...

include/pocketpy/common/utils.h

@@ -7,12 +7,6 @@
 extern "C" {
 #endif
 
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-#define PK_INLINE inline
-#else
-#define PK_INLINE static inline
-#endif
-
 #define PK_REGION(name) 1
 
 #define PK_SLICE_LOOP(i, start, stop, step)                                                        \

include/pocketpy/interpreter/frame.h

@@ -38,38 +38,26 @@ typedef struct Frame {
     struct Frame* f_back;
     const Bytecode* ip;
     const CodeObject* co;
-    py_TValue module;    // weak ref
+    py_TValue module;      // weak ref
-    PyObject* function;  // a function object or NULL (global scope)
+    py_StackRef function;  // a function object or NULL (global scope)
-    py_TValue* p0;       // unwinding base
+    py_StackRef p0;        // unwinding base
-    py_TValue* locals;   // locals base
+    py_StackRef locals;    // locals base
     const CodeObject* locals_co;
     UnwindTarget* uw_list;
 } Frame;
 
 Frame* Frame__new(const CodeObject* co,
                   py_TValue* module,
-                  const py_TValue* function,
+                  py_StackRef function,
-                  py_TValue* p0,
+                  py_StackRef p0,
-                  py_TValue* locals,
+                  py_StackRef locals,
                   const CodeObject* locals_co);
 void Frame__delete(Frame* self);
 
-PK_INLINE int Frame__ip(const Frame* self) { return self->ip - (Bytecode*)self->co->codes.data; }
+int Frame__ip(const Frame* self);
-
+int Frame__lineno(const Frame* self);
-PK_INLINE int Frame__lineno(const Frame* self) {
+int Frame__iblock(const Frame* self);
-    int ip = Frame__ip(self);
+py_TValue* Frame__f_locals_try_get(Frame* self, py_Name name);
-    return c11__getitem(BytecodeEx, &self->co->codes_ex, ip).lineno;
-}
-
-PK_INLINE int Frame__iblock(const Frame* self) {
-    int ip = Frame__ip(self);
-    return c11__getitem(BytecodeEx, &self->co->codes_ex, ip).iblock;
-}
-
-PK_INLINE py_TValue* Frame__f_locals_try_get(Frame* self, py_Name name) {
-    return FastLocals__try_get_by_name(self->locals, self->locals_co, name);
-}
-
 py_TValue* Frame__f_closure_try_get(Frame* self, py_Name name);
 
 int Frame__prepare_jump_exception_handler(Frame* self, ValueStack*);

include/pocketpy/pocketpy.h

@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ extern py_GlobalRef py_None;
 extern py_GlobalRef py_NIL;
 
 /************* Global Setup *************/
+
 /// Initialize pocketpy and the default VM.
 void py_initialize();
 /// Finalize pocketpy.
@@ -73,67 +74,102 @@ bool py_exec(const char* source,
              py_Ref module) PY_RAISE;
 
 /************* Values Creation *************/
-void py_newint(py_Ref, py_i64);
-void py_newfloat(py_Ref, py_f64);
-void py_newbool(py_Ref, bool);
-void py_newstr(py_Ref, const char*);
-void py_newstrn(py_Ref, const char*, int);
-unsigned char* py_newbytes(py_Ref, int);
-void py_newnone(py_Ref);
-void py_newnotimplemented(py_Ref out);
-void py_newellipsis(py_Ref out);
-void py_newnil(py_Ref);
 
-/// Create a tuple with n UNINITIALIZED elements.
+/// Create an `int` object.
+void py_newint(py_Ref, py_i64);
+/// Create a `float` object.
+void py_newfloat(py_Ref, py_f64);
+/// Create a `bool` object.
+void py_newbool(py_Ref, bool);
+/// Create a `str` object from a null-terminated string (utf-8).
+void py_newstr(py_Ref, const char*);
+/// Create a `str` object from a char array (utf-8).
+void py_newstrn(py_Ref, const char*, int);
+/// Create a `bytes` object with `n` UNINITIALIZED bytes.
+unsigned char* py_newbytes(py_Ref, int n);
+/// Create a `None` object.
+void py_newnone(py_Ref);
+/// Create a `NotImplemented` object.
+void py_newnotimplemented(py_Ref out);
+/// Create a `...` object.
+void py_newellipsis(py_Ref out);
+/// Create a `nil` object. `nil` is an invalid representation of an object.
+/// Don't use it unless you know what you are doing.
+void py_newnil(py_Ref);
+/// Create a `tuple` with `n` UNINITIALIZED elements.
 /// You should initialize all elements before using it.
 void py_newtuple(py_Ref, int n);
-/// Create a list.
+/// Create an empty `list`.
 void py_newlist(py_Ref);
-/// Create a list with n UNINITIALIZED elements.
+/// Create a `list` with `n` UNINITIALIZED elements.
 /// You should initialize all elements before using it.
 void py_newlistn(py_Ref, int n);
-
+/// Create an empty `dict`.
 void py_newdict(py_Ref);
+/// Create an UNINITIALIZED `slice` object.
+/// You should use `py_setslot()` to set `start`, `stop`, and `step`.
 void py_newslice(py_Ref);
+/// Create a `nativefunc` object.
 void py_newnativefunc(py_Ref out, py_CFunction);
+/// Create a `function` object.
 py_Name
     py_newfunction(py_Ref out, const char* sig, py_CFunction f, const char* docstring, int slots);
+/// Create a `boundmethod` object.
 void py_newboundmethod(py_Ref out, py_Ref self, py_Ref func);
 
 /************* Name Convertions *************/
+
+/// Convert a null-terminated string to a name.
 py_Name py_name(const char*);
+/// Convert a name to a null-terminated string.
 const char* py_name2str(py_Name);
+/// Convert a name to a `c11_sv`.
 py_Name py_namev(c11_sv name);
+/// Convert a `c11_sv` to a name.
 c11_sv py_name2sv(py_Name);
 
 #define py_ismagicname(name) (name <= __missing__)
 
 /************* Meta Operations *************/
+
 /// Create a new type.
 /// @param name name of the type.
 /// @param base base type.
-/// @param module module where the type is defined. Use NULL for built-in types.
+/// @param module module where the type is defined. Use `NULL` for built-in types.
-/// @param dtor destructor function. Use NULL if not needed.
+/// @param dtor destructor function. Use `NULL` if not needed.
 py_Type py_newtype(const char* name, py_Type base, const py_GlobalRef module, void (*dtor)(void*));
 
 /// Create a new object.
 /// @param out output reference.
 /// @param type type of the object.
 /// @param slots number of slots. Use -1 to create a `__dict__`.
-/// @param udsize size of your userdata. You can use `py_touserdata()` to get the pointer to it.
+/// @param udsize size of your userdata.
+/// @return pointer to the userdata.
 void* py_newobject(py_Ref out, py_Type type, int slots, int udsize);
 
 /************* Type Cast *************/
-py_i64 py_toint(py_Ref);
-py_f64 py_tofloat(py_Ref);
-bool py_castfloat(py_Ref, py_f64* out) PY_RAISE;
-bool py_tobool(py_Ref);
-py_Type py_totype(py_Ref);
-const char* py_tostr(py_Ref);
-const char* py_tostrn(py_Ref, int* size);
-c11_sv py_tosv(py_Ref);
-unsigned char* py_tobytes(py_Ref, int* size);
 
