...

include/pocketpy/interpreter/modules.h

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ extern "C" {
 void pk__add_module_pkpy();
 void pk__add_module_os();
 void pk__add_module_math();
+void pk__add_module_dis();
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }

include/pocketpy/pocketpy.h

@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ int py_import(const char* path) PY_RAISE;
 
 /************* Errors *************/
 /// Raise an exception by name and message. Always returns false.
-bool py_exception(const char* name, const char* fmt, ...) PY_RAISE;
+bool py_exception(py_Type type, const char* fmt, ...) PY_RAISE;
 /// Raise an expection object. Always returns false.
 bool py_raise(py_Ref) PY_RAISE;
 /// Print the current exception.
@@ -290,22 +290,24 @@ void py_printexc();
 char* py_formatexc();
 /// Check if an exception is raised.
 bool py_checkexc();
+/// Check if the exception is an instance of the given type.
+bool py_matchexc(py_Type type);
 /// Clear the current exception.
 void py_clearexc(py_StackRef p0);
 
-#define IOError(...) py_exception("IOError", __VA_ARGS__)
-#define OSError(...) py_exception("OSError", __VA_ARGS__)
-#define NameError(n) py_exception("NameError", "name '%n' is not defined", (n))
-#define TypeError(...) py_exception("TypeError", __VA_ARGS__)
-#define RuntimeError(...) py_exception("RuntimeError", __VA_ARGS__)
-#define ValueError(...) py_exception("ValueError", __VA_ARGS__)
-#define IndexError(...) py_exception("IndexError", __VA_ARGS__)
-#define ImportError(...) py_exception("ImportError", __VA_ARGS__)
-#define NotImplementedError() py_exception("NotImplementedError", "")
+#define IOError(...) py_exception(tp_IOError, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define OSError(...) py_exception(tp_OSError, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define NameError(n) py_exception(tp_NameError, "name '%n' is not defined", (n))
+#define TypeError(...) py_exception(tp_TypeError, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define RuntimeError(...) py_exception(tp_RuntimeError, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define ValueError(...) py_exception(tp_ValueError, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define IndexError(...) py_exception(tp_IndexError, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define ImportError(...) py_exception(tp_ImportError, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define NotImplementedError() py_exception(tp_NotImplementedError, "")
 #define AttributeError(self, n)                                                                    \
-    py_exception("AttributeError", "'%t' object has no attribute '%n'", (self)->type, (n))
+    py_exception(tp_AttributeError, "'%t' object has no attribute '%n'", (self)->type, (n))
 #define UnboundLocalError(n)                                                                       \
-    py_exception("UnboundLocalError", "local variable '%n' referenced before assignment", (n))
+    py_exception(tp_UnboundLocalError, "local variable '%n' referenced before assignment", (n))
 
 bool StopIteration();
 bool KeyError(py_Ref key) PY_RAISE;
@@ -429,6 +431,22 @@ enum py_PredefinedTypes {
     tp_ellipsis,
     tp_SyntaxError,
     tp_StopIteration,
+    /* builtin exceptions */
+    tp_StackOverflowError,
+    tp_IOError,
+    tp_OSError,
+    tp_NotImplementedError,
+    tp_TypeError,
+    tp_IndexError,
+    tp_ValueError,
+    tp_RuntimeError,
+    tp_ZeroDivisionError,
+    tp_NameError,
+    tp_UnboundLocalError,
+    tp_AttributeError,
+    tp_ImportError,
+    tp_AssertionError,
+    tp_KeyError,
 };
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus

