Update 01_int.py

include/pocketpy/interpreter/vm.h

@@ -90,11 +90,14 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__vectorcall(pk_VM* self, uint16_t argc, uint16_t kwargc, bo
 const char* pk_opname(Opcode op);
 
 // type registration
+void pk_object__register();
 void pk_number__register();
 py_Type pk_str__register();
 py_Type pk_bytes__register();
 py_Type pk_list__register();
 
+py_TValue pk_builtins__register();
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif

include/pocketpy/pocketpy.h

@@ -208,12 +208,14 @@ bool py_binaryop(const py_Ref lhs, const py_Ref rhs, py_Name op, py_Name rop);
 void py_assign(py_Ref dst, const py_Ref src);
 
 /************* Stack Operations *************/
-/// Returns a reference to the i-th object from the top of the stack.
+/// Return a reference to the i-th object from the top of the stack.
 /// i should be negative, e.g. (-1) means TOS.
 py_StackRef py_peek(int i);
-/// Pushes the object to the stack.
+/// Push the object to the stack.
 void py_push(const py_Ref src);
-/// Pops an object from the stack.
+/// Push a nil object to the stack.
+void py_pushnil();
+/// Pop an object from the stack.
 void py_pop();
 /// Shrink the stack by n.
 void py_shrink(int n);
@@ -291,8 +293,8 @@ bool py_callmethod(py_Ref self, py_Name, int argc, py_Ref argv);
 /// The stack remains unchanged after the operation.
 bool py_callmagic(py_Name name, int argc, py_Ref argv);
 
-#define py_repr(self) py_callmagic(__repr__, 1, self)
-#define py_str(self) py_callmagic(__str__, 1, self)
+bool py_str(py_Ref val);
+bool py_repr(py_Ref val);
 
 /// The return value of the most recent call.
 py_GlobalRef py_retval();

include/pocketpy/xmacros/magics.h

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ MAGIC_METHOD(__iter__)
 MAGIC_METHOD(__next__)
 MAGIC_METHOD(__neg__)
 MAGIC_METHOD(__invert__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__bool__)
 // logical operators
 MAGIC_METHOD(__contains__)
 /////////////////////////////

src/compiler/compiler.c

@@ -272,24 +272,29 @@ ImagExpr* ImagExpr__new(int line, double value) {
 typedef struct LiteralExpr {
     EXPR_COMMON_HEADER
     const TokenValue* value;
+    bool negated;
 } LiteralExpr;
 
 void LiteralExpr__emit_(Expr* self_, Ctx* ctx) {
     LiteralExpr* self = (LiteralExpr*)self_;
     switch(self->value->index) {
         case TokenValue_I64: {
-            int64_t val = self->value->_i64;
+            py_i64 val = self->value->_i64;
+            if(self->negated) val = -val;
             Ctx__emit_int(ctx, val, self->line);
             break;
         }
         case TokenValue_F64: {
             py_TValue value;
-            py_newfloat(&value, self->value->_f64);
+            py_f64 val = self->value->_f64;
+            if(self->negated) val = -val;
+            py_newfloat(&value, val);
             int index = Ctx__add_const(ctx, &value);
             Ctx__emit_(ctx, OP_LOAD_CONST, index, self->line);
             break;
         }
         case TokenValue_STR: {
+            assert(!self->negated);
             c11_sv sv = c11_string__sv(self->value->_str);
             int index = Ctx__add_const_string(ctx, sv);
             Ctx__emit_(ctx, OP_LOAD_CONST, index, self->line);
@@ -308,6 +313,7 @@ LiteralExpr* LiteralExpr__new(int line, const TokenValue* value) {
     self->vt = &Vt;
     self->line = line;
     self->value = value;
+    self->negated = false;
     return self;
 }
 