+/// Convert an `int` object in python to `int64_t`.
+py_i64 py_toint(py_Ref);
+/// Convert a `float` object in python to `double`.
+py_f64 py_tofloat(py_Ref);
+/// Cast a `int` or `float` object in python to `double`.
+/// If successful, returns true and set the value to `out`.
+/// Otherwise, return false and raise `TypeError`.
+bool py_castfloat(py_Ref, py_f64* out) PY_RAISE;
+/// Convert a `bool` object in python to `bool`.
+bool py_tobool(py_Ref);
+/// Convert a `type` object in python to `py_Type`.
+py_Type py_totype(py_Ref);
+/// Convert a `str` object in python to null-terminated string.
+const char* py_tostr(py_Ref);
+/// Convert a `str` object in python to char array.
+const char* py_tostrn(py_Ref, int* size);
+/// Convert a `str` object in python to `c11_sv`.
+c11_sv py_tosv(py_Ref);
+/// Convert a `bytes` object in python to char array.
+unsigned char* py_tobytes(py_Ref, int* size);
+/// Convert a user-defined object to its userdata.
 void* py_touserdata(py_Ref);
 
 #define py_isint(self) py_istype(self, tp_int)
@@ -147,14 +183,20 @@ void* py_touserdata(py_Ref);
 #define py_isnil(self) py_istype(self, 0)
 #define py_isnone(self) py_istype(self, tp_NoneType)
 
+/// Get the type of the object.
 py_Type py_typeof(py_Ref self);
+/// Check if the object is exactly the given type.
 bool py_istype(py_Ref, py_Type);
+/// Check if the object is an instance of the given type.
 bool py_isinstance(py_Ref obj, py_Type type);
+/// Check if the derived type is a subclass of the base type.
 bool py_issubclass(py_Type derived, py_Type base);
 
 /// Search the magic method from the given type to the base type.
+/// Return `NULL` if not found.
 py_GlobalRef py_tpfindmagic(py_Type, py_Name name);
 /// Search the name from the given type to the base type.
+/// Return `NULL` if not found.
 py_GlobalRef py_tpfindname(py_Type, py_Name name);
 /// Get the type object of the given type.
 py_GlobalRef py_tpobject(py_Type type);
@@ -162,10 +204,12 @@ py_GlobalRef py_tpobject(py_Type type);
 const char* py_tpname(py_Type type);
 /// Call a type to create a new instance.
 bool py_tpcall(py_Type type, int argc, py_Ref argv) PY_RAISE;
-/// Find the magic method from the given type only.
+/// Get the magic method from the given type only.
+/// The returned reference is always valid. However, its value may be `nil`.
 py_GlobalRef py_tpmagic(py_Type type, py_Name name);
 
 /// Check if the object is an instance of the given type.
+/// Raise `TypeError` if the check fails.
 bool py_checktype(py_Ref self, py_Type type) PY_RAISE;
 
 #define py_checkint(self) py_checktype(self, tp_int)
@@ -174,36 +218,62 @@ bool py_checktype(py_Ref self, py_Type type) PY_RAISE;
 #define py_checkstr(self) py_checktype(self, tp_str)
 
 /************* References *************/
-/// Get the reference to the i-th register.
+/// Get the i-th register.
 /// All registers are located in a contiguous memory.
 py_GlobalRef py_getreg(int i);
-/// Set the reference to the i-th register.
+/// Set the i-th register.
 void py_setreg(int i, py_Ref val);
 
 /// Equivalent to `*dst = *src`.
 void py_assign(py_Ref dst, py_Ref src);
-/// The return value of the most recent call.
+/// Get the last return value.
 py_GlobalRef py_retval();
 
-/// Get the reference of the object's `__dict__`.
+/// Get an item from the object's `__dict__`.
-/// The object must have a `__dict__`.
+/// Return `NULL` if not found.
-/// Returns a reference to the value or NULL if not found.
 py_ObjectRef py_getdict(py_Ref self, py_Name name);
+/// Set an item to the object's `__dict__`.
 void py_setdict(py_Ref self, py_Name name, py_Ref val);
+/// Delete an item from the object's `__dict__`.
+/// Return `true` if the deletion is successful.
 bool py_deldict(py_Ref self, py_Name name);
+/// Prepare an insertion to the object's `__dict__`.
 py_ObjectRef py_emplacedict(py_Ref self, py_Name name);
 
-/// Get the reference of the i-th slot of the object.
+/// Get the i-th slot of the object.
-/// The object must have slots and `i` must be in range.
+/// The object must have slots and `i` must be in valid range.
 py_ObjectRef py_getslot(py_Ref self, int i);
+/// Set the i-th slot of the object.
 void py_setslot(py_Ref self, int i, py_Ref val);
 
+/************* Inspection *************/
+
+/// Get the current `function` object from the stack.
+/// Return `NULL` if not available.
+py_StackRef py_inspect_currentfunction();
+
 /************* Bindings *************/
-// new style decl-based bindings
+
+/// Bind a function to the object via "decl-based" style.
+/// @param obj the target object.
+/// @param sig signature of the function. e.g. `add(x, y)`.
+/// @param f function to bind.
 void py_bind(py_Ref obj, const char* sig, py_CFunction f);
-// old style argc-based bindings
+/// Bind a method to type via "argc-based" style.
+/// @param type the target type.
+/// @param name name of the method.
+/// @param f function to bind.
 void py_bindmethod(py_Type type, const char* name, py_CFunction f);
+/// Bind a function to the object via "argc-based" style.
+/// @param obj the target object.
+/// @param name name of the function.
+/// @param f function to bind.
 void py_bindfunc(py_Ref obj, const char* name, py_CFunction f);
+/// Bind a property to type.
+/// @param type the target type.
+/// @param name name of the property.
+/// @param getter getter function.
+/// @param setter setter function. Use `NULL` if not needed.
 void py_bindproperty(py_Type type, const char* name, py_CFunction getter, py_CFunction setter);
 
 #define py_bindmagic(type, __magic__, f) py_newnativefunc(py_tpmagic((type), __magic__), (f))
@@ -216,18 +286,25 @@ void py_bindproperty(py_Type type, const char* name, py_CFunction getter, py_CFu
 
 #define py_offset(p, i) ((py_Ref)((char*)p + ((i) << 4)))
 #define py_arg(i) py_offset(argv, i)
-/************* Python Equivalents *************/
-bool py_getattr(py_Ref self, py_Name name) PY_RAISE;
-bool py_setattr(py_Ref self, py_Name name, py_Ref val) PY_RAISE;
-bool py_delattr(py_Ref self, py_Name name) PY_RAISE;
 
+/************* Python Equivalents *************/
+
+/// Python equivalent to `getattr(self, name)`.
+bool py_getattr(py_Ref self, py_Name name) PY_RAISE;
+/// Python equivalent to `setattr(self, name, val)`.
+bool py_setattr(py_Ref self, py_Name name, py_Ref val) PY_RAISE;
+/// Python equivalent to `delattr(self, name)`.
+bool py_delattr(py_Ref self, py_Name name) PY_RAISE;
+/// Python equivalent to `self[key]`.
 bool py_getitem(py_Ref self, py_Ref key) PY_RAISE;
+/// Python equivalent to `self[key] = val`.
 bool py_setitem(py_Ref self, py_Ref key, py_Ref val) PY_RAISE;
+/// Python equivalent to `del self[key]`.
 bool py_delitem(py_Ref self, py_Ref key) PY_RAISE;
 
 /// Perform a binary operation on the stack.
-/// It assumes `lhs` and `rhs` are already pushed to the stack.
 /// The result will be set to `py_retval()`.
+/// The stack remains unchanged after the operation.
 bool py_binaryop(py_Ref lhs, py_Ref rhs, py_Name op, py_Name rop) PY_RAISE;
 
 #define py_binaryadd(lhs, rhs) py_binaryop(lhs, rhs, __add__, __radd__)
@@ -246,32 +323,36 @@ bool py_binaryop(py_Ref lhs, py_Ref rhs, py_Name op, py_Name rop) PY_RAISE;
 #define py_binarymatmul(lhs, rhs) py_binaryop(lhs, rhs, __matmul__, 0)
 
