diff --git a/3rd/lua_bridge/src/lua_bridge.cpp b/3rd/lua_bridge/src/lua_bridge.cpp
index 70da825e..e7ee296d 100644
--- a/3rd/lua_bridge/src/lua_bridge.cpp
+++ b/3rd/lua_bridge/src/lua_bridge.cpp
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ static PyObject* lua_popx_multi_to_python(VM* vm, int count){
 struct PyLuaFunction: PyLuaObject{
     static void _register(VM* vm, PyObject* mod, PyObject* type){
         vm->bind_notimplemented_constructor<PyLuaFunction>(type);
-        vm->bind_method<-1>(type, __call__, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+        vm->bind_func(type, __call__, -1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
             if(args.size() < 1) vm->TypeError("__call__ takes at least 1 argument");
             const PyLuaFunction& self = _CAST(PyLuaFunction&, args[0]);
             int base_size = lua_gettop(_L);
diff --git a/include/pocketpy/bindings.h b/include/pocketpy/bindings.h
index 33c6358f..84bae6d1 100644
--- a/include/pocketpy/bindings.h
+++ b/include/pocketpy/bindings.h
@@ -163,19 +163,19 @@ void _bind(VM* vm, PyObject* obj, const char* sig, Ret(T::*func)(Params...)){
             memcpy(&_CAST(wT&, obj), s.p, sizeof(wT));                              \
             return obj;                                                             \
         }, {}, BindType::STATICMETHOD);                                             \
-        vm->bind_method<0>(type, "tostruct", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){             \
+        vm->bind_func(type, "tostruct", 1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){             \
             wT& self = _CAST(wT&, args[0]);                                         \
             return vm->new_user_object<Struct>(&self, sizeof(wT));                  \
         });                                                                         \
-        vm->bind_method<0>(type, "addr", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){                 \
+        vm->bind_func(type, "addr", 1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){                 \
             wT& self = _CAST(wT&, args[0]);                                         \
             return vm->new_user_object<VoidP>(&self);                               \
         });                                                                         \
-        vm->bind_method<0>(type, "copy", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){                 \
+        vm->bind_func(type, "copy", 1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){                 \
             wT& self = _CAST(wT&, args[0]);                                         \
             return vm->new_user_object<wT>(self);                                   \
         });                                                                         \
-        vm->bind_method<0>(type, "sizeof", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){               \
+        vm->bind_func(type, "sizeof", 1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){               \
             return VAR(sizeof(wT));                                                 \
         });                                                                         \
         vm->bind__eq__(PK_OBJ_GET(Type, type), [](VM* vm, PyObject* _0, PyObject* _1){  \
diff --git a/include/pocketpy/vm.h b/include/pocketpy/vm.h
index 36e90a29..7d435c3b 100644
--- a/include/pocketpy/vm.h
+++ b/include/pocketpy/vm.h
@@ -296,13 +296,14 @@ public:
     void bind__setitem__(Type type, void (*f)(VM*, PyObject*, PyObject*, PyObject*));
     void bind__delitem__(Type type, void (*f)(VM*, PyObject*, PyObject*));
 
-    template<int ARGC>
-    PyObject* bind_method(Type, StrName, NativeFuncC);
-    template<int ARGC>
-    PyObject* bind_method(PyObject*, StrName, NativeFuncC);
     template<int ARGC>
     PyObject* bind_func(PyObject*, StrName, NativeFuncC, UserData userdata={}, BindType bt=BindType::DEFAULT);
+
     // new style binding api
+    PyObject* bind_func(PyObject* obj, StrName name, int argc, NativeFuncC fn, UserData userdata={}, BindType bt=BindType::DEFAULT);
+    PyObject* bind_func(Type type, StrName name, int argc, NativeFuncC fn, UserData userdata={}, BindType bt=BindType::DEFAULT){
+        return bind_func(_t(type), name, argc, fn, userdata, bt);
+    }
     PyObject* bind(PyObject*, const char*, const char*, NativeFuncC, UserData userdata={}, BindType bt=BindType::DEFAULT);
     PyObject* bind(PyObject*, const char*, NativeFuncC, UserData userdata={}, BindType bt=BindType::DEFAULT);
     PyObject* bind_property(PyObject*, const char*, NativeFuncC fget, NativeFuncC fset=nullptr);
@@ -555,20 +556,6 @@ __T  py_cast(VM* vm, PyObject* obj) { return _py_cast__internal<__T, true>(vm, o
 template<typename __T>
 __T _py_cast(VM* vm, PyObject* obj) { return _py_cast__internal<__T, false>(vm, obj); }
 