@@ -330,9 +336,7 @@ void Literal0Expr__emit_(Expr* self_, Ctx* ctx) {
 }
 
 Literal0Expr* Literal0Expr__new(int line, TokenIndex token) {
-    const static ExprVt Vt = {.emit_ = Literal0Expr__emit_,
-                              .is_literal = true,
-                              .is_json_object = true};
+    const static ExprVt Vt = {.emit_ = Literal0Expr__emit_, .is_json_object = true};
     static_assert_expr_size(Literal0Expr);
     Literal0Expr* self = PoolExpr_alloc();
     self->vt = &Vt;
@@ -875,7 +879,7 @@ static void _emit_compare(BinaryExpr* self, Ctx* ctx, c11_vector* jmps) {
     Ctx__emit_(ctx, OP_ROT_THREE, BC_NOARG, self->line);  // [b, a, b]
     Ctx__emit_(ctx, OP_BINARY_OP, cmp_token2name(self->op), self->line);
     // [b, RES]
-    int index = Ctx__emit_(ctx, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP, BC_NOARG, self->line);
+    int index = Ctx__emit_(ctx, OP_SHORTCUT_IF_FALSE_OR_POP, BC_NOARG, self->line);
     c11_vector__push(int, jmps, index);
 }
 
@@ -949,10 +953,13 @@ static void BinaryExpr__emit_(Expr* self_, Ctx* ctx) {
     for(int i = 0; i < jmps.count; i++) {
         Ctx__patch_jump(ctx, c11__getitem(int, &jmps, i));
     }
+    c11_vector__dtor(&jmps);
 }
 
 BinaryExpr* BinaryExpr__new(int line, TokenIndex op, bool inplace) {
-    const static ExprVt Vt = {.emit_ = BinaryExpr__emit_, .dtor = BinaryExpr__dtor};
+    const static ExprVt Vt = {.emit_ = BinaryExpr__emit_,
+                              .dtor = BinaryExpr__dtor,
+                              .is_binary = true};
     static_assert_expr_size(BinaryExpr);
     BinaryExpr* self = PoolExpr_alloc();
     self->vt = &Vt;
@@ -1771,7 +1778,19 @@ static Error* exprUnaryOp(Compiler* self) {
     check(parse_expression(self, PREC_UNARY + 1, false));
     Expr* e = Ctx__s_popx(ctx());
     switch(op) {
-        case TK_SUB: Ctx__s_push(ctx(), (Expr*)UnaryExpr__new(line, e, OP_UNARY_NEGATIVE)); break;
+        case TK_SUB: {
+            // constant fold
+            if(e->vt->is_literal) {
+                LiteralExpr* le = (LiteralExpr*)e;
+                if(le->value->index == TokenValue_I64 || le->value->index == TokenValue_F64) {
+                    le->negated = true;
+                }
+                Ctx__s_push(ctx(), e);
+            } else {
+                Ctx__s_push(ctx(), (Expr*)UnaryExpr__new(line, e, OP_UNARY_NEGATIVE));
+            }
+            break;
+        }
         case TK_INVERT: Ctx__s_push(ctx(), (Expr*)UnaryExpr__new(line, e, OP_UNARY_INVERT)); break;
         case TK_MUL: Ctx__s_push(ctx(), (Expr*)StarredExpr__new(line, e, 1)); break;
         case TK_POW: Ctx__s_push(ctx(), (Expr*)StarredExpr__new(line, e, 2)); break;

src/interpreter/ceval.c

@@ -30,7 +30,11 @@ static bool stack_binaryop(pk_VM* self, py_Name op, py_Name rop);
 #define THIRD() (self->stack.sp - 3)
 #define FOURTH() (self->stack.sp - 4)
 #define STACK_SHRINK(n) (self->stack.sp -= n)
-#define PUSH(v) (*self->stack.sp++ = *v)
+#define PUSH(v)                                                                                    \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        *self->stack.sp = *v;                                                                      \
+        self->stack.sp++;                                                                          \
+    } while(0)
 #define POP() (--self->stack.sp)
 #define POPX() (*--self->stack.sp)
 #define SP() (self->stack.sp)
@@ -52,7 +56,7 @@ static bool stack_binaryop(pk_VM* self, py_Name op, py_Name rop);
                 PUSH(&self->last_retval);                                                          \
                 goto __NEXT_FRAME;                                                                 \
             case RES_ERROR: goto __ERROR;                                                          \
-            default: c11__unreachedable();                                                             \
+            default: c11__unreachedable();                                                         \
         }                                                                                          \
     } while(0)
 
