char* scc =
-        "\ndef get_connected_components(self, value: T, neighborhood: Neighborhood) -> tuple[array2d[int], int]:\n    from collections import deque\n    from linalg import vec2i\n\n    DIRS = [vec2i.LEFT, vec2i.RIGHT, vec2i.UP, vec2i.DOWN]\n    assert neighborhood in ['Moore', 'von Neumann']\n\n    if neighborhood == 'Moore':\n        DIRS.extend([\n            vec2i.LEFT+vec2i.UP,\n            vec2i.RIGHT+vec2i.UP,\n            vec2i.LEFT+vec2i.DOWN,\n            vec2i.RIGHT+vec2i.DOWN\n            ])\n\n    visited = array2d[int](self.width, self.height, default=0)\n    queue = deque()\n    count = 0\n    for y in range(self.height):\n        for x in range(self.width):\n            if visited[x, y] or self[x, y] != value:\n                continue\n            count += 1\n            queue.append((x, y))\n            visited[x, y] = count\n            while queue:\n                cx, cy = queue.popleft()\n                for dx, dy in DIRS:\n                    nx, ny = cx+dx, cy+dy\n                    if self.is_valid(nx, ny) and not visited[nx, ny] and self[nx, ny] == value:\n                        queue.append((nx, ny))\n                        visited[nx, ny] = count\n    return visited, count\n\narray2d_like.get_connected_components = get_connected_components\ndel get_connected_components\n";
+        "\ndef get_connected_components(self, value: T, neighborhood: Neighborhood) -> tuple[array2d[int], int]:\n    from collections import deque\n    from vmath import vec2i\n\n    DIRS = [vec2i.LEFT, vec2i.RIGHT, vec2i.UP, vec2i.DOWN]\n    assert neighborhood in ['Moore', 'von Neumann']\n\n    if neighborhood == 'Moore':\n        DIRS.extend([\n            vec2i.LEFT+vec2i.UP,\n            vec2i.RIGHT+vec2i.UP,\n            vec2i.LEFT+vec2i.DOWN,\n            vec2i.RIGHT+vec2i.DOWN\n            ])\n\n    visited = array2d[int](self.width, self.height, default=0)\n    queue = deque()\n    count = 0\n    for y in range(self.height):\n        for x in range(self.width):\n            if visited[x, y] or self[x, y] != value:\n                continue\n            count += 1\n            queue.append((x, y))\n            visited[x, y] = count\n            while queue:\n                cx, cy = queue.popleft()\n                for dx, dy in DIRS:\n                    nx, ny = cx+dx, cy+dy\n                    if self.is_valid(nx, ny) and not visited[nx, ny] and self[nx, ny] == value:\n                        queue.append((nx, ny))\n                        visited[nx, ny] = count\n    return visited, count\n\narray2d_like.get_connected_components = get_connected_components\ndel get_connected_components\n";
     if(!py_exec(scc, "array2d.py", EXEC_MODE, mod)) {
         py_printexc();
         c11__abort("failed to execute array2d.py");
diff --git a/src/modules/linalg.c b/src/modules/vmath.c
similarity index 99%
rename from src/modules/linalg.c
rename to src/modules/vmath.c
index 4a79dfbb..c2bc9d1e 100644
--- a/src/modules/linalg.c
+++ b/src/modules/vmath.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include "pocketpy/linalg.h"
+#include "pocketpy/vmath.h"
 #include "pocketpy/pocketpy.h"
 
 #include "pocketpy/common/sstream.h"
@@ -1034,7 +1034,7 @@ static bool color32_ansi_bg(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool linalg_rgb(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool vmath_rgb(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(3);
     PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(0, tp_int);
     PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(1, tp_int);
@@ -1048,7 +1048,7 @@ static bool linalg_rgb(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool linalg_rgba(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool vmath_rgba(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(4);
     PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(0, tp_int);
     PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(1, tp_int);
@@ -1077,8 +1077,8 @@ static bool color32_alpha_blend_STATIC(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-void pk__add_module_linalg() {
-    py_Ref mod = py_newmodule("linalg");
+void pk__add_module_vmath() {
+    py_Ref mod = py_newmodule("vmath");
 