 /************* Stack Operations *************/
-/// Return a reference to the i-th object from the top of the stack.
+
-/// i should be negative, e.g. (-1) means TOS.
+/// Get the i-th object from the top of the stack.
+/// `i` should be negative, e.g. (-1) means TOS.
 py_StackRef py_peek(int i);
 /// Push the object to the stack.
 void py_push(py_Ref src);
-/// Push a nil object to the stack.
+/// Push a `nil` object to the stack.
 void py_pushnil();
 /// Pop an object from the stack.
 void py_pop();
 /// Shrink the stack by n.
 void py_shrink(int n);
-/// Get a temporary variable from the stack and returns the reference to it.
+/// Get a temporary variable from the stack.
 py_StackRef py_pushtmp();
-/// Gets the unbound method of the object.
+/// Get the unbound method of the object.
-/// Assumes the object is located at the top of the stack.
+/// Assume the object is located at the top of the stack.
-/// If returns true:  [self] -> [unbound, self]
+/// If return true:  `[self] -> [unbound, self]`.
-/// If returns false: [self] -> [self] (no change)
+/// If return false: `[self] -> [self]` (no change).
 bool py_pushmethod(py_Name name);
-/// A stack operation that calls a function.
+/// Call a callable object.
-/// It assumes `argc + kwargc` arguments are already pushed to the stack.
+/// Assume `argc + kwargc` arguments are already pushed to the stack.
 /// The result will be set to `py_retval()`.
 /// The stack size will be reduced by `argc + kwargc`.
 bool py_vectorcall(uint16_t argc, uint16_t kwargc) PY_RAISE;
 
 /************* Modules *************/
+
+/// Create a new module.
 py_TmpRef py_newmodule(const char* path);
+/// Get a module by path.
 py_TmpRef py_getmodule(const char* path);
 
 /// Import a module.
@@ -280,23 +361,24 @@ py_TmpRef py_getmodule(const char* path);
 int py_import(const char* path) PY_RAISE;
 
 /************* Errors *************/
-/// Raise an exception by name and message. Always returns false.
+
+/// Raise an exception by type and message. Always return false.
 bool py_exception(py_Type type, const char* fmt, ...) PY_RAISE;
-/// Raise an expection object. Always returns false.
+/// Raise an expection object. Always return false.
 bool py_raise(py_Ref) PY_RAISE;
 /// Print the current exception.
 void py_printexc();
-/// Format the current exception.
+/// Format the current exception and return a null-terminated string.
+/// The result should be freed by the caller.
 char* py_formatexc();
 /// Check if an exception is raised.
 bool py_checkexc();
 /// Check if the exception is an instance of the given type.
 bool py_matchexc(py_Type type);
 /// Clear the current exception.
+/// @param p0 the unwinding point. Use `NULL` if not needed.
 void py_clearexc(py_StackRef p0);
 
-#define IOError(...) py_exception(tp_IOError, __VA_ARGS__)
-#define OSError(...) py_exception(tp_OSError, __VA_ARGS__)
 #define NameError(n) py_exception(tp_NameError, "name '%n' is not defined", (n))
 #define TypeError(...) py_exception(tp_TypeError, __VA_ARGS__)
 #define RuntimeError(...) py_exception(tp_RuntimeError, __VA_ARGS__)
@@ -313,14 +395,18 @@ bool StopIteration();
 bool KeyError(py_Ref key) PY_RAISE;
 
 /************* Operators *************/
-int py_equal(py_Ref lhs, py_Ref rhs) PY_RAISE;
-int py_less(py_Ref lhs, py_Ref rhs) PY_RAISE;
 
-/// Equivalent to `bool(val)`.
+/// Python equivalent to `bool(val)`.
-/// Returns 1 if `val` is truthy, otherwise 0.
+/// 1: true, 0: false, -1: error
-/// Returns -1 if an error occurred.
 int py_bool(py_Ref val) PY_RAISE;
 
+/// Compare two objects.
+/// 1: lhs == rhs, 0: lhs != rhs, -1: error
+int py_equal(py_Ref lhs, py_Ref rhs) PY_RAISE;
+/// Compare two objects.
+/// 1: lhs < rhs, 0: lhs >= rhs, -1: error
+int py_less(py_Ref lhs, py_Ref rhs) PY_RAISE;
+
 #define py_eq(lhs, rhs) py_binaryop(lhs, rhs, __eq__, __eq__)
 #define py_ne(lhs, rhs) py_binaryop(lhs, rhs, __ne__, __ne__)
 #define py_lt(lhs, rhs) py_binaryop(lhs, rhs, __lt__, __gt__)
@@ -328,6 +414,7 @@ int py_bool(py_Ref val) PY_RAISE;
 #define py_gt(lhs, rhs) py_binaryop(lhs, rhs, __gt__, __lt__)
 #define py_ge(lhs, rhs) py_binaryop(lhs, rhs, __ge__, __le__)
 
+/// Get the hash value of the object.
 bool py_hash(py_Ref, py_i64* out) PY_RAISE;
 /// Get the iterator of the object.
 bool py_iter(py_Ref) PY_RAISE;
@@ -341,40 +428,41 @@ bool py_isidentical(py_Ref, py_Ref);
 /// The result will be set to `py_retval()`.
 /// The stack remains unchanged after the operation.
 bool py_call(py_Ref f, int argc, py_Ref argv) PY_RAISE;
-/// Call a non-magic method.
-/// It prepares the stack and then performs a `vectorcall(argc+1, 0, false)`.
-/// The result will be set to `py_retval()`.
-/// The stack remains unchanged after the operation.
-bool py_callmethod(py_Ref self, py_Name name, int argc, py_Ref argv) PY_RAISE;
 
+/// Python equivalent to `str(val)`.
 bool py_str(py_Ref val) PY_RAISE;
+/// Python equivalent to `repr(val)`.
 bool py_repr(py_Ref val) PY_RAISE;
+/// Python equivalent to `len(val)`.
 bool py_len(py_Ref val) PY_RAISE;
 
 /************* Unchecked Functions *************/
-py_ObjectRef py_tuple__data(py_Ref self);
-py_ObjectRef py_tuple__getitem(py_Ref self, int i);
-void py_tuple__setitem(py_Ref self, int i, py_Ref val);
-int py_tuple__len(py_Ref self);
 
-py_TmpRef py_list__data(py_Ref self);
+py_ObjectRef py_tuple_data(py_Ref self);
-py_TmpRef py_list__getitem(py_Ref self, int i);
+py_ObjectRef py_tuple_getitem(py_Ref self, int i);
-void py_list__setitem(py_Ref self, int i, py_Ref val);
+void py_tuple_setitem(py_Ref self, int i, py_Ref val);
-void py_list__delitem(py_Ref self, int i);
+int py_tuple_len(py_Ref self);
-int py_list__len(py_Ref self);
-void py_list__append(py_Ref self, py_Ref val);
-void py_list__clear(py_Ref self);
-void py_list__insert(py_Ref self, int i, py_Ref val);
-void py_list__reverse(py_Ref self);
 