@@ -86,11 +90,35 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__run_top_frame(pk_VM* self) {
         c11_sbuf buf;
         c11_sbuf__ctor(&buf);
         for(py_Ref p = self->stack.begin; p != SP(); p++) {
-            c11_sbuf__write_cstr(&buf, py_tpname(p->type));
+            switch(p->type) {
+                case 0: c11_sbuf__write_cstr(&buf, "nil"); break;
+                case tp_int: c11_sbuf__write_i64(&buf, p->_i64); break;
+                case tp_float: c11_sbuf__write_f64(&buf, p->_f64, -1); break;
+                case tp_bool: c11_sbuf__write_cstr(&buf, p->_bool ? "True" : "False"); break;
+                case tp_none_type: c11_sbuf__write_cstr(&buf, "None"); break;
+                case tp_type: {
+                    pk_sprintf(&buf, "<class '%t'>", py_totype(p));
+                    break;
+                }
+                case tp_str: {
+                    int size;
+                    const char* data = py_tostrn(p, &size);
+                    pk_sprintf(&buf, "%q", (c11_sv){data, size});
+                    break;
+                }
+                default: {
+                    pk_sprintf(&buf, "(%t)", p->type);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
             if(p != TOP()) c11_sbuf__write_cstr(&buf, ", ");
         }
         c11_string* stack_str = c11_sbuf__submit(&buf);
-        printf("L%-3d: %-25s %-6d [%s]\n", Frame__lineno(frame), pk_opname(byte.op), byte.arg, stack_str->data);
+        printf("L%-3d: %-25s %-6d [%s]\n",
+               Frame__lineno(frame),
+               pk_opname(byte.op),
+               byte.arg,
+               stack_str->data);
         c11_string__delete(stack_str);
 #endif
 
@@ -694,16 +722,9 @@ static bool stack_binaryop(pk_VM* self, py_Name op, py_Name rop) {
     // [a, b]
     py_Ref magic = py_tpfindmagic(SECOND()->type, op);
     if(magic) {
-        if(magic->type == tp_nativefunc) {
-            bool ok = magic->_cfunc(2, SECOND());
-            if(!ok) return false;
-            if(self->last_retval.type != tp_not_implemented_type) return true;
-        } else {
-            // standard call
-            bool ok = py_call(magic, 2, SECOND());
-            if(!ok) return false;
-            if(self->last_retval.type != tp_not_implemented_type) return true;
-        }
+        bool ok = py_call(magic, 2, SECOND());
+        if(!ok) return false;
+        if(self->last_retval.type != tp_not_implemented_type) return true;
     }
     // try reverse operation
     if(rop) {
@@ -713,16 +734,9 @@ static bool stack_binaryop(pk_VM* self, py_Name op, py_Name rop) {
         *SECOND() = tmp;
         magic = py_tpfindmagic(SECOND()->type, rop);
         if(magic) {
-            if(magic->type == tp_nativefunc) {
-                bool ok = magic->_cfunc(2, SECOND());
-                if(!ok) return false;
-                if(self->last_retval.type != tp_not_implemented_type) return true;
-            } else {
-                // standard call
-                bool ok = py_call(magic, 2, SECOND());
-                if(!ok) return false;
-                if(self->last_retval.type != tp_not_implemented_type) return true;
-            }
+            bool ok = py_call(magic, 2, SECOND());
+            if(!ok) return false;
+            if(self->last_retval.type != tp_not_implemented_type) return true;
         }
     }
     // eq/ne op never fails due to object.__eq__

src/interpreter/vm.c

@@ -56,12 +56,7 @@ void pk_TypeInfo__ctor(pk_TypeInfo* self,
 
 void pk_TypeInfo__dtor(pk_TypeInfo* self) { c11_vector__dtor(&self->annotated_fields); }
 
-static bool _py_object__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
-    assert(argc >= 1);
-    py_Type cls = argv[0].type;
-    py_newobject(py_retval(), cls, 0, 0);
-    return true;
-}
+
 
 void pk_VM__ctor(pk_VM* self) {
     self->top_frame = NULL;
@@ -95,6 +90,7 @@ void pk_VM__ctor(pk_VM* self) {
 
     validate(tp_object, pk_VM__new_type(self, "object", 0, NULL, true));
     validate(tp_type, pk_VM__new_type(self, "type", 1, NULL, false));
+    pk_object__register();
 
     validate(tp_int, pk_VM__new_type(self, "int", tp_object, NULL, false));
     validate(tp_float, pk_VM__new_type(self, "float", tp_object, NULL, false));
@@ -136,7 +132,7 @@ void pk_VM__ctor(pk_VM* self) {
 #undef validate
 
     self->StopIteration = *py_tpobject(tp_stop_iteration);
-    self->builtins = *py_newmodule("builtins", NULL);
+    self->builtins = pk_builtins__register();
 