     py_Type vec2 = pk_newtype("vec2", tp_object, mod, NULL, false, true);
     py_Type vec3 = pk_newtype("vec3", tp_object, mod, NULL, false, true);
@@ -1263,8 +1263,8 @@ void pk__add_module_linalg() {
     py_bindmethod(color32, "to_vec3i", color32_to_vec3i);
     py_bindmethod(color32, "ansi_fg", color32_ansi_fg);
     py_bindmethod(color32, "ansi_bg", color32_ansi_bg);
-    py_bindfunc(mod, "rgb", linalg_rgb);
-    py_bindfunc(mod, "rgba", linalg_rgba);
+    py_bindfunc(mod, "rgb", vmath_rgb);
+    py_bindfunc(mod, "rgba", vmath_rgba);
     py_bindstaticmethod(color32, "alpha_blend", color32_alpha_blend_STATIC);
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/72_json.py b/tests/72_json.py
index 04783357..29d168bc 100644
--- a/tests/72_json.py
+++ b/tests/72_json.py
@@ -87,4 +87,7 @@ class A:
         self.b = b
 
 a = A(1, ['2', False, None])
-assert json.dumps(a.__dict__) == '{"a": 1, "b": ["2", false, null]}'
\ No newline at end of file
+assert json.dumps(a.__dict__) in [
+    '{"a": 1, "b": ["2", false, null]}',
+    '{"b": ["2", false, null], "a": 1}',
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/80_color32.py b/tests/80_color32.py
index 1c51d75b..56233b88 100644
--- a/tests/80_color32.py
+++ b/tests/80_color32.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from linalg import color32, rgb, rgba
+from vmath import color32, rgb, rgba
 
 a = color32(100, 200, 255, 120)
 assert a.r == 100
diff --git a/tests/80_linalg.py b/tests/80_vmath.py
similarity index 99%
rename from tests/80_linalg.py
rename to tests/80_vmath.py
index 01958c32..24c53099 100644
--- a/tests/80_linalg.py
+++ b/tests/80_vmath.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from linalg import mat3x3, vec2, vec3, vec2i, vec3i
+from vmath import mat3x3, vec2, vec3, vec2i, vec3i
 import random
 import math
 
diff --git a/tests/90_array2d.py b/tests/90_array2d.py
index adc34cd0..08cf864a 100644
--- a/tests/90_array2d.py
+++ b/tests/90_array2d.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from array2d import array2d
-from linalg import vec2i
+from vmath import vec2i
 
 def exit_on_error():
     raise KeyboardInterrupt
diff --git a/tests/90_chunked_array2d.py b/tests/90_chunked_array2d.py
index 2e461a7e..77a40184 100644
--- a/tests/90_chunked_array2d.py
+++ b/tests/90_chunked_array2d.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import array2d
-from linalg import vec2i
+from vmath import vec2i
 
 
 def on_builder(a:vec2i):
diff --git a/tests/90_colorcvt.py b/tests/90_colorcvt.py
index da5b261a..062d4922 100644
--- a/tests/90_colorcvt.py
+++ b/tests/90_colorcvt.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import colorcvt
-from linalg import vec3
+from vmath import vec3
 
 def oklch(expr: str) -> vec3:
     # oklch(82.33% 0.37 153)
diff --git a/tests/90_pickle.py b/tests/90_pickle.py
index cd67b1c0..6218a976 100644
--- a/tests/90_pickle.py
+++ b/tests/90_pickle.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ test(False)                     # PKL_FALSE
 test("hello")                   # PKL_STRING
 test(b"hello")                  # PKL_BYTES
 
-from linalg import vec2, vec3, vec2i, vec3i
+from vmath import vec2, vec3, vec2i, vec3i
 
 test(vec2(2/3, 1.0))            # PKL_VEC2
 test(vec3(2/3, 1.0, 3.0))       # PKL_VEC3
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ class Foo:
 test(Foo(1, 2))
 test(Foo([1, True], 'c'))
 
-from linalg import vec2
+from vmath import vec2
 
 test(vec2(1, 2))
 

From 0c45634eda76b63a60f03002a0d425a0ee8c113e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: blueloveTH <blueloveTH@foxmail.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Apr 2025 15:20:37 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 07/16] fix `ansi_fg` and `ansi_bg`