src/interpreter/ceval.c

@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ FrameResult VM__run_top_frame(VM* self) {
                 Function__ctor(ud, decl, &frame->module);
                 if(decl->nested) {
                     ud->closure = FastLocals__to_namedict(frame->locals, frame->locals_co);
-                    py_Name name = py_namev(c11_string__sv(decl->code.name));
+                    py_Name name = py_name(decl->code.name->data);
                     // capture itself to allow recursion
                     NameDict__set(ud->closure, name, *SP());
                 }
@@ -909,9 +909,9 @@ FrameResult VM__run_top_frame(VM* self) {
                 if(byte.arg) {
                     if(!py_str(TOP())) goto __ERROR;
                     POP();
-                    py_exception("AssertionError", "%s", py_tostr(py_retval()));
+                    py_exception(tp_AssertionError, "%s", py_tostr(py_retval()));
                 } else {
-                    py_exception("AssertionError", "");
+                    py_exception(tp_AssertionError, "");
                 }
                 goto __ERROR;
             }
@@ -1010,7 +1010,7 @@ bool pk_stack_binaryop(VM* self, py_Name op, py_Name rop) {
         py_newbool(py_retval(), res);
         return true;
     }
-    return py_exception("TypeError", "unsupported operand type(s) for '%n'", op);
+    return TypeError("unsupported operand type(s) for '%n'", op);
 }
 
 bool py_binaryop(py_Ref lhs, py_Ref rhs, py_Name op, py_Name rop) {

src/interpreter/frame.c

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "pocketpy/interpreter/frame.h"
+#include "pocketpy/objects/codeobject.h"
 #include "pocketpy/objects/object.h"
 
 void ValueStack__ctor(ValueStack* self) {
@@ -131,9 +132,8 @@ void Frame__set_unwind_target(Frame* self, py_TValue* sp) {
 }
 
 py_TValue* Frame__f_closure_try_get(Frame* self, py_Name name) {
-    // if(self->function == NULL) return NULL;
-    // pkpy::Function* fn = PyObject__as(pkpy::Function, self->function);
-    // if(fn->_closure == nullptr) return nullptr;
-    // return NameDict__try_get(fn->_closure, name);
-    return NULL;
+    if(self->function == NULL) return NULL;
+    Function* ud = PyObject__userdata(self->function);
+    if(ud->closure == NULL) return NULL;
+    return NameDict__try_get(ud->closure, name);
 }

src/interpreter/vm.c

@@ -129,10 +129,36 @@ void VM__ctor(VM* self) {
 
     validate(tp_SyntaxError, pk_newtype("SyntaxError", tp_Exception, NULL, NULL, false, true));
     validate(tp_StopIteration, pk_newtype("StopIteration", tp_Exception, NULL, NULL, false, true));
-#undef validate
 
     self->builtins = pk_builtins__register();
 
+    // inject some builtin expections
+#define INJECT_BUILTIN_EXC(name)                                                                   \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        py_Type type = pk_newtype(#name, tp_Exception, &self->builtins, NULL, false, true);         \
+        py_setdict(&self->builtins, py_name(#name), py_tpobject(type));                             \
+        validate(tp_##name, type);                                                                 \
+    } while(0)
+
+    INJECT_BUILTIN_EXC(StackOverflowError);
+    INJECT_BUILTIN_EXC(IOError);
+    INJECT_BUILTIN_EXC(OSError);
+    INJECT_BUILTIN_EXC(NotImplementedError);
+    INJECT_BUILTIN_EXC(TypeError);
+    INJECT_BUILTIN_EXC(IndexError);
+    INJECT_BUILTIN_EXC(ValueError);
+    INJECT_BUILTIN_EXC(RuntimeError);
+    INJECT_BUILTIN_EXC(ZeroDivisionError);
+    INJECT_BUILTIN_EXC(NameError);
+    INJECT_BUILTIN_EXC(UnboundLocalError);
+    INJECT_BUILTIN_EXC(AttributeError);
+    INJECT_BUILTIN_EXC(ImportError);
+    INJECT_BUILTIN_EXC(AssertionError);
+    INJECT_BUILTIN_EXC(KeyError);
+
+#undef INJECT_BUILTIN_EXC
+#undef validate
+
     /* Setup Public Builtin Types */
     py_Type public_types[] = {tp_object,        tp_type,         tp_int,           tp_float,
                               tp_bool,          tp_str,          tp_list,          tp_tuple,
@@ -146,40 +172,13 @@ void VM__ctor(VM* self) {
         py_setdict(&self->builtins, ti->name, py_tpobject(t));
     }
 