-py_TmpRef py_dict__getitem(py_Ref self, py_Ref key) PY_RAISE;
+py_TmpRef py_list_data(py_Ref self);
-void py_dict__setitem(py_Ref self, py_Ref key, py_Ref val) PY_RAISE;
+py_TmpRef py_list_getitem(py_Ref self, int i);
-void py_dict__delitem(py_Ref self, py_Ref key) PY_RAISE;
+void py_list_setitem(py_Ref self, int i, py_Ref val);
-bool py_dict__contains(py_Ref self, py_Ref key);
+void py_list_delitem(py_Ref self, int i);
-int py_dict__len(py_Ref self);
+int py_list_len(py_Ref self);
-bool py_dict__apply(py_Ref self, bool (*f)(py_Ref key, py_Ref val, void* ctx), void* ctx);
+void py_list_append(py_Ref self, py_Ref val);
+void py_list_clear(py_Ref self);
+void py_list_insert(py_Ref self, int i, py_Ref val);
+void py_list_reverse(py_Ref self);
+
+py_TmpRef py_dict_getitem(py_Ref self, py_Ref key) PY_RAISE;
+void py_dict_setitem(py_Ref self, py_Ref key, py_Ref val) PY_RAISE;
+void py_dict_delitem(py_Ref self, py_Ref key) PY_RAISE;
+bool py_dict_contains(py_Ref self, py_Ref key) PY_RAISE;
+int py_dict_len(py_Ref self);
+bool py_dict_apply(py_Ref self, bool (*f)(py_Ref key, py_Ref val, void* ctx), void* ctx) PY_RAISE;
 
 /************* Others *************/
+
+/// An utility function to read a line from stdin for REPL.
 int py_replinput(char* buf, int max_size);
 
 /// Python favored string formatting. (just put here, not for users)
@@ -415,8 +503,8 @@ enum py_PredefinedTypes {
     tp_function,
     tp_nativefunc,
     tp_boundmethod,
-    tp_super,  // 1 slot + py_Type
+    tp_super,          // 1 slot + py_Type
-    tp_BaseException,
+    tp_BaseException,  // 2 slots (arg + inner exc)
     tp_Exception,
     tp_bytes,
     tp_mappingproxy,

src/compiler/compiler.c

@@ -2262,7 +2262,7 @@ static Error* read_literal(Compiler* self, py_Ref out) {
             consume(TK_RPAREN);
             py_newtuple(out, count);
             for(int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-                py_tuple__setitem(out, i, &cpnts[i]);
+                py_tuple_setitem(out, i, &cpnts[i]);
             }
             return NULL;
         }
@@ -2544,9 +2544,9 @@ static Error* compile_try_except(Compiler* self) {
             Ctx__emit_(ctx(), OP_PUSH_EXCEPTION, BC_NOARG, BC_KEEPLINE);
             Ctx__emit_store_name(ctx(), name_scope(self), as_name, BC_KEEPLINE);
         }
+        check(compile_block_body(self, compile_stmt));
         // pop the exception
         Ctx__emit_(ctx(), OP_POP_EXCEPTION, BC_NOARG, BC_KEEPLINE);
-        check(compile_block_body(self, compile_stmt));
         patches[patches_length++] = Ctx__emit_(ctx(), OP_JUMP_FORWARD, BC_NOARG, BC_KEEPLINE);
         Ctx__patch_jump(ctx(), patch);
     } while(curr()->type == TK_EXCEPT);

src/interpreter/ceval.c

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ static bool format_object(py_Ref obj, c11_sv spec);
 
 #define vectorcall_opcall(argc, kwargc)                                                            \
     do {                                                                                           \
-        FrameResult res = VM__vectorcall(self, (argc), (kwargc), true);                      \
+        FrameResult res = VM__vectorcall(self, (argc), (kwargc), true);                            \
         switch(res) {                                                                              \
             case RES_RETURN: PUSH(&self->last_retval); break;                                      \
             case RES_CALL: frame = self->top_frame; goto __NEXT_FRAME;                             \
@@ -271,12 +271,12 @@ FrameResult VM__run_top_frame(VM* self) {
                     if(magic->type == tp_nativefunc) {
                         if(!magic->_cfunc(2, SECOND())) goto __ERROR;
                         POP();
-                        *TOP() = self->last_retval;
                     } else {
                         INSERT_THIRD();     // [?, a, b]
                         *THIRD() = *magic;  // [__getitem__, a, b]
                         if(!py_vectorcall(1, 0)) goto __ERROR;
                     }
+                    *TOP() = self->last_retval;
                     DISPATCH();
                 }
                 TypeError("'%t' object is not subscriptable", SECOND()->type);
@@ -423,6 +423,7 @@ FrameResult VM__run_top_frame(VM* self) {
                 py_newint(SP()++, 0);  // [complex, NULL, 0]
                 *SP()++ = tmp;         // [complex, NULL, 0, x]
                 if(!py_vectorcall(2, 0)) goto __ERROR;
+                PUSH(py_retval());
                 DISPATCH();
             }
             case OP_BUILD_BYTES: {
@@ -437,7 +438,7 @@ FrameResult VM__run_top_frame(VM* self) {
                 py_newtuple(&tmp, byte.arg);
                 py_TValue* begin = SP() - byte.arg;
                 for(int i = 0; i < byte.arg; i++) {
-                    py_tuple__setitem(&tmp, i, begin + i);
+                    py_tuple_setitem(&tmp, i, begin + i);
                 }
                 SP() = begin;
                 PUSH(&tmp);
@@ -448,7 +449,7 @@ FrameResult VM__run_top_frame(VM* self) {
                 py_newlistn(&tmp, byte.arg);
                 py_TValue* begin = SP() - byte.arg;
                 for(int i = 0; i < byte.arg; i++) {
-                    py_list__setitem(&tmp, i, begin + i);
+                    py_list_setitem(&tmp, i, begin + i);
                 }
                 SP() = begin;
                 PUSH(&tmp);
@@ -459,7 +460,7 @@ FrameResult VM__run_top_frame(VM* self) {
                 py_Ref tmp = py_pushtmp();
                 py_newdict(tmp);
                 for(int i = 0; i < byte.arg * 2; i += 2) {
-                    py_dict__setitem(tmp, begin + i, begin + i + 1);
+                    py_dict_setitem(tmp, begin + i, begin + i + 1);
                     if(py_checkexc()) goto __ERROR;
                 }
                 SP() = begin;
@@ -476,7 +477,12 @@ FrameResult VM__run_top_frame(VM* self) {
                 py_push(py_retval());  // empty set
                 py_Name id_add = py_name("add");
                 for(int i = 0; i < byte.arg; i++) {
-                    if(!py_callmethod(TOP(), id_add, 1, begin + i)) goto __ERROR;
+                    py_push(TOP());
+                    if(!py_pushmethod(id_add)) {
+                        c11__abort("OP_BUILD_SET: failed to load method 'add'");
+                    }
+                    py_push(begin + i);
+                    if(!py_vectorcall(1, 0)) goto __ERROR;
                 }
                 py_TValue tmp = *TOP();
                 SP() = begin;
@@ -529,14 +535,14 @@ FrameResult VM__run_top_frame(VM* self) {
                     if(magic->type == tp_nativefunc) {
                         if(!magic->_cfunc(2, SECOND())) goto __ERROR;
                         POP();
-                        *TOP() = self->last_retval;
                     } else {
                         INSERT_THIRD();     // [?, b, a]
                         *THIRD() = *magic;  // [__contains__, a, b]
                         if(!py_vectorcall(1, 0)) goto __ERROR;
                     }
-                    bool res = py_tobool(TOP());
+                    bool res = py_tobool(py_retval());
-                    if(byte.arg) py_newbool(TOP(), !res);
+                    if(byte.arg) res = !res;
+                    py_newbool(SP()++, res);
                     DISPATCH();
                 }
                 TypeError("'%t' type does not support '__contains__'", SECOND()->type);
@@ -662,9 +668,9 @@ FrameResult VM__run_top_frame(VM* self) {
                         py_TValue* kwargs = py_getslot(&curr[1], 0);
                         if(kwargs->type == tp_dict) {
                             py_TValue* p = buf + n;
-                            if(!py_dict__apply(kwargs, unpack_dict_to_buffer, &p)) goto __ERROR;
+                            if(!py_dict_apply(kwargs, unpack_dict_to_buffer, &p)) goto __ERROR;
                             n = p - buf;
-                            kwargc += py_dict__len(kwargs) - 1;
+                            kwargc += py_dict_len(kwargs) - 1;
                         } else {
                             TypeError("**kwargs must be a dict, got '%t'", kwargs->type);
                             goto __ERROR;
@@ -700,18 +706,26 @@ FrameResult VM__run_top_frame(VM* self) {
             /////////
             case OP_LIST_APPEND: {
                 // [list, iter, value]
-                py_list__append(THIRD(), TOP());
+                py_list_append(THIRD(), TOP());
                 POP();
                 DISPATCH();
             }
             case OP_DICT_ADD: {
                 // [dict, iter, key, value]
-                py_dict__setitem(FOURTH(), SECOND(), TOP());
+                py_dict_setitem(FOURTH(), SECOND(), TOP());
                 if(py_checkexc()) goto __ERROR;
                 STACK_SHRINK(2);
                 DISPATCH();
             }
             case OP_SET_ADD: {
+                // [set, iter, value]
+                py_push(THIRD());  // [| set]
+                if(!py_pushmethod(py_name("add"))) {
+                    c11__abort("OP_SET_ADD: failed to load method 'add'");
+                }  // [|add() set]
+                py_push(THIRD());
+                if(!py_vectorcall(1, 0)) goto __ERROR;
+                POP();
                 DISPATCH();
             }
             /////////
@@ -824,7 +838,7 @@ FrameResult VM__run_top_frame(VM* self) {
                 }
                 py_newlistn(SP()++, exceed);
                 for(int i = 0; i < exceed; i++) {
-                    py_list__setitem(TOP(), i, p + byte.arg + i);
+                    py_list_setitem(TOP(), i, p + byte.arg + i);
                 }
                 DISPATCH();
             }