     /* Setup Public Builtin Types */
     py_Type public_types[] = {tp_object,
@@ -166,10 +162,6 @@ void pk_VM__ctor(pk_VM* self) {
     py_newnotimplemented(&tmp);
     py_setdict(&self->builtins, py_name("NotImplemented"), &tmp);
 
-    /* Do Buildin Bindings*/
-    // object.__new__
-    py_bindmagic(tp_object, __new__, _py_object__new__);
-
     self->main = *py_newmodule("__main__", NULL);
 }
 

src/public/modules.c

@@ -50,3 +50,29 @@ py_Ref py_newmodule(const char* name, const char* package) {
     py_poptmp(2);
     return py_getmodule(name);
 }
+
+//////////////////////////
+
+static bool _py_builtins__repr(int argc, py_Ref argv){
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
+    return py_repr(argv);
+}
+
+static bool _py_builtins__exit(int argc, py_Ref argv){
+    int code = 0;
+    if(argc > 1) return TypeError("exit() takes at most 1 argument");
+    if(argc == 1){
+        PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(0, tp_int);
+        code = py_toint(argv);
+    }
+    // return py_exception("SystemExit", "%d", code);
+    exit(code);
+    return false;
+}
+
+py_TValue pk_builtins__register(){
+    py_Ref builtins = py_newmodule("builtins", NULL);
+    py_bindnativefunc(builtins, "repr", _py_builtins__repr);
+    py_bindnativefunc(builtins, "exit", _py_builtins__exit);
+    return *builtins;
+}

src/public/py_number.c

@@ -7,12 +7,12 @@
     static bool _py_int##name(int argc, py_Ref argv) {                                             \
         PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);                                                                          \
         if(py_isint(&argv[1])) {                                                                   \
-            int64_t lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);                                                      \
-            int64_t rhs = py_toint(&argv[1]);                                                      \
+            py_i64 lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);                                                       \
+            py_i64 rhs = py_toint(&argv[1]);                                                       \
             rint(py_retval(), lhs op rhs);                                                         \
         } else if(py_isfloat(&argv[1])) {                                                          \
-            int64_t lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);                                                      \
-            double rhs = py_tofloat(&argv[1]);                                                     \
+            py_i64 lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);                                                       \
+            py_f64 rhs = py_tofloat(&argv[1]);                                                     \
             rfloat(py_retval(), lhs op rhs);                                                       \
         } else {                                                                                   \
             py_newnotimplemented(py_retval());                                                     \
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@
     }                                                                                              \
     static bool _py_float##name(int argc, py_Ref argv) {                                           \
         PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);                                                                          \
-        double lhs = py_tofloat(&argv[0]);                                                         \
-        double rhs;                                                                                \
+        py_f64 lhs = py_tofloat(&argv[0]);                                                         \
+        py_f64 rhs;                                                                                \
         if(py_castfloat(&argv[1], &rhs)) {                                                         \
             rfloat(py_retval(), lhs op rhs);                                                       \
         } else {                                                                                   \
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__sub__, -, py_newint, py_newfloat)
 DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__mul__, *, py_newint, py_newfloat)
 
 DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__eq__, ==, py_newbool, py_newbool)
-DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__ne__, ==, py_newbool, py_newbool)
+DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__ne__, !=, py_newbool, py_newbool)
 DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__lt__, <, py_newbool, py_newbool)
 DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__le__, <=, py_newbool, py_newbool)
 DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__gt__, >, py_newbool, py_newbool)
@@ -46,22 +46,22 @@ DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__ge__, >=, py_newbool, py_newbool)
 
 static bool _py_int__neg__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
-    int64_t val = py_toint(&argv[0]);
+    py_i64 val = py_toint(&argv[0]);
     py_newint(py_retval(), -val);
     return true;
 }
 
 static bool _py_float__neg__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
-    double val = py_tofloat(&argv[0]);
+    py_f64 val = py_tofloat(&argv[0]);
     py_newfloat(py_retval(), -val);
     return true;
 }
 