-
-template<int ARGC>
-PyObject* VM::bind_method(Type type, StrName name, NativeFuncC fn) {
-    PyObject* nf = VAR(NativeFunc(fn, ARGC, true));
-    _t(type)->attr().set(name, nf);
-    return nf;
-}
-
-template<int ARGC>
-PyObject* VM::bind_method(PyObject* obj, StrName name, NativeFuncC fn) {
-    check_type(obj, tp_type);
-    return bind_method<ARGC>(PK_OBJ_GET(Type, obj), name, fn);
-}
-
 template<int ARGC>
 PyObject* VM::bind_func(PyObject* obj, StrName name, NativeFuncC fn, UserData userdata, BindType bt) {
     PyObject* nf = VAR(NativeFunc(fn, ARGC, false));
diff --git a/src/cffi.cpp b/src/cffi.cpp
index 63641a4e..8730aea0 100644
--- a/src/cffi.cpp
+++ b/src/cffi.cpp
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ namespace pkpy{
             return vm->heap.gcnew<Struct>(cls, size);
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<0>(type, "hex", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+        vm->bind_func(type, "hex", 1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
             const Struct& self = _CAST(Struct&, args[0]);
             SStream ss;
             for(int i=0; i<self.size; i++) ss.write_hex((unsigned char)self.p[i]);
@@ -79,17 +79,17 @@ namespace pkpy{
             return VAR(ss.str());
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<0>(type, "addr", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+        vm->bind_func(type, "addr", 1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
             Struct& self = _CAST(Struct&, args[0]);
             return vm->new_user_object<VoidP>(self.p);
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<0>(type, "sizeof", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+        vm->bind_func(type, "sizeof", 1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
             Struct& self = _CAST(Struct&, args[0]);
             return VAR(self.size);
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<0>(type, "copy", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+        vm->bind_func(type, "copy", 1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
             const Struct& self = _CAST(Struct&, args[0]);
             return vm->heap.gcnew<Struct>(vm->_tp(args[0]), self);
         });
@@ -198,12 +198,12 @@ void add_module_c(VM* vm){
     type = vm->new_type_object(mod, CNAME "_p", vm->_tp_user<VoidP>()); \
     mod->attr().set(CNAME "_p", type);                                  \
     type_t = PK_OBJ_GET(Type, type);                                    \
-    vm->bind_method<0>(type, "read", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){         \
+    vm->bind_func(type, "read", 1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){         \
         VoidP& voidp = PK_OBJ_GET(VoidP, args[0]);                      \
         T* target = (T*)voidp.ptr;                                      \
         return VAR(*target);                                            \
     });                                                                 \
-    vm->bind_method<1>(type, "write", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){        \
+    vm->bind_func(type, "write", 2, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){        \
         VoidP& voidp = PK_OBJ_GET(VoidP, args[0]);                      \
         T val = CAST(T, args[1]);                                       \
         T* target = (T*)voidp.ptr;                                      \
diff --git a/src/io.cpp b/src/io.cpp
index 76d2061c..e6d7ff76 100644
--- a/src/io.cpp
+++ b/src/io.cpp
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ void FileIO::_register(VM* vm, PyObject* mod, PyObject* type){
         return VAR(std::move(b));
     });
 
-    vm->bind_method<1>(type, "write", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+    vm->bind_func(type, "write", 2, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
         FileIO& io = PK_OBJ_GET(FileIO, args[0]);
         if(io.is_text){
             Str& s = CAST(Str&, args[1]);
@@ -95,14 +95,14 @@ void FileIO::_register(VM* vm, PyObject* mod, PyObject* type){
         return vm->None;
     });
 