src/interpreter/frame.c

@@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ void UnwindTarget__delete(UnwindTarget* self) { free(self); }
 
 Frame* Frame__new(const CodeObject* co,
                   py_TValue* module,
-                  const py_TValue* function,
+                  py_StackRef function,
-                  py_TValue* p0,
+                  py_StackRef p0,
-                  py_TValue* locals,
+                  py_StackRef locals,
                   const CodeObject* locals_co) {
     static_assert(sizeof(Frame) <= kPoolFrameBlockSize, "!(sizeof(Frame) <= kPoolFrameBlockSize)");
     Frame* self = PoolFrame_alloc();
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Frame* Frame__new(const CodeObject* co,
     self->ip = (Bytecode*)co->codes.data - 1;
     self->co = co;
     self->module = *module;
-    self->function = function ? function->_obj : NULL;
+    self->function = function;
     self->p0 = p0;
     self->locals = locals;
     self->locals_co = locals_co;
@@ -133,7 +133,23 @@ void Frame__set_unwind_target(Frame* self, py_TValue* sp) {
 
 py_TValue* Frame__f_closure_try_get(Frame* self, py_Name name) {
     if(self->function == NULL) return NULL;
-    Function* ud = PyObject__userdata(self->function);
+    Function* ud = py_touserdata(self->function);
     if(ud->closure == NULL) return NULL;
     return NameDict__try_get(ud->closure, name);
 }
+
+int Frame__ip(const Frame* self) { return self->ip - (Bytecode*)self->co->codes.data; }
+
+int Frame__lineno(const Frame* self) {
+    int ip = Frame__ip(self);
+    return c11__getitem(BytecodeEx, &self->co->codes_ex, ip).lineno;
+}
+
+int Frame__iblock(const Frame* self) {
+    int ip = Frame__ip(self);
+    return c11__getitem(BytecodeEx, &self->co->codes_ex, ip).iblock;
+}
+
+py_TValue* Frame__f_locals_try_get(Frame* self, py_Name name) {
+    return FastLocals__try_get_by_name(self->locals, self->locals_co, name);
+}

src/interpreter/vm.c

@@ -135,8 +135,8 @@ void VM__ctor(VM* self) {
     // inject some builtin expections
 #define INJECT_BUILTIN_EXC(name)                                                                   \
     do {                                                                                           \
-        py_Type type = pk_newtype(#name, tp_Exception, &self->builtins, NULL, false, true);         \
+        py_Type type = pk_newtype(#name, tp_Exception, &self->builtins, NULL, false, true);        \
-        py_setdict(&self->builtins, py_name(#name), py_tpobject(type));                             \
+        py_setdict(&self->builtins, py_name(#name), py_tpobject(type));                            \
         validate(tp_##name, type);                                                                 \
     } while(0)
 
@@ -167,9 +167,8 @@ void VM__ctor(VM* self) {
                               tp_BaseException, tp_Exception,    tp_StopIteration, tp_SyntaxError};
 
     for(int i = 0; i < c11__count_array(public_types); i++) {
-        py_Type t = public_types[i];
+        py_TypeInfo* ti = c11__at(py_TypeInfo, &self->types, public_types[i]);
-        py_TypeInfo* ti = c11__at(py_TypeInfo, &self->types, t);
+        py_setdict(&self->builtins, ti->name, &ti->self);
-        py_setdict(&self->builtins, ti->name, py_tpobject(t));
     }
 
     py_newnotimplemented(py_emplacedict(&self->builtins, py_name("NotImplemented")));
@@ -180,6 +179,15 @@ void VM__ctor(VM* self) {
     pk__add_module_math();
     pk__add_module_dis();
 
+    // add python builtins
+    do {
+        bool ok = py_exec(kPythonLibs__set, "<builtins>", EXEC_MODE, &self->builtins);
+        if(!ok) {
+            py_printexc();
+            c11__abort("failed to load python builtins!");
+        }
+    } while(0);
+
     self->main = *py_newmodule("__main__");
 }
 
@@ -320,7 +328,7 @@ static bool
         py_Ref vargs = &buffer[decl->starred_arg];
         py_newtuple(vargs, exceed_argc);
         for(int j = 0; j < exceed_argc; j++) {
-            py_tuple__setitem(vargs, j, t++);
+            py_tuple_setitem(vargs, j, t++);
         }
     } else {
         // kwdefaults override
@@ -353,7 +361,7 @@ static bool
                 py_Ref tmp = py_pushtmp();
                 c11_sv key_sv = py_name2sv(key);
                 py_newstrn(tmp, key_sv.data, key_sv.size);
-                py_dict__setitem(&buffer[decl->starred_kwarg], tmp, &p1[2 * j + 1]);
+                py_dict_setitem(&buffer[decl->starred_kwarg], tmp, &p1[2 * j + 1]);
                 py_pop();
                 if(py_checkexc()) return false;
             }
@@ -551,7 +559,6 @@ void ManagedHeap__mark(ManagedHeap* self) {
     // mark frame
     for(Frame* frame = vm->top_frame; frame; frame = frame->f_back) {
         mark_value(&frame->module);
-        if(frame->function) mark_object(frame->function);
     }
     // mark vm's registers
     mark_value(&vm->last_retval);
@@ -563,7 +570,7 @@ void ManagedHeap__mark(ManagedHeap* self) {
 
 void pk_print_stack(VM* self, Frame* frame, Bytecode byte) {
     return;
-    if(frame == NULL) return;
+    if(frame == NULL || py_isnil(&self->main)) return;
 
     py_TValue* sp = self->stack.sp;
     c11_sbuf buf;
@@ -576,11 +583,11 @@ void pk_print_stack(VM* self, Frame* frame, Bytecode byte) {
             case tp_bool: c11_sbuf__write_cstr(&buf, p->_bool ? "True" : "False"); break;
             case tp_NoneType: c11_sbuf__write_cstr(&buf, "None"); break;
             case tp_list: {
-                pk_sprintf(&buf, "list(%d)", py_list__len(p));
+                pk_sprintf(&buf, "list(%d)", py_list_len(p));
                 break;
             }
             case tp_tuple: {
-                pk_sprintf(&buf, "tuple(%d)", py_tuple__len(p));
+                pk_sprintf(&buf, "tuple(%d)", py_tuple_len(p));
                 break;
             }
             case tp_function: {