-    // inject some builtin expections
-    const char** builtin_exceptions = (const char*[]){
-        "StackOverflowError",
-        "IOError",
-        "OSError",
-        "NotImplementedError",
-        "TypeError",
-        "IndexError",
-        "ValueError",
-        "RuntimeError",
-        "ZeroDivisionError",
-        "NameError",
-        "UnboundLocalError",
-        "AttributeError",
-        "ImportError",
-        "AssertionError",
-        "KeyError",
-        NULL,  // sentinel
-    };
-    const char** it = builtin_exceptions;
-    while(*it) {
-        py_Type type = pk_newtype(*it, tp_Exception, &self->builtins, NULL, false, true);
-        py_setdict(&self->builtins, py_name(*it), py_tpobject(type));
-        it++;
-    }
-
-    py_TValue tmp;
-    py_newnotimplemented(&tmp);
-    py_setdict(&self->builtins, py_name("NotImplemented"), &tmp);
+    py_newnotimplemented(py_emplacedict(&self->builtins, py_name("NotImplemented")));
 
     // add modules
     pk__add_module_pkpy();
     pk__add_module_os();
     pk__add_module_math();
+    pk__add_module_dis();
 
     self->main = *py_newmodule("__main__");
 }
@@ -386,7 +385,7 @@ FrameResult VM__vectorcall(VM* self, uint16_t argc, uint16_t kwargc, bool opcall
         /*****************_py_call*****************/
         // check stack overflow
         if(self->stack.sp > self->stack.end) {
-            py_exception("StackOverflowError", "");
+            py_exception(tp_StackOverflowError, "");
             return RES_ERROR;
         }
 

src/modules/dis.c

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+#include "pocketpy/pocketpy.h"
+
+#include "pocketpy/common/utils.h"
+#include "pocketpy/objects/object.h"
+#include "pocketpy/common/sstream.h"
+#include "pocketpy/interpreter/vm.h"
+
+static void disassemble(CodeObject* co) {
+    c11_vector /*T=int*/ jumpTargets;
+    c11_vector__ctor(&jumpTargets, sizeof(int));
+    for(int i = 0; i < co->codes.count; i++) {
+        Bytecode* bc = c11__at(Bytecode, &co->codes, i);
+        if(Bytecode__is_forward_jump(bc)) {
+            int target = (int16_t)bc->arg + i;
+            c11_vector__push(int, &jumpTargets, target);
+        }
+    }
+
+    c11_sbuf ss;
+    c11_sbuf__ctor(&ss);
+
+    int prev_line = -1;
+    for(int i = 0; i < co->codes.count; i++) {
+        Bytecode byte = c11__getitem(Bytecode, &co->codes, i);
+        BytecodeEx ex = c11__getitem(BytecodeEx, &co->codes_ex, i);
+
+        char line[8] = "";
+        if(ex.lineno == prev_line) {
+            // do nothing
+        } else {
+            snprintf(line, sizeof(line), "%d", ex.lineno);
+            if(prev_line != -1) c11_sbuf__write_char(&ss, '\n');
+            prev_line = ex.lineno;
+        }
+
+        char pointer[4] = "";
+        c11__foreach(int, &jumpTargets, it) {
+            if(*it == i) {
+                snprintf(pointer, sizeof(pointer), "->");
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        char buf[32];
+        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%-8s%-3s%-3d ", line, pointer, i);
+        c11_sbuf__write_cstr(&ss, buf);
+
+        c11_sbuf__write_cstr(&ss, pk_opname(byte.op));
+        c11_sbuf__write_char(&ss, ex.is_virtual ? '*' : ' ');
+        int padding = 24 - strlen(pk_opname(byte.op));
+        for(int j = 0; j < padding; j++)
+            c11_sbuf__write_char(&ss, ' ');
+
+        do {
+            if(Bytecode__is_forward_jump(&byte)) {
+                pk_sprintf(&ss, "%d (to %d)", (int16_t)byte.arg, (int16_t)byte.arg + i);
+                break;
+            }
+
+            c11_sbuf__write_int(&ss, byte.arg);
+            switch(byte.op) {
+                case OP_LOAD_CONST:
+                case OP_FORMAT_STRING:
+                case OP_IMPORT_PATH: {
+                    py_Ref path = c11__at(py_TValue, &co->consts, byte.arg);
+                    pk_sprintf(&ss, " (%q)", py_tosv(path));
+                    break;
+                }
+                case OP_LOAD_NAME:
+                case OP_LOAD_GLOBAL:
+                case OP_LOAD_NONLOCAL:
+                case OP_STORE_GLOBAL:
+                case OP_LOAD_ATTR:
+                case OP_LOAD_METHOD:
+                case OP_STORE_ATTR:
+                case OP_DELETE_ATTR:
+                case OP_BEGIN_CLASS:
+                case OP_GOTO:
+                case OP_DELETE_GLOBAL:
+                case OP_STORE_CLASS_ATTR: {
+                    pk_sprintf(&ss, " (%n)", byte.arg);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case OP_LOAD_FAST:
+                case OP_STORE_FAST:
+                case OP_DELETE_FAST: {
+                    py_Name name = c11__getitem(py_Name, &co->varnames, byte.arg);
+                    pk_sprintf(&ss, " (%n)", name);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case OP_LOAD_FUNCTION: {
+                    const FuncDecl* decl = c11__getitem(FuncDecl*, &co->func_decls, byte.arg);
+                    pk_sprintf(&ss, " (%s)", decl->code.name->data);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case OP_BINARY_OP: {
+                    py_Name name = byte.arg & 0xFF;
+                    pk_sprintf(&ss, " (%n)", name);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        } while(0);
+
+        if(i != co->codes.count - 1) c11_sbuf__write_char(&ss, '\n');
+    }
+
+    c11_string* output = c11_sbuf__submit(&ss);
+    pk_current_vm->print(output->data);
+    pk_current_vm->print("\n");
+    c11_string__delete(output);
+    c11_vector__dtor(&jumpTargets);
+}
+
+static bool dis_dis(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
+    PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(0, tp_function);
+    Function* ud = py_touserdata(argv);
+    disassemble(&ud->decl->code);
+    py_newnone(py_retval());
+    return true;
+}
+
+void pk__add_module_dis() {
+    py_Ref mod = py_newmodule("dis");
+
+    py_bindfunc(mod, "dis", dis_dis);
+}