---
 .github/workflows/website.yml |  2 +-
 src/modules/vmath.c           | 22 ++++++++++++++--------
 tests/80_color32.py           |  4 ++++
 3 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/website.yml b/.github/workflows/website.yml
index a2add796..9c70ea83 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/website.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/website.yml
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ permissions:
 
 jobs:
   deploy:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
     ###################################################
diff --git a/src/modules/vmath.c b/src/modules/vmath.c
index c2bc9d1e..e1ec64a3 100644
--- a/src/modules/vmath.c
+++ b/src/modules/vmath.c
@@ -1015,22 +1015,28 @@ static bool color32__repr__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 }
 
 static bool color32_ansi_fg(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
-    PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     c11_color32 color = py_tocolor32(argv);
     c11_color32_premult(&color);
-    char buf[32];
-    int size = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "\033[38;2;%d;%d;%dm", color.r, color.g, color.b);
-    py_newstrv(py_retval(), (c11_sv){buf, size});
+    PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(1, tp_str);
+    c11_sv text = py_tosv(&argv[1]);
+    c11_sbuf buf;
+    c11_sbuf__ctor(&buf);
+    pk_sprintf(&buf, "\x1b[38;2;%d;%d;%dm%v\x1b[0m", color.r, color.g, color.b, text);
+    c11_sbuf__py_submit(&buf, py_retval());
     return true;
 }
 
 static bool color32_ansi_bg(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
-    PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     c11_color32 color = py_tocolor32(argv);
     c11_color32_premult(&color);
-    char buf[32];
-    int size = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "\033[48;2;%d;%d;%dm", color.r, color.g, color.b);
-    py_newstrv(py_retval(), (c11_sv){buf, size});
+    PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(1, tp_str);
+    c11_sv text = py_tosv(&argv[1]);
+    c11_sbuf buf;
+    c11_sbuf__ctor(&buf);
+    pk_sprintf(&buf, "\x1b[48;2;%d;%d;%dm%v\x1b[0m", color.r, color.g, color.b, text);
+    c11_sbuf__py_submit(&buf, py_retval());
     return true;
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/80_color32.py b/tests/80_color32.py
index 56233b88..526ce887 100644
--- a/tests/80_color32.py
+++ b/tests/80_color32.py
@@ -23,3 +23,7 @@ assert a != b
 assert repr(b) == 'color32(75, 150, 200, 200)'
 
 # assert color32.alpha_blend(a, b) == color32(86, 173, 225, 162)
+
+c = rgb(100, 200, 255)
+assert c.ansi_fg('xxx') == '\x1b[38;2;100;200;255mxxx\x1b[0m'
+assert c.ansi_bg('xxx') == '\x1b[48;2;100;200;255mxxx\x1b[0m'
\ No newline at end of file

From aa4b369099d37de6873908f140ff0f94c213e7b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: blueloveTH <blueloveTH@foxmail.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Apr 2025 15:22:57 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 08/16] Update website.yml

---
 .github/workflows/website.yml | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/website.yml b/.github/workflows/website.yml
index 9c70ea83..0f66fdd8 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/website.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/website.yml
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ permissions:
 
 jobs:
   deploy:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
     ###################################################
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ jobs:
       uses: mymindstorm/setup-emsdk@v12
       with:
         version: latest
-        actions-cache-folder: 'emsdk-cache'
+        actions-cache-folder: 'emsdk-cache-v2'
     - name: Compile
       run: |
         bash build_web.sh

From 6d04c5a623af7027dc39a99a04890828fa0d19c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: blueloveTH <blueloveTH@foxmail.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Apr 2025 15:23:23 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 09/16] fix docs

---
 docs/modules/{linalg.md => vmath.md} | 0
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 rename docs/modules/{linalg.md => vmath.md} (100%)

diff --git a/docs/modules/linalg.md b/docs/modules/vmath.md
similarity index 100%
rename from docs/modules/linalg.md
rename to docs/modules/vmath.md

From 42f8f7853c95f75c9e969072ca7576ff48820e99 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: blueloveTH <blueloveTH@foxmail.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Apr 2025 15:29:58 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 10/16] Update website.yml

---
 .github/workflows/website.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/website.yml b/.github/workflows/website.yml
index 0f66fdd8..60ca6117 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/website.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/website.yml
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ jobs:
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
     ###################################################
-    - uses: actions/setup-node@v3.1.1
+    - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
     - name: Retype build
       run: |
         python scripts/gen_docs.py

From 7c183b5f56880fb09a9c3ce056a84183c0897deb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: blueloveTH <blueloveTH@foxmail.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Apr 2025 15:31:51 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 11/16] Update website.yml