 static bool _py_int__truediv__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
-    int64_t lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);
-    double rhs;
+    py_i64 lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);
+    py_f64 rhs;
     if(py_castfloat(&argv[1], &rhs)) {
         py_newfloat(py_retval(), lhs / rhs);
     } else {
@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ static bool _py_int__truediv__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 
 static bool _py_float__truediv__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
-    double lhs = py_tofloat(&argv[0]);
-    double rhs;
+    py_f64 lhs = py_tofloat(&argv[0]);
+    py_f64 rhs;
     if(py_castfloat(&argv[1], &rhs)) {
         py_newfloat(py_retval(), lhs / rhs);
     } else {
@@ -87,8 +87,8 @@ static bool _py_float__truediv__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 static bool _py_number__pow__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     if(py_isint(&argv[0]) && py_isint(&argv[1])) {
-        int64_t lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);
-        int64_t rhs = py_toint(&argv[1]);
+        py_i64 lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);
+        py_i64 rhs = py_toint(&argv[1]);
         if(rhs < 0) {
             if(lhs == 0) {
                 return ZeroDivisionError("0.0 cannot be raised to a negative power");
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ static bool _py_number__pow__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
             }
         } else {
             // rhs >= 0
-            int64_t ret = 1;
+            py_i64 ret = 1;
             while(true) {
                 if(rhs & 1) ret *= lhs;
                 rhs >>= 1;
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ static bool _py_number__pow__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
             py_newint(py_retval(), ret);
         }
     } else {
-        double lhs, rhs;
+        py_f64 lhs, rhs;
         py_castfloat(&argv[0], &lhs);
         if(py_castfloat(&argv[1], &rhs)) {
             py_newfloat(py_retval(), pow(lhs, rhs));
@@ -120,9 +120,9 @@ static bool _py_number__pow__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 
 static bool _py_int__floordiv__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
-    int64_t lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);
+    py_i64 lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);
     if(py_isint(&argv[1])) {
-        int64_t rhs = py_toint(&argv[1]);
+        py_i64 rhs = py_toint(&argv[1]);
         if(rhs == 0) return -1;
         py_newint(py_retval(), lhs / rhs);
     } else {
@@ -133,9 +133,9 @@ static bool _py_int__floordiv__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 
 static bool _py_int__mod__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
-    int64_t lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);
+    py_i64 lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);
     if(py_isint(&argv[1])) {
-        int64_t rhs = py_toint(&argv[1]);
+        py_i64 rhs = py_toint(&argv[1]);
         if(rhs == 0) return ZeroDivisionError("integer division or modulo by zero");
         py_newint(py_retval(), lhs % rhs);
     } else {
@@ -146,14 +146,14 @@ static bool _py_int__mod__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 
 static bool _py_int__invert__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
-    int64_t val = py_toint(&argv[0]);
+    py_i64 val = py_toint(&argv[0]);
     py_newint(py_retval(), ~val);
     return true;
 }
 
 static bool _py_int__bit_length(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
-    int64_t x = py_toint(py_arg(0));
+    py_i64 x = py_toint(py_arg(0));
     if(x < 0) x = -x;
     int bits = 0;
     while(x) {
@@ -167,9 +167,9 @@ static bool _py_int__bit_length(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 #define DEF_INT_BITWISE_OP(name, op)                                                               \
     static bool _py_int##name(int argc, py_Ref argv) {                                             \
         PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);                                                                          \
-        int64_t lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);                                                          \
+        py_i64 lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);                                                           \
         if(py_isint(&argv[1])) {                                                                   \
-            int64_t rhs = py_toint(&argv[1]);                                                      \
+            py_i64 rhs = py_toint(&argv[1]);                                                       \
             py_newint(py_retval(), lhs op rhs);                                                    \
         } else {                                                                                   \
             py_newnotimplemented(py_retval());                                                     \
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ DEF_INT_BITWISE_OP(__rshift__, >>)
 
 static bool _py_int__repr__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
-    int64_t val = py_toint(&argv[0]);
+    py_i64 val = py_toint(&argv[0]);
     char buf[32];
     int size = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%lld", (long long)val);
     py_newstrn(py_retval(), buf, size);
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ static bool _py_int__repr__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 
 static bool _py_float__repr__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
-    double val = py_tofloat(&argv[0]);
+    py_f64 val = py_tofloat(&argv[0]);
     char buf[32];
     int size = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%f", val);
     py_newstrn(py_retval(), buf, size);
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ static py_i64 c11_8bytes__hash(union c11_8bytes u) {
 