src/modules/os.c

@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@
 #include "pocketpy/common/sstream.h"
 #include "pocketpy/interpreter/vm.h"
 
-#if _WIN32
+#if PY_SYS_PLATFORM == 0
 #include <direct.h>
 
 int platform_chdir(const char* path) { return _chdir(path); }
 
 bool platform_getcwd(char* buf, size_t size) { return _getcwd(buf, size) != NULL; }
 
-#elif __linux__
+#elif PY_SYS_PLATFORM == 3 || PY_SYS_PLATFORM == 5
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 int platform_chdir(const char* path) { return chdir(path); }

src/public/internal.c

@@ -77,119 +77,13 @@ const char* pk_opname(Opcode op) {
     return OP_NAMES[op];
 }
 
-static void disassemble(CodeObject* co) {
-    c11_vector /*T=int*/ jumpTargets;
-    c11_vector__ctor(&jumpTargets, sizeof(int));
-    for(int i = 0; i < co->codes.count; i++) {
-        Bytecode* bc = c11__at(Bytecode, &co->codes, i);
-        if(Bytecode__is_forward_jump(bc)) {
-            int target = (int16_t)bc->arg + i;
-            c11_vector__push(int, &jumpTargets, target);
-        }
-    }
-
-    c11_sbuf ss;
-    c11_sbuf__ctor(&ss);
-
-    int prev_line = -1;
-    for(int i = 0; i < co->codes.count; i++) {
-        Bytecode byte = c11__getitem(Bytecode, &co->codes, i);
-        BytecodeEx ex = c11__getitem(BytecodeEx, &co->codes_ex, i);
-
-        char line[8] = "";
-        if(ex.lineno == prev_line) {
-            // do nothing
-        } else {
-            snprintf(line, sizeof(line), "%d", ex.lineno);
-            if(prev_line != -1) c11_sbuf__write_char(&ss, '\n');
-            prev_line = ex.lineno;
-        }
-
-        char pointer[4] = "";
-        c11__foreach(int, &jumpTargets, it) {
-            if(*it == i) {
-                snprintf(pointer, sizeof(pointer), "->");
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        char buf[32];
-        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%-8s%-3s%-3d ", line, pointer, i);
-        c11_sbuf__write_cstr(&ss, buf);
-
-        c11_sbuf__write_cstr(&ss, pk_opname(byte.op));
-        c11_sbuf__write_char(&ss, ex.is_virtual ? '*' : ' ');
-        int padding = 24 - strlen(pk_opname(byte.op));
-        for(int j = 0; j < padding; j++)
-            c11_sbuf__write_char(&ss, ' ');
-
-        do {
-            if(Bytecode__is_forward_jump(&byte)) {
-                pk_sprintf(&ss, "%d (to %d)", (int16_t)byte.arg, (int16_t)byte.arg + i);
-                break;
-            }
-
-            c11_sbuf__write_int(&ss, byte.arg);
-            switch(byte.op) {
-                case OP_LOAD_CONST:
-                case OP_FORMAT_STRING:
-                case OP_IMPORT_PATH: {
-                    py_Ref path = c11__at(py_TValue, &co->consts, byte.arg);
-                    pk_sprintf(&ss, " (%q)", py_tosv(path));
-                    break;
-                }
-                case OP_LOAD_NAME:
-                case OP_LOAD_GLOBAL:
-                case OP_LOAD_NONLOCAL:
-                case OP_STORE_GLOBAL:
-                case OP_LOAD_ATTR:
-                case OP_LOAD_METHOD:
-                case OP_STORE_ATTR:
-                case OP_DELETE_ATTR:
-                case OP_BEGIN_CLASS:
-                case OP_GOTO:
-                case OP_DELETE_GLOBAL:
-                case OP_STORE_CLASS_ATTR: {
-                    pk_sprintf(&ss, " (%n)", byte.arg);
-                    break;