src/modules/math.c

@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ static bool math_fsum(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     py_Ref list = py_arg(0);
     double sum = 0;
     double c = 0;
-    for(int i = 0; i < py_list__len(list); i++) {
+    for(int i = 0; i < py_list_len(list); i++) {
-        py_Ref item = py_list__getitem(list, i);
+        py_Ref item = py_list_getitem(list, i);
         double x;
         if(!py_castfloat(item, &x)) return false;
         double y = x - c;
@@ -136,8 +136,8 @@ static bool math_modf(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     double i;
     double f = modf(py_tofloat(py_arg(0)), &i);
     py_newtuple(py_retval(), 2);
-    py_Ref _0 = py_tuple__getitem(py_retval(), 0);
+    py_Ref _0 = py_tuple_getitem(py_retval(), 0);
-    py_Ref _1 = py_tuple__getitem(py_retval(), 1);
+    py_Ref _1 = py_tuple_getitem(py_retval(), 1);
     py_newfloat(_0, f);
     py_newfloat(_1, i);
     return true;
@@ -160,8 +160,8 @@ void pk__add_module_math() {
 
     py_newfloat(py_emplacedict(mod, py_name("pi")), 3.1415926535897932384);
     py_newfloat(py_emplacedict(mod, py_name("e")), 2.7182818284590452354);
-    py_newfloat(py_emplacedict(mod, py_name("inf")), 1.0 / 0.0);
+    py_newfloat(py_emplacedict(mod, py_name("inf")), INFINITY);
-    py_newfloat(py_emplacedict(mod, py_name("nan")), 0.0 / 0.0);
+    py_newfloat(py_emplacedict(mod, py_name("nan")), NAN);
 
     py_bindfunc(mod, "ceil", math_ceil);
     py_bindfunc(mod, "fabs", math_fabs);

src/modules/os.c

@@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ static bool os_chdir(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(0, tp_str);
     const char* path = py_tostr(py_arg(0));
     int code = platform_chdir(path);
-    if(code != 0) return OSError("chdir() failed: %d", code);
+    if(code != 0) return py_exception(tp_OSError, "chdir() failed: %d", code);
     return true;
 }
 
 static bool os_getcwd(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     char buf[1024];
-    if(!platform_getcwd(buf, sizeof(buf))) return OSError("getcwd() failed");
+    if(!platform_getcwd(buf, sizeof(buf))) return py_exception(tp_OSError, "getcwd() failed");
     py_newstr(py_retval(), buf);
     return true;
 }

src/objects/codeobject.c

@@ -101,9 +101,9 @@ FuncDecl_ FuncDecl__build(c11_sv name,
     }
     if(starred_arg.size) { FuncDecl__add_starred_arg(decl, py_namev(starred_arg)); }
     assert(py_istype(kwdefaults, tp_tuple));
-    assert(py_tuple__len(kwdefaults) == kwargc);
+    assert(py_tuple_len(kwdefaults) == kwargc);
     for(int i = 0; i < kwargc; i++) {
-        FuncDecl__add_kwarg(decl, py_namev(kwargs[i]), py_tuple__getitem(kwdefaults, i));
+        FuncDecl__add_kwarg(decl, py_namev(kwargs[i]), py_tuple_getitem(kwdefaults, i));
     }
     if(starred_kwarg.size) FuncDecl__add_starred_kwarg(decl, py_namev(starred_kwarg));
     decl->docstring = docstring;

src/public/internal.c

@@ -115,8 +115,6 @@ bool py_call(py_Ref f, int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     }
 }
 
-bool py_callmethod(py_Ref self, py_Name name, int argc, py_Ref argv) { return -1; }
-
 bool py_vectorcall(uint16_t argc, uint16_t kwargc) {
     VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
     return VM__vectorcall(vm, argc, kwargc, false) != RES_ERROR;

src/public/modules.c

@@ -148,12 +148,12 @@ __SUCCESS:
 
 //////////////////////////
 
-static bool builtins__repr(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool builtins_repr(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     return py_repr(argv);
 }
 
-static bool builtins__exit(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool builtins_exit(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     int code = 0;
     if(argc > 1) return TypeError("exit() takes at most 1 argument");
     if(argc == 1) {
@@ -165,20 +165,20 @@ static bool builtins__exit(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return false;
 }
 
-static bool builtins__len(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool builtins_len(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     return py_len(argv);
 }
 
-static bool builtins__reversed(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool builtins_reversed(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     // convert _0 to list object
     if(!py_tpcall(tp_list, 1, argv)) return false;
-    py_list__reverse(py_retval());
+    py_list_reverse(py_retval());
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool builtins__hex(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool builtins_hex(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(0, tp_int);
 
@@ -208,12 +208,12 @@ static bool builtins__hex(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool builtins__iter(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool builtins_iter(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     return py_iter(argv);
 }
 
-static bool builtins__next(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool builtins_next(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     int res = py_next(argv);
     if(res == -1) return false;
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ static bool builtins__next(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return py_exception(tp_StopIteration, "");
 }
 
-static bool builtins__sorted(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool builtins_sorted(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(3);
     // convert _0 to list object
     if(!py_tpcall(tp_list, 1, py_arg(0))) return false;
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ static bool builtins__sorted(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool builtins__hash(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool builtins_hash(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     py_i64 val;
     if(!py_hash(argv, &val)) return false;
@@ -246,12 +246,12 @@ static bool builtins__hash(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool builtins__abs(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool builtins_abs(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     return pk_callmagic(__abs__, 1, argv);
 }
 
-static bool builtins__sum(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool builtins_sum(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
 
     if(!py_iter(py_arg(0))) return false;
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ static bool builtins__sum(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool builtins__print(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool builtins_print(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     int length;
     py_TValue* args = pk_arrayview(argv, &length);
     assert(args != NULL);
@@ -314,24 +314,24 @@ static bool NoneType__repr__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool builtins__exec(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool builtins_exec(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(0, tp_str);
     return py_exec(py_tostr(argv), "<exec>", EXEC_MODE, NULL);
 }
 
-static bool builtins__eval(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool builtins_eval(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(0, tp_str);
     return py_exec(py_tostr(argv), "<eval>", EVAL_MODE, NULL);
 }
 