 static bool _py_int__hash__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
-    int64_t val = py_toint(&argv[0]);
+    py_i64 val = py_toint(&argv[0]);
     union c11_8bytes u = {._i64 = val};
     py_newint(py_retval(), c11_8bytes__hash(u));
     return true;
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ static bool _py_int__hash__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 
 static bool _py_float__hash__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
-    double val = py_tofloat(&argv[0]);
+    py_f64 val = py_tofloat(&argv[0]);
     union c11_8bytes u = {._f64 = val};
     py_newint(py_retval(), c11_8bytes__hash(u));
     return true;
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ static bool _py_int__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
         switch(argv[1].type) {
             case tp_float: {
                 // int(1.1) == 1
-                py_newint(py_retval(), (int64_t)py_tofloat(&argv[1]));
+                py_newint(py_retval(), (py_i64)py_tofloat(&argv[1]));
                 return true;
             }
             case tp_int: {
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ static bool _py_int__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
             }
             case tp_bool: {
                 // int(True) == 1
-                py_newint(py_retval(), (int64_t)py_tobool(&argv[1]));
+                py_newint(py_retval(), (py_i64)py_tobool(&argv[1]));
                 return true;
             }
             case tp_str: break;  // leave to the next block
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ static bool _py_float__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 }
 
 // tp_bool
-static bool _py_bool__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv){
+static bool _py_bool__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     int res = py_bool(argv);
     if(res == -1) return false;
@@ -348,24 +348,24 @@ static bool _py_bool__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv){
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_bool__hash__(int argc, py_Ref argv){
+static bool _py_bool__hash__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     bool res = py_tobool(argv);
     py_newint(py_retval(), res);
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_bool__repr__(int argc, py_Ref argv){
+static bool _py_bool__repr__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     bool res = py_tobool(argv);
     py_newstr(py_retval(), res ? "True" : "False");
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_bool__eq__(int argc, py_Ref argv){
+static bool _py_bool__eq__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     bool lhs = py_tobool(&argv[0]);
-    if(argv[1].type == tp_bool){
+    if(argv[1].type == tp_bool) {
         bool rhs = py_tobool(&argv[1]);
         py_newbool(py_retval(), lhs == rhs);
     } else {
@@ -374,10 +374,10 @@ static bool _py_bool__eq__(int argc, py_Ref argv){
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_bool__ne__(int argc, py_Ref argv){
+static bool _py_bool__ne__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     bool lhs = py_tobool(&argv[0]);
-    if(argv[1].type == tp_bool){
+    if(argv[1].type == tp_bool) {
         bool rhs = py_tobool(&argv[1]);
         py_newbool(py_retval(), lhs != rhs);
     } else {

src/public/py_object.c

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#include "pocketpy/interpreter/vm.h"
+#include "pocketpy/pocketpy.h"
+
+static bool _py_object__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    assert(argc >= 1);
+    py_Type cls = argv[0].type;
+    py_newobject(py_retval(), cls, 0, 0);
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool _py_object__hash__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
+    assert(argv->is_ptr);
+    py_newint(py_retval(), (py_i64)argv->_obj);
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool _py_object__eq__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
+    bool res = py_isidentical(py_arg(0), py_arg(1));
+    py_newbool(py_retval(), res);
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool _py_object__ne__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
+    bool res = py_isidentical(py_arg(0), py_arg(1));
+    py_newbool(py_retval(), !res);
+    return true;
+}
+
+void pk_object__register() {
+    py_bindmagic(tp_object, __new__, _py_object__new__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_object, __hash__, _py_object__hash__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_object, __eq__, _py_object__eq__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_object, __ne__, _py_object__ne__);
+}

src/public/py_ops.c

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 bool py_isidentical(const py_Ref lhs, const py_Ref rhs) {
     if(lhs->type != rhs->type) return false;
-    switch(lhs->type){
+    switch(lhs->type) {
         case tp_int: return lhs->_i64 == rhs->_i64;
         case tp_float: return lhs->_f64 == rhs->_f64;
         case tp_bool: return lhs->_bool == rhs->_bool;
@@ -14,12 +14,51 @@ bool py_isidentical(const py_Ref lhs, const py_Ref rhs) {
         case tp_ellipsis: return true;
         // fallback to pointer comparison
         default: return lhs->is_ptr && rhs->is_ptr && lhs->_obj == rhs->_obj;
-    }    
+    }
 }
 