-                }
-                case OP_LOAD_FAST:
-                case OP_STORE_FAST:
-                case OP_DELETE_FAST: {
-                    py_Name name = c11__getitem(py_Name, &co->varnames, byte.arg);
-                    pk_sprintf(&ss, " (%n)", name);
-                    break;
-                }
-                case OP_LOAD_FUNCTION: {
-                    const FuncDecl* decl = c11__getitem(FuncDecl*, &co->func_decls, byte.arg);
-                    pk_sprintf(&ss, " (%s)", decl->code.name->data);
-                    break;
-                }
-                case OP_BINARY_OP: {
-                    py_Name name = byte.arg & 0xFF;
-                    pk_sprintf(&ss, " (%n)", name);
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        } while(0);
-
-        if(i != co->codes.count - 1) c11_sbuf__write_char(&ss, '\n');
-    }
-
-    c11_string* output = c11_sbuf__submit(&ss);
-    pk_current_vm->print(output->data);
-    pk_current_vm->print("\n");
-    c11_string__delete(output);
-    c11_vector__dtor(&jumpTargets);
-}
-
 bool py_exec(const char* source, const char* filename, enum py_CompileMode mode, py_Ref module) {
     VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
     CodeObject co;
     SourceData_ src = SourceData__rcnew(source, filename, mode, false);
     Error* err = pk_compile(src, &co);
     if(err) {
-        py_exception("SyntaxError", err->msg);
+        py_exception(tp_SyntaxError, err->msg);
         py_BaseException__stpush(&vm->curr_exception, src, err->lineno, NULL);
 
         PK_DECREF(src);
@@ -197,7 +91,6 @@ bool py_exec(const char* source, const char* filename, enum py_CompileMode mode,
         return false;
     }
 
-    // disassemble(&co);
     if(!module) module = &vm->main;
 
     Frame* frame = Frame__new(&co, module, NULL, vm->stack.sp, vm->stack.sp, &co);

src/public/modules.c

@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ static bool builtins__next(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     int res = py_next(argv);
     if(res == -1) return false;
     if(res) return true;
-    return py_exception("StopIteration", "");
+    return py_exception(tp_StopIteration, "");
 }
 
 static bool builtins__sorted(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
@@ -355,6 +355,25 @@ static bool builtins__issubclass(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
+static bool builtins__getattr(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(1, tp_str);
+    py_Name name = py_namev(py_tosv(py_arg(1)));
+    if(argc == 2) {
+        return py_getattr(py_arg(0), name);
+    } else if(argc == 3) {
+        py_StackRef p0 = py_peek(0);
+        bool ok = py_getattr(py_arg(0), name);
+        if(!ok && py_matchexc(tp_AttributeError)) {
+            py_clearexc(p0);
+            return py_arg(2);  // default value
+        }
+        return ok;
+    } else {
+        return TypeError("getattr() expected 2 or 3 arguments");
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
 py_TValue pk_builtins__register() {
     py_Ref builtins = py_newmodule("builtins");
     py_bindfunc(builtins, "repr", builtins__repr);
@@ -377,14 +396,42 @@ py_TValue pk_builtins__register() {
     py_bindfunc(builtins, "isinstance", builtins__isinstance);
     py_bindfunc(builtins, "issubclass", builtins__issubclass);
 