-    vm->bind_method<0>(type, "tell", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+    vm->bind_func(type, "tell", 1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
         FileIO& io = PK_OBJ_GET(FileIO, args[0]);
         long pos = ftell(io.fp);
         if(pos == -1) vm->IOError(strerror(errno));
         return VAR(pos);
     });
 
-    vm->bind_method<2>(type, "seek", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+    vm->bind_func(type, "seek", 3, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
         FileIO& io = PK_OBJ_GET(FileIO, args[0]);
         long offset = CAST(long, args[1]);
         int whence = CAST(int, args[2]);
@@ -111,19 +111,19 @@ void FileIO::_register(VM* vm, PyObject* mod, PyObject* type){
         return vm->None;
     });
 
-    vm->bind_method<0>(type, "close", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+    vm->bind_func(type, "close", 1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
         FileIO& io = PK_OBJ_GET(FileIO, args[0]);
         io.close();
         return vm->None;
     });
 
-    vm->bind_method<0>(type, "__exit__", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+    vm->bind_func(type, __exit__, 1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
         FileIO& io = PK_OBJ_GET(FileIO, args[0]);
         io.close();
         return vm->None;
     });
 
-    vm->bind_method<0>(type, "__enter__", PK_LAMBDA(args[0]));
+    vm->bind_func(type, __enter__, 1, PK_LAMBDA(args[0]));
 }
 
 FileIO::FileIO(VM* vm, const Str& file, const Str& mode){
diff --git a/src/linalg.cpp b/src/linalg.cpp
index fd10127c..09aae4a5 100644
--- a/src/linalg.cpp
+++ b/src/linalg.cpp
@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@ namespace pkpy{
         });
 
 #define BIND_VEC_FUNCTION_0(D, name)        \
-        vm->bind_method<0>(type, #name, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){          \
+        vm->bind_func(type, #name, 1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){          \
             Vec##D& self = _CAST(Vec##D&, args[0]);                     \
             return VAR(self.name());                                        \
         });
 