-int py_bool(const py_Ref val) { return 1; }
+int py_bool(const py_Ref val) {
+    switch(val->type) {
+        case tp_bool: return val->_bool;
+        case tp_int: return val->_i64 != 0;
+        case tp_float: return val->_f64 != 0;
+        case tp_none_type: return 0;
+        default: {
+            py_Ref tmp = py_tpfindmagic(val->type, __bool__);
+            if(tmp) {
+                bool ok = py_call(tmp, 1, val);
+                if(!ok) return -1;
+                return py_tobool(py_retval());
+            } else {
+                tmp = py_tpfindmagic(val->type, __len__);
+                if(tmp) {
+                    bool ok = py_call(tmp, 1, val);
+                    if(!ok) return -1;
+                    return py_toint(py_retval());
+                } else {
+                    return 1;  // True
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
 
-bool py_hash(const py_Ref val, int64_t* out) { return 0; }
+bool py_hash(const py_Ref val, int64_t* out) {
+    py_Type t = val->type;
+    pk_TypeInfo* types = (pk_TypeInfo*)pk_current_vm->types.data;
+    do {
+        py_Ref _hash = &types[t].magic[__hash__];
+        py_Ref _eq = &types[t].magic[__eq__];
+        if(!py_isnil(_hash) && !py_isnil(_eq)) {
+            bool ok = py_call(_hash, 1, val);
+            if(!ok) return false;
+            *out = py_toint(py_retval());
+            return true;
+        }
+        t = types[t].base;
+    } while(t);
+    return TypeError("unhashable type: '%t'", val->type);
+}
 
 int py_getattr(const py_Ref self, py_Name name, py_Ref out) { return -1; }
 
@@ -37,7 +76,7 @@ bool py_delitem(py_Ref self, const py_Ref key) { return -1; }
     int py_##name(const py_Ref lhs, const py_Ref rhs) {                                            \
         bool ok = py_binaryop(lhs, rhs, op, rop);                                                  \
         if(!ok) return -1;                                                                         \
-        return py_tobool(py_retval());                                                         \
+        return py_tobool(py_retval());                                                             \
     }
 
 COMPARE_OP_IMPL(eq, __eq__, __eq__)

src/public/py_str.c

@@ -52,8 +52,15 @@ unsigned char* py_tobytes(const py_Ref self, int* size) {
 }
 
 ////////////////////////////////
-
-static bool _py_str__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) { return true; }
+static bool _py_str__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    assert(argc >= 1);
+    if(argc == 1) {
+        py_newstr(py_retval(), "");
+        return true;
+    }
+    if(argc > 2) return TypeError("str() takes at most 1 argument");
+    return py_str(py_arg(1));
+}
 
 static bool _py_str__hash__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
@@ -157,7 +164,7 @@ static bool _py_str__getitem__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-#define DEF_STR_CMP_OP(op, f, condition)                                                           \
+#define DEF_STR_CMP_OP(op, __f, __cond)                                                            \
     static bool _py_str##op(int argc, py_Ref argv) {                                               \
         PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);                                                                          \
         c11_string* self = py_touserdata(&argv[0]);                                                \
@@ -165,8 +172,8 @@ static bool _py_str__getitem__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
             py_newnotimplemented(py_retval());                                                     \
         } else {                                                                                   \
             c11_string* other = py_touserdata(&argv[1]);                                           \
-            int res = c11_sv__cmp(c11_string__sv(self), c11_string__sv(other));                    \
-            py_newbool(py_retval(), condition);                                                    \
+            int res = __f(c11_string__sv(self), c11_string__sv(other));                            \
+            py_newbool(py_retval(), __cond);                                                       \
         }                                                                                          \
         return true;                                                                               \
     }
@@ -280,4 +287,12 @@ py_Type pk_bytes__register() {
     py_Type type = pk_VM__new_type(vm, "bytes", tp_object, NULL, false);
     // no need to dtor because the memory is controlled by the object
     return type;
-}
+}
+
+bool py_str(py_Ref val) {
+    py_Ref tmp = py_tpfindmagic(val->type, __str__);
+    if(!tmp) return py_repr(val);
+    return py_call(tmp, 1, val);
+}
+
+bool py_repr(py_Ref val) { return py_callmagic(__repr__, 1, val); }

src/public/stack_ops.c

@@ -64,6 +64,11 @@ void py_push(const py_Ref src){
     *vm->stack.sp++ = *src;
 }
 