+    py_bindfunc(builtins, "getattr", builtins__getattr);
+
     // None __repr__
     py_bindmagic(tp_NoneType, __repr__, NoneType__repr__);
     return *builtins;
 }
 
+static bool function__closure__getter(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
+    Function* ud = py_touserdata(argv);
+    if(!ud->closure) {
+        py_newnone(py_retval());
+        return true;
+    }
+    py_Ref r0 = py_pushtmp();
+    py_Ref retval = py_pushtmp();
+    py_newdict(retval);
+    c11__foreach(NameDict_KV, ud->closure, it) {
+        // printf("%s -> %s\n", py_name2str(it->key), py_tpname(it->value.type));
+        py_newstr(r0, py_name2str(it->key));
+        py_dict__setitem(retval, r0, &it->value);
+        if(py_checkexc()) {
+            py_shrink(2);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    py_assign(py_retval(), retval);
+    py_shrink(2);
+    return true;
+}
+
 py_Type pk_function__register() {
     py_Type type =
         pk_newtype("function", tp_object, NULL, (void (*)(void*))Function__dtor, false, true);
+
+    py_bindproperty(type, "__closure__", function__closure__getter, NULL);
     return type;
 }
 

src/public/py_exception.c

@@ -115,6 +115,12 @@ bool py_checkexc() {
     return !py_isnil(&vm->curr_exception);
 }
 
+bool py_matchexc(py_Type type) {
+    VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
+    if(py_isnil(&vm->curr_exception)) return false;
+    return py_issubclass(vm->curr_exception.type, type);
+}
+
 void py_clearexc(py_StackRef p0) {
     VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
     vm->last_retval = *py_NIL;
@@ -145,10 +151,10 @@ char* py_formatexc() {
     for(int i = ud->stacktrace.count - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
         BaseExceptionFrame* frame = c11__at(BaseExceptionFrame, &ud->stacktrace, i);
         SourceData__snapshot(frame->src,
-                                &ss,
-                                frame->lineno,
-                                NULL,
-                                frame->name ? frame->name->data : NULL);
+                             &ss,
+                             frame->lineno,
+                             NULL,
+                             frame->name ? frame->name->data : NULL);
         c11_sbuf__write_char(&ss, '\n');
     }
 
@@ -169,7 +175,7 @@ char* py_formatexc() {
     return dup;
 }
 
-bool py_exception(const char* name, const char* fmt, ...) {
+bool py_exception(py_Type type, const char* fmt, ...) {
     c11_sbuf buf;
     c11_sbuf__ctor(&buf);
     va_list args;
@@ -180,9 +186,7 @@ bool py_exception(const char* name, const char* fmt, ...) {
     py_Ref message = py_pushtmp();
     c11_sbuf__py_submit(&buf, message);
 
-    py_Ref exc_type = py_getdict(&pk_current_vm->builtins, py_name(name));
-    if(exc_type == NULL) c11__abort("py_exception(): '%s' not found", name);
-    bool ok = py_call(exc_type, 1, message);
+    bool ok = py_tpcall(type, 1, message);
     if(!ok) c11__abort("py_exception(): failed to create exception object");
     py_pop();
 
@@ -197,8 +201,7 @@ bool py_raise(py_Ref exc) {
 }
 
 bool KeyError(py_Ref key) {
-    py_Ref cls = py_getdict(&pk_current_vm->builtins, py_name("KeyError"));
-    bool ok = py_call(cls, 1, key);
+    bool ok = py_tpcall(tp_KeyError, 1, key);
     if(!ok) return false;
     return py_raise(py_retval());
 }