---
 .github/workflows/website.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/website.yml b/.github/workflows/website.yml
index 60ca6117..1f50b97f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/website.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/website.yml
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ jobs:
         retype build
     ###################################################
     - name: Setup emsdk
-      uses: mymindstorm/setup-emsdk@v12
+      uses: mymindstorm/setup-emsdk@v14
       with:
         version: latest
         actions-cache-folder: 'emsdk-cache-v2'

From 30abdf652cc44c3e8b69ab316ebc1c4744699c54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: blueloveTH <blueloveTH@foxmail.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Apr 2025 15:45:23 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 12/16] Update 80_color32.py

---
 tests/80_color32.py | 6 +++++-
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/80_color32.py b/tests/80_color32.py
index 526ce887..49be5231 100644
--- a/tests/80_color32.py
+++ b/tests/80_color32.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from vmath import color32, rgb, rgba
+from vmath import color32, rgb, rgba, vec3i
 
 a = color32(100, 200, 255, 120)
 assert a.r == 100
@@ -22,6 +22,10 @@ assert a != b
 
 assert repr(b) == 'color32(75, 150, 200, 200)'
 
+assert color32.from_vec3i(vec3i(100, 200, 255)) == rgb(100, 200, 255)
+alpha = a.a / 255
+assert a.to_vec3i() == vec3i(int(a.r * alpha), int(a.g * alpha), int(a.b * alpha))
+
 # assert color32.alpha_blend(a, b) == color32(86, 173, 225, 162)
 
 c = rgb(100, 200, 255)

From ccb0c8cd1c7588fa3d0a25885d9d30f1f6b43933 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: blueloveTH <blueloveTH@foxmail.com>
Date: Fri, 18 Apr 2025 10:48:18 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 13/16] fix https://github.com/pocketpy/pocketpy/issues/360

---
 src/common/algorithm.c | 4 ++--
 tests/05_list.py       | 2 +-
 tests/95_bugs.py       | 8 +++++++-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/common/algorithm.c b/src/common/algorithm.c
index 55a7a927..1d907be3 100644
--- a/src/common/algorithm.c
+++ b/src/common/algorithm.c
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ static bool _stable_sort_merge(char* a,
                   int (*f_lt)(const void* a, const void* b, void* extra),
                   void* extra) {
     while(a < a_end && b < b_end) {
-        int res = f_lt(a, b, extra);
+        int res = f_lt(b, a, extra);
         // check error
         if(res == -1) return false;
-        if(res) {
+        if(res == 0) {  // !(b<a) -> (a>=b)
             memcpy(r, a, elem_size);
             a += elem_size;
         } else {
diff --git a/tests/05_list.py b/tests/05_list.py
index 5f6b213c..cae71041 100644
--- a/tests/05_list.py
+++ b/tests/05_list.py
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ assert list(range(5, 1, -2)) == [5, 3]
 # test sort
 a = [8, 2, 4, 2, 9]
 assert a.sort() == None
-assert a == [2, 2, 4, 8, 9]
+assert (a == [2, 2, 4, 8, 9]), a
 
 a = []
 assert a.sort() == None
diff --git a/tests/95_bugs.py b/tests/95_bugs.py
index 63802be0..1916c34d 100644
--- a/tests/95_bugs.py
+++ b/tests/95_bugs.py
@@ -142,4 +142,10 @@ assert a.__new__ == list.__new__
 class A:
     x: list[int] = [i for i in range(1, 4)]
 
-assert A.x == [1, 2, 3]
\ No newline at end of file
+assert A.x == [1, 2, 3]
+
+# stable sort
+a = [(0, 1), (1, 1), (1, 2)]
+b = sorted(a, key=lambda x: x[0])
+if b != [(0, 1), (1, 1), (1, 2)]:
+    assert False, b
\ No newline at end of file

From f5c67576aa793313fd7def8c6c250eddd0e0c763 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: blueloveTH <blueloveTH@foxmail.com>
Date: Fri, 18 Apr 2025 11:39:57 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 14/16] fix comment