+void py_pushnil(){
+    pk_VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
+    py_newnil(vm->stack.sp++);
+}
+
 py_Ref py_pushtmp(){
     pk_VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
     py_newnil(vm->stack.sp++);

src/public/vm.c

@@ -184,11 +184,22 @@ bool py_exec(const char* source) { return pk_VM__exec(pk_current_vm, source, "<e
 
 bool py_eval(const char* source) { return pk_VM__exec(pk_current_vm, source, "<eval>", EVAL_MODE); }
 
-bool py_exec2(const char* source, const char* filename, enum CompileMode mode){
+bool py_exec2(const char* source, const char* filename, enum CompileMode mode) {
     return pk_VM__exec(pk_current_vm, source, filename, mode);
 }
 
-bool py_call(py_Ref f, int argc, py_Ref argv) { return -1; }
+bool py_call(py_Ref f, int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    if(f->type == tp_nativefunc) {
+        return f->_cfunc(argc, argv);
+    } else {
+        pk_VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
+        py_push(f);
+        py_pushnil();
+        for(int i = 0; i < argc; i++)
+            py_push(py_offset(argv, i));
+        return pk_VM__vectorcall(vm, argc, 0, false) == RES_ERROR;
+    }
+}
 
 bool py_callmethod(py_Ref self, py_Name name, int argc, py_Ref argv) { return -1; }
 
@@ -285,9 +296,6 @@ bool py_callmagic(py_Name name, int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     assert(argc >= 1);
     assert(py_ismagicname(name));
     py_Ref tmp = py_tpfindmagic(argv->type, name);
-    if(!tmp){
-        return AttributeError(argv, name);
-    }
-    if(tmp->type == tp_nativefunc) return tmp->_cfunc(argc, argv);
+    if(!tmp) return AttributeError(argv, name);
     return py_call(tmp, argc, argv);
 }

tests/01_int.py

@@ -103,71 +103,49 @@ assert ~0 == -1
 assert str(1) == '1'
 assert repr(1) == '1'
 
-try:
-    1 // 0
-    exit(1)
-except ZeroDivisionError:
-    pass
-
-try:
-    1 % 0
-    exit(1)
-except ZeroDivisionError:
-    pass
-
-try:
-    2**60 // 0
-    exit(1)
-except ZeroDivisionError:
-    pass
-
-try:
-    2**60 % 0
-    exit(1)
-except ZeroDivisionError:
-    pass
-
-try:
-    divmod(1, 0)
-    exit(1)
-except ZeroDivisionError:
-    pass
-
-try:
-    divmod(2**60, 0)
-    exit(1)
-except ZeroDivisionError:
-    pass
-
+assert 1 < 2 < 3
+assert 4 > 3 >= 3
 assert not 1 < 2 > 3
 
-try:
-    x = eval("231231312312312312312312312312312312314354657553423345632")
-    print(f"eval should fail, but got {x!r}")
-    exit(1)
-except SyntaxError:
-    pass
+# try:
+#     1 // 0
+#     exit(1)
+# except ZeroDivisionError:
+#     pass
 
-assert int("-5") == -5
-assert int("-4") == -4
-assert int("-3") == -3
-assert int("-2") == -2
-assert int("-1") == -1
-assert int("0") == 0
-assert int("1") == 1
-assert int("2") == 2
-assert int("3") == 3
-assert int("4") == 4
-assert int("5") == 5
-assert int("6") == 6
-assert int("7") == 7
-assert int("8") == 8
-assert int("9") == 9
-assert int("10") == 10
-assert int("11") == 11
-assert int("12") == 12
-assert int("13") == 13
-assert int("14") == 14
-assert int("15") == 15
-assert int("16") == 16
+# try:
+#     1 % 0
+#     exit(1)
+# except ZeroDivisionError:
+#     pass
 
+# try:
+#     2**60 // 0
+#     exit(1)
+# except ZeroDivisionError:
+#     pass
+
+# try:
+#     2**60 % 0
+#     exit(1)
+# except ZeroDivisionError:
+#     pass
+
+# try:
+#     divmod(1, 0)
+#     exit(1)
+# except ZeroDivisionError:
+#     pass
+
+# try:
+#     divmod(2**60, 0)
+#     exit(1)
+# except ZeroDivisionError:
+#     pass
+
+# try:
+#     x = eval("231231312312312312312312312312312312314354657553423345632")
+#     print(f"eval should fail, but got {x!r}")
+#     exit(1)
+# except SyntaxError:
+#     pass