-static bool builtins__isinstance(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool builtins_isinstance(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     if(py_istuple(py_arg(1))) {
-        int length = py_tuple__len(py_arg(1));
+        int length = py_tuple_len(py_arg(1));
         for(int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
-            py_Ref item = py_tuple__getitem(py_arg(1), i);
+            py_Ref item = py_tuple_getitem(py_arg(1), i);
             if(!py_checktype(item, tp_type)) return false;
             if(py_isinstance(py_arg(0), py_totype(item))) {
                 py_newbool(py_retval(), true);
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ static bool builtins__isinstance(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool builtins__issubclass(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool builtins_issubclass(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     if(!py_checktype(py_arg(0), tp_type)) return false;
     if(!py_checktype(py_arg(1), tp_type)) return false;
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ static bool builtins__issubclass(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool builtins__getattr(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool builtins_getattr(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(1, tp_str);
     py_Name name = py_namev(py_tosv(py_arg(1)));
     if(argc == 2) {
@@ -365,7 +365,8 @@ static bool builtins__getattr(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
         bool ok = py_getattr(py_arg(0), name);
         if(!ok && py_matchexc(tp_AttributeError)) {
             py_clearexc(p0);
-            return py_arg(2);  // default value
+            py_assign(py_retval(), py_arg(2));
+            return true;  // default value
         }
         return ok;
     } else {
@@ -374,29 +375,64 @@ static bool builtins__getattr(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
+static bool builtins_setattr(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(3);
+    PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(1, tp_str);
+    py_Name name = py_namev(py_tosv(py_arg(1)));
+    return py_setattr(py_arg(0), name, py_arg(2));
+}
+
+static bool builtins_hasattr(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
+    PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(1, tp_str);
+    py_Name name = py_namev(py_tosv(py_arg(1)));
+    py_StackRef p0 = py_peek(0);
+    bool ok = py_getattr(py_arg(0), name);
+    if(ok) {
+        py_newbool(py_retval(), true);
+        return true;
+    }
+    if(py_matchexc(tp_AttributeError)) {
+        py_clearexc(p0);
+        py_newbool(py_retval(), false);
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+static bool builtins_delattr(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
+    PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(1, tp_str);
+    py_Name name = py_namev(py_tosv(py_arg(1)));
+    return py_delattr(py_arg(0), name);
+}
+
 py_TValue pk_builtins__register() {
     py_Ref builtins = py_newmodule("builtins");
-    py_bindfunc(builtins, "repr", builtins__repr);
+    py_bindfunc(builtins, "repr", builtins_repr);
-    py_bindfunc(builtins, "exit", builtins__exit);
+    py_bindfunc(builtins, "exit", builtins_exit);
-    py_bindfunc(builtins, "len", builtins__len);
+    py_bindfunc(builtins, "len", builtins_len);
-    py_bindfunc(builtins, "reversed", builtins__reversed);
+    py_bindfunc(builtins, "reversed", builtins_reversed);
-    py_bindfunc(builtins, "hex", builtins__hex);
+    py_bindfunc(builtins, "hex", builtins_hex);
-    py_bindfunc(builtins, "iter", builtins__iter);
+    py_bindfunc(builtins, "iter", builtins_iter);
-    py_bindfunc(builtins, "next", builtins__next);
+    py_bindfunc(builtins, "next", builtins_next);
-    py_bindfunc(builtins, "hash", builtins__hash);
+    py_bindfunc(builtins, "hash", builtins_hash);
-    py_bindfunc(builtins, "abs", builtins__abs);
+    py_bindfunc(builtins, "abs", builtins_abs);
-    py_bindfunc(builtins, "sum", builtins__sum);
+    py_bindfunc(builtins, "sum", builtins_sum);
 
-    py_bindfunc(builtins, "exec", builtins__exec);
+    py_bindfunc(builtins, "exec", builtins_exec);
-    py_bindfunc(builtins, "eval", builtins__eval);
+    py_bindfunc(builtins, "eval", builtins_eval);
 
-    py_bind(builtins, "print(*args, sep=' ', end='\\n')", builtins__print);
+    py_bind(builtins, "print(*args, sep=' ', end='\\n')", builtins_print);
-    py_bind(builtins, "sorted(iterable, key=None, reverse=False)", builtins__sorted);
+    py_bind(builtins, "sorted(iterable, key=None, reverse=False)", builtins_sorted);
 
-    py_bindfunc(builtins, "isinstance", builtins__isinstance);
+    py_bindfunc(builtins, "isinstance", builtins_isinstance);
-    py_bindfunc(builtins, "issubclass", builtins__issubclass);
+    py_bindfunc(builtins, "issubclass", builtins_issubclass);
 
-    py_bindfunc(builtins, "getattr", builtins__getattr);
+    py_bindfunc(builtins, "getattr", builtins_getattr);
+    py_bindfunc(builtins, "setattr", builtins_setattr);
+    py_bindfunc(builtins, "hasattr", builtins_hasattr);
+    py_bindfunc(builtins, "delattr", builtins_delattr);
 
     // None __repr__
     py_bindmagic(tp_NoneType, __repr__, NoneType__repr__);
@@ -416,7 +452,7 @@ static bool function__closure__getter(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     c11__foreach(NameDict_KV, ud->closure, it) {
         // printf("%s -> %s\n", py_name2str(it->key), py_tpname(it->value.type));
         py_newstr(r0, py_name2str(it->key));
-        py_dict__setitem(retval, r0, &it->value);
+        py_dict_setitem(retval, r0, &it->value);
         if(py_checkexc()) {
             py_shrink(2);
             return false;
@@ -435,7 +471,7 @@ py_Type pk_function__register() {
     return type;
 }
 
-static bool nativefunc__repr(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool nativefunc__repr__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     py_newstr(py_retval(), "<nativefunc object>");
     return true;
@@ -443,7 +479,7 @@ static bool nativefunc__repr(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 
 py_Type pk_nativefunc__register() {
     py_Type type = pk_newtype("nativefunc", tp_object, NULL, NULL, false, true);
-    py_bindmagic(type, __repr__, nativefunc__repr);
+    py_bindmagic(type, __repr__, nativefunc__repr__);
     return type;
 }
 
@@ -455,8 +491,7 @@ static bool super__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     if(argc == 1) {
         // super()
         if(frame->function) {
-            // class_arg = PK_OBJ_GET(Function, frame->_callable)._class;
+            Function* func = py_touserdata(frame->function);
-            Function* func = PyObject__userdata(frame->function);
             *class_arg = *(py_Type*)PyObject__userdata(func->clazz);
             if(frame->locals_co->nlocals > 0) self_arg = &frame->locals[0];
         }

src/public/py_array.c

@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ typedef struct array_iterator {
 
 py_TValue* pk_arrayview(py_Ref self, int* length) {
     if(self->type == tp_list) {
-        *length = py_list__len(self);
+        *length = py_list_len(self);
-        return py_list__data(self);
+        return py_list_data(self);
     }
     if(self->type == tp_tuple) {
-        *length = py_tuple__len(self);
+        *length = py_tuple_len(self);
         return PyObject__slots(self->_obj);
     }
     return NULL;

src/public/py_dict.c

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ static void Dict__ctor(Dict* self, int capacity) {
     self->indices = malloc(self->capacity * sizeof(DictIndex));
     memset(self->indices, -1, self->capacity * sizeof(DictIndex));
     c11_vector__ctor(&self->entries, sizeof(DictEntry));
+    c11_vector__reserve(&self->entries, capacity);
 }
 