---
 src/common/algorithm.c | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/common/algorithm.c b/src/common/algorithm.c
index 1d907be3..b02e9920 100644
--- a/src/common/algorithm.c
+++ b/src/common/algorithm.c
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ static bool _stable_sort_merge(char* a,
         int res = f_lt(b, a, extra);
         // check error
         if(res == -1) return false;
-        if(res == 0) {  // !(b<a) -> (a>=b)
+        if(res == 0) {  // !(b<a) -> (b>=a) -> (a<=b)
             memcpy(r, a, elem_size);
             a += elem_size;
         } else {

From 6c25f6b1de1f7684fdedc427277eadec2fe24973 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: blueloveTH <blueloveth@foxmail.com>
Date: Sun, 20 Apr 2025 23:41:18 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 15/16] fix a bug

---
 src/modules/vmath.c | 2 +-
 tests/80_color32.py | 1 +
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/modules/vmath.c b/src/modules/vmath.c
index e1ec64a3..e55a1777 100644
--- a/src/modules/vmath.c
+++ b/src/modules/vmath.c
@@ -896,7 +896,7 @@ static bool color32_from_hex_STATIC(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     c11_color32 color;
     int res;
     if(hex.size == 7) {
-        res = scanf(hex.data, "#%2hhx%2hhx%2hhx", &color.r, &color.g, &color.b);
+        res = sscanf(hex.data, "#%2hhx%2hhx%2hhx", &color.r, &color.g, &color.b);
         if(res != 3) return ValueError("invalid hex color format");
         color.a = 255;
     } else {
diff --git a/tests/80_color32.py b/tests/80_color32.py
index 49be5231..8bd748a3 100644
--- a/tests/80_color32.py
+++ b/tests/80_color32.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ assert a.with_a(255).a == 255 and a.with_a(255).g == a.g
 
 assert a.to_hex() == '#64c8ff78'
 assert color32.from_hex('#64c8ff78') == a
+assert color32.from_hex('#64c8ff') == a.with_a(255)
 
 assert rgb(100, 200, 255) != a
 assert rgba(100, 200, 255, 120 / 255) == a

From 2bdbe8a6842a835551c07053d8181d88e9873ae3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: blueloveTH <blueloveth@foxmail.com>
Date: Mon, 21 Apr 2025 01:20:31 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 16/16] fix `color32.alpha_blend`

---
 include/typings/vmath.pyi | 2 +-
 src/modules/vmath.c       | 6 ++++++
 tests/80_color32.py       | 4 +++-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/typings/vmath.pyi b/include/typings/vmath.pyi
index 06477cc8..73df8992 100644
--- a/include/typings/vmath.pyi
+++ b/include/typings/vmath.pyi
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ class color32:
     def ansi_bg(self, text: str) -> str: ...
 
     @staticmethod
-    def alpha_blend(src: color32, dst: color32) -> color32: ...
+    def alpha_blend(src: color32, dst: color32 | None) -> color32: ...
 
 
 def rgb(r: int, g: int, b: int) -> color32: ...
diff --git a/src/modules/vmath.c b/src/modules/vmath.c
index e55a1777..92e7cdf9 100644
--- a/src/modules/vmath.c
+++ b/src/modules/vmath.c
@@ -1071,6 +1071,12 @@ static bool vmath_rgba(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 
 static bool color32_alpha_blend_STATIC(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
+    if(!py_checktype(&argv[0], tp_color32)) return false;
+    if(py_isnone(&argv[1])) {
+        py_assign(py_retval(), &argv[0]);
+        return true;
+    }
+    if(!py_checktype(&argv[1], tp_color32)) return false;
     c11_color32 src = py_tocolor32(&argv[0]);
     c11_color32 dst = py_tocolor32(&argv[1]);
     float alpha = src.a / 255.0f;
diff --git a/tests/80_color32.py b/tests/80_color32.py
index 8bd748a3..25a1f6ec 100644
--- a/tests/80_color32.py
+++ b/tests/80_color32.py
@@ -31,4 +31,6 @@ assert a.to_vec3i() == vec3i(int(a.r * alpha), int(a.g * alpha), int(a.b * alpha
 
 c = rgb(100, 200, 255)
 assert c.ansi_fg('xxx') == '\x1b[38;2;100;200;255mxxx\x1b[0m'
-assert c.ansi_bg('xxx') == '\x1b[48;2;100;200;255mxxx\x1b[0m'
\ No newline at end of file
+assert c.ansi_bg('xxx') == '\x1b[48;2;100;200;255mxxx\x1b[0m'
+
+assert color32.alpha_blend(a, None) == a