 #define BIND_VEC_FUNCTION_1(D, name)        \
-        vm->bind_method<1>(type, #name, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){          \
+        vm->bind_func(type, #name, 2, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){          \
             Vec##D& self = _CAST(Vec##D&, args[0]);                         \
             Vec##D& other = CAST(Vec##D&, args[1]);                         \
             return VAR(self.name(other));                                   \
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ namespace pkpy{
             f64 other = CAST(f64, _1);                                                      \
             return VAR(self * other);                                                       \
         });                                                                                 \
-        vm->bind_method<1>(type, "__rmul__", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){                     \
+        vm->bind_func(type, "__rmul__", 2, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){                     \
             Vec##D& self = _CAST(Vec##D&, args[0]);                                     \
             f64 other = CAST(f64, args[1]);                                                 \
             return VAR(self * other);                                                       \
@@ -154,13 +154,13 @@ static Vec2 SmoothDamp(Vec2 current, Vec2 target, Vec2& currentVelocity, float s
             return VAR(ss.str());
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<1>(type, "rotate", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+        vm->bind_func(type, "rotate", 2, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
             Vec2 self = _CAST(Vec2&, args[0]);
             float radian = CAST(f64, args[1]);
             return vm->new_user_object<Vec2>(self.rotate(radian));
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<1>(type, "rotate_", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+        vm->bind_func(type, "rotate_", 2, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
             Vec2& self = _CAST(Vec2&, args[0]);
             float radian = CAST(f64, args[1]);
             self = self.rotate(radian);
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ static Vec2 SmoothDamp(Vec2 current, Vec2 target, Vec2& currentVelocity, float s
             return vm->None;
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<1>(type, "copy_", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+        vm->bind_func(type, "copy_", 2, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
             Mat3x3& self = _CAST(Mat3x3&, args[0]);
             const Mat3x3& other = CAST(Mat3x3&, args[1]);
             self = other;
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ static Vec2 SmoothDamp(Vec2 current, Vec2 target, Vec2& currentVelocity, float s
             return vm->new_user_object<Mat3x3>(self * other);
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<1>(type, "__rmul__", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+        vm->bind_func(type, "__rmul__", 2, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
             Mat3x3& self = _CAST(Mat3x3&, args[0]);
             f64 other = CAST_F(args[1]);
             return vm->new_user_object<Mat3x3>(self * other);
@@ -392,12 +392,12 @@ static Vec2 SmoothDamp(Vec2 current, Vec2 target, Vec2& currentVelocity, float s
             }
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<0>(type, "determinant", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+        vm->bind_func(type, "determinant", 1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
             Mat3x3& self = _CAST(Mat3x3&, args[0]);
             return VAR(self.determinant());
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<0>(type, "transpose", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+        vm->bind_func(type, "transpose", 1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
             Mat3x3& self = _CAST(Mat3x3&, args[0]);
             return vm->new_user_object<Mat3x3>(self.transpose());
         });
@@ -409,14 +409,14 @@ static Vec2 SmoothDamp(Vec2 current, Vec2 target, Vec2& currentVelocity, float s
             return vm->new_user_object<Mat3x3>(ret);
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<0>(type, "inverse", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+        vm->bind_func(type, "inverse", 1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
             Mat3x3& self = _CAST(Mat3x3&, args[0]);
             Mat3x3 ret;
             if(!self.inverse(ret)) vm->ValueError("matrix is not invertible");
             return vm->new_user_object<Mat3x3>(ret);
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<0>(type, "inverse_", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+        vm->bind_func(type, "inverse_", 1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
             Mat3x3& self = _CAST(Mat3x3&, args[0]);
             Mat3x3 ret;
             if(!self.inverse(ret)) vm->ValueError("matrix is not invertible");
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ static Vec2 SmoothDamp(Vec2 current, Vec2 target, Vec2& currentVelocity, float s
             return vm->None;
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<0>(type, "transpose_", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+        vm->bind_func(type, "transpose_", 1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
             Mat3x3& self = _CAST(Mat3x3&, args[0]);
             self = self.transpose();
             return vm->None;
@@ -484,34 +484,34 @@ static Vec2 SmoothDamp(Vec2 current, Vec2 target, Vec2& currentVelocity, float s
             return vm->None;
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<0>(type, "is_affine", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+        vm->bind_func(type, "is_affine", 1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
             Mat3x3& self = _CAST(Mat3x3&, args[0]);
             return VAR(self.is_affine());
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<0>(type, "_t", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+        vm->bind_func(type, "_t", 1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
             Mat3x3& self = _CAST(Mat3x3&, args[0]);
             return vm->new_user_object<Vec2>(self._t());
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<0>(type, "_r", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+        vm->bind_func(type, "_r", 1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
             Mat3x3& self = _CAST(Mat3x3&, args[0]);
             return VAR(self._r());
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<0>(type, "_s", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+        vm->bind_func(type, "_s", 1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
             Mat3x3& self = _CAST(Mat3x3&, args[0]);
             return vm->new_user_object<Vec2>(self._s());
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<1>(type, "transform_point", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+        vm->bind_func(type, "transform_point", 2, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
             const Mat3x3& self = _CAST(Mat3x3&, args[0]);
             Vec2 v = CAST(Vec2, args[1]);
             Vec2 res(self._11 * v.x + self._12 * v.y + self._13, self._21 * v.x + self._22 * v.y + self._23);
             return vm->new_user_object<Vec2>(res);
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<1>(type, "inverse_transform_point", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+        vm->bind_func(type, "inverse_transform_point", 2, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
             const Mat3x3& self = _CAST(Mat3x3&, args[0]);
             Vec2 v = CAST(Vec2, args[1]);
             Mat3x3 inv;
@@ -520,14 +520,14 @@ static Vec2 SmoothDamp(Vec2 current, Vec2 target, Vec2& currentVelocity, float s
             return vm->new_user_object<Vec2>(res);
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<1>(type, "transform_vector", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+        vm->bind_func(type, "transform_vector", 2, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
             const Mat3x3& self = _CAST(Mat3x3&, args[0]);
             Vec2 v = CAST(Vec2, args[1]);
             Vec2 res(self._11 * v.x + self._12 * v.y, self._21 * v.x + self._22 * v.y);
             return vm->new_user_object<Vec2>(res);
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<1>(type, "inverse_transform_vector", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
+        vm->bind_func(type, "inverse_transform_vector", 2, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args){
             const Mat3x3& self = _CAST(Mat3x3&, args[0]);
             Vec2 v = CAST(Vec2, args[1]);
             Mat3x3 inv;
diff --git a/src/random.cpp b/src/random.cpp
index c051849c..d8f8a7f1 100644
--- a/src/random.cpp
+++ b/src/random.cpp
@@ -139,13 +139,13 @@ struct Random{
             return vm->heap.gcnew<Random>(cls);
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<1>(type, "seed", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args) {
+        vm->bind_func(type, "seed", 2, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args) {
             Random& self = PK_OBJ_GET(Random, args[0]);
             self.gen.seed(CAST(i64, args[1]));
             return vm->None;
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<2>(type, "randint", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args) {
+        vm->bind_func(type, "randint", 3, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args) {
             Random& self = PK_OBJ_GET(Random, args[0]);
             i64 a = CAST(i64, args[1]);
             i64 b = CAST(i64, args[2]);
@@ -153,12 +153,12 @@ struct Random{
             return VAR(self.gen.randint(a, b));
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<0>(type, "random", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args) {
+        vm->bind_func(type, "random", 1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args) {
             Random& self = PK_OBJ_GET(Random, args[0]);
             return VAR(self.gen.random());
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<2>(type, "uniform", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args) {
+        vm->bind_func(type, "uniform", 3, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args) {
             Random& self = PK_OBJ_GET(Random, args[0]);
             f64 a = CAST(f64, args[1]);
             f64 b = CAST(f64, args[2]);
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ struct Random{
             return VAR(self.gen.uniform(a, b));
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<1>(type, "shuffle", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args) {
+        vm->bind_func(type, "shuffle", 2, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args) {
             Random& self = PK_OBJ_GET(Random, args[0]);
             List& L = CAST(List&, args[1]);
             for(int i = L.size() - 1; i > 0; i--){
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ struct Random{
             return vm->None;
         });
 
-        vm->bind_method<1>(type, "choice", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args) {
+        vm->bind_func(type, "choice", 2, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args) {
             Random& self = PK_OBJ_GET(Random, args[0]);
             ArgsView view = vm->cast_array_view(args[1]);
             if(view.empty()) vm->IndexError("cannot choose from an empty sequence");
diff --git a/src/vm.cpp b/src/vm.cpp
index 35c37436..c94ea579 100644
--- a/src/vm.cpp
+++ b/src/vm.cpp
@@ -1222,6 +1222,18 @@ void VM::setattr(PyObject* obj, StrName name, PyObject* value){
     obj->attr().set(name, value);
 }
 
+PyObject* VM::bind_func(PyObject* obj, StrName name, int argc, NativeFuncC fn, UserData userdata, BindType bt) {
+    PyObject* nf = VAR(NativeFunc(fn, argc, false));
+    PK_OBJ_GET(NativeFunc, nf).set_userdata(userdata);
+    switch(bt){
+        case BindType::DEFAULT: break;
+        case BindType::STATICMETHOD: nf = VAR(StaticMethod(nf)); break;
+        case BindType::CLASSMETHOD: nf = VAR(ClassMethod(nf)); break;
+    }
+    obj->attr().set(name, nf);
+    return nf;
+}
+
 PyObject* VM::bind(PyObject* obj, const char* sig, NativeFuncC fn, UserData userdata, BindType bt){
     return bind(obj, sig, nullptr, fn, userdata, bt);
 }