 static void Dict__dtor(Dict* self) {
@@ -216,13 +217,13 @@ static bool dict__init__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(1, tp_list);
     Dict* self = py_touserdata(argv);
     py_Ref list = py_arg(1);
-    for(int i = 0; i < py_list__len(list); i++) {
+    for(int i = 0; i < py_list_len(list); i++) {
-        py_Ref tuple = py_list__getitem(list, i);
+        py_Ref tuple = py_list_getitem(list, i);
-        if(!py_istuple(tuple) || py_tuple__len(tuple) != 2) {
+        if(!py_istuple(tuple) || py_tuple_len(tuple) != 2) {
             return TypeError("dict.__init__() argument must be a list of tuple-2");
         }
-        py_Ref key = py_tuple__getitem(tuple, 0);
+        py_Ref key = py_tuple_getitem(tuple, 0);
-        py_Ref val = py_tuple__getitem(tuple, 1);
+        py_Ref val = py_tuple_getitem(tuple, 1);
         if(!Dict__set(self, key, val)) return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -335,14 +336,14 @@ static bool dict__ne__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool dict__clear(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool dict_clear(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     Dict* self = py_touserdata(argv);
     Dict__clear(self);
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool dict__copy(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool dict_copy(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     Dict* self = py_touserdata(argv);
     Dict* new_dict = py_newobject(py_retval(), tp_dict, 0, sizeof(Dict));
@@ -355,7 +356,7 @@ static bool dict__copy(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool dict__update(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool dict_update(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(1, tp_dict);
     Dict* self = py_touserdata(argv);
@@ -368,7 +369,7 @@ static bool dict__update(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool dict__get(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool dict_get(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     Dict* self = py_touserdata(argv);
     if(argc > 3) return TypeError("get() takes at most 3 arguments (%d given)", argc);
     py_Ref default_val = argc == 3 ? py_arg(2) : py_None;
@@ -378,7 +379,7 @@ static bool dict__get(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool dict__pop(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool dict_pop(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     Dict* self = py_touserdata(argv);
     if(argc < 2 || argc > 3) return TypeError("pop() takes 2 or 3 arguments (%d given)", argc);
     py_Ref default_val = argc == 3 ? py_arg(2) : py_None;
@@ -387,7 +388,7 @@ static bool dict__pop(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool dict__items(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool dict_items(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     Dict* self = py_touserdata(argv);
     DictIterator* ud = py_newobject(py_retval(), tp_dict_items, 1, sizeof(DictIterator));
@@ -396,7 +397,7 @@ static bool dict__items(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool dict__keys(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool dict_keys(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     Dict* self = py_touserdata(argv);
     py_newtuple(py_retval(), self->length);
@@ -406,13 +407,13 @@ static bool dict__keys(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     while(1) {
         DictEntry* entry = DictIterator__next(&iter);
         if(!entry) break;
-        py_tuple__setitem(py_retval(), i++, &entry->key);
+        py_tuple_setitem(py_retval(), i++, &entry->key);
     }
     assert(i == self->length);
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool dict__values(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool dict_values(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     Dict* self = py_touserdata(argv);
     py_newtuple(py_retval(), self->length);
@@ -422,7 +423,7 @@ static bool dict__values(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     while(1) {
         DictEntry* entry = DictIterator__next(&iter);
         if(!entry) break;
-        py_tuple__setitem(py_retval(), i++, &entry->val);
+        py_tuple_setitem(py_retval(), i++, &entry->val);
     }
     assert(i == self->length);
     return true;
@@ -442,14 +443,14 @@ py_Type pk_dict__register() {
     py_bindmagic(type, __eq__, dict__eq__);
     py_bindmagic(type, __ne__, dict__ne__);
 
-    py_bindmethod(type, "clear", dict__clear);
+    py_bindmethod(type, "clear", dict_clear);
-    py_bindmethod(type, "copy", dict__copy);
+    py_bindmethod(type, "copy", dict_copy);
-    py_bindmethod(type, "update", dict__update);
+    py_bindmethod(type, "update", dict_update);
-    py_bindmethod(type, "get", dict__get);
+    py_bindmethod(type, "get", dict_get);
-    py_bindmethod(type, "pop", dict__pop);
+    py_bindmethod(type, "pop", dict_pop);
-    py_bindmethod(type, "items", dict__items);
+    py_bindmethod(type, "items", dict_items);
-    py_bindmethod(type, "keys", dict__keys);
+    py_bindmethod(type, "keys", dict_keys);
-    py_bindmethod(type, "values", dict__values);
+    py_bindmethod(type, "values", dict_values);
 
     py_setdict(py_tpobject(type), __hash__, py_None);
     return type;
@@ -468,8 +469,8 @@ static bool dict_items__next__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     DictEntry* entry = (DictIterator__next(iter));
     if(entry) {
         py_newtuple(py_retval(), 2);
-        py_tuple__setitem(py_retval(), 0, &entry->key);
+        py_tuple_setitem(py_retval(), 0, &entry->key);
-        py_tuple__setitem(py_retval(), 1, &entry->val);
+        py_tuple_setitem(py_retval(), 1, &entry->val);
         return true;
     }
     return StopIteration();
@@ -489,7 +490,7 @@ void py_newdict(py_Ref out) {
     Dict__ctor(ud, 8);
 }
 
-py_Ref py_dict__getitem(py_Ref self, py_Ref key) {
+py_Ref py_dict_getitem(py_Ref self, py_Ref key) {
     assert(py_isdict(self));
     Dict* ud = py_touserdata(self);
     DictEntry* entry;
@@ -498,19 +499,19 @@ py_Ref py_dict__getitem(py_Ref self, py_Ref key) {
     return NULL;
 }
 
-void py_dict__delitem(py_Ref self, py_Ref key) {
+void py_dict_delitem(py_Ref self, py_Ref key) {
     assert(py_isdict(self));
     Dict* ud = py_touserdata(self);
     Dict__pop(ud, key);
 }
 
-void py_dict__setitem(py_Ref self, py_Ref key, py_Ref val) {
+void py_dict_setitem(py_Ref self, py_Ref key, py_Ref val) {
     assert(py_isdict(self));
     Dict* ud = py_touserdata(self);
     Dict__set(ud, key, val);
 }
 
-bool py_dict__contains(py_Ref self, py_Ref key) {
+bool py_dict_contains(py_Ref self, py_Ref key) {
     assert(py_isdict(self));
     Dict* ud = py_touserdata(self);
     DictEntry* entry;
@@ -518,13 +519,13 @@ bool py_dict__contains(py_Ref self, py_Ref key) {
     return ok && entry != NULL;
 }
 
-int py_dict__len(py_Ref self) {
+int py_dict_len(py_Ref self) {
     assert(py_isdict(self));
     Dict* ud = py_touserdata(self);
     return ud->length;
 }
 
-bool py_dict__apply(py_Ref self, bool (*f)(py_Ref, py_Ref, void*), void* ctx) {
+bool py_dict_apply(py_Ref self, bool (*f)(py_Ref, py_Ref, void*), void* ctx) {
     Dict* ud = py_touserdata(self);
     for(int i = 0; i < ud->entries.count; i++) {
         DictEntry* entry = c11__at(DictEntry, &ud->entries, i);

src/public/py_exception.c

@@ -52,8 +52,10 @@ static void BaseException__dtor(void* ud) {
 
 static bool _py_BaseException__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     py_Type cls = py_totype(argv);
-    BaseException* ud = py_newobject(py_retval(), cls, 1, sizeof(BaseException));
+    BaseException* ud = py_newobject(py_retval(), cls, 2, sizeof(BaseException));
     c11_vector__ctor(&ud->stacktrace, sizeof(BaseExceptionFrame));
+    py_setslot(py_retval(), 0, py_NIL);
+    py_setslot(py_retval(), 1, py_NIL);
     ud->lineno_backup = -1;
     ud->code_backup = NULL;
     return true;
@@ -138,35 +140,46 @@ void py_printexc() {
     free(msg);
 }
 
+static void c11_sbuf__write_exc(c11_sbuf* self, py_Ref exc){
+    if(true) { c11_sbuf__write_cstr(self, "Traceback (most recent call last):\n"); }
+
+    BaseException* ud = py_touserdata(exc);
+
+    for(int i = ud->stacktrace.count - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        BaseExceptionFrame* frame = c11__at(BaseExceptionFrame, &ud->stacktrace, i);
+        SourceData__snapshot(frame->src,
+                             self,
+                             frame->lineno,
+                             NULL,
+                             frame->name ? frame->name->data : NULL);
+        c11_sbuf__write_char(self, '\n');
+    }
+
+    const char* name = py_tpname(exc->type);
+    bool ok = py_str(exc);
+    if(!ok) c11__abort("py_printexc(): failed to convert exception to string");
+    const char* message = py_tostr(py_retval());
+
+    c11_sbuf__write_cstr(self, name);
+    c11_sbuf__write_cstr(self, ": ");
+    c11_sbuf__write_cstr(self, message);
+}
+
 char* py_formatexc() {
     VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
     if(py_isnil(&vm->curr_exception)) return NULL;
     c11_sbuf ss;
     c11_sbuf__ctor(&ss);
 
-    if(true) { c11_sbuf__write_cstr(&ss, "Traceback (most recent call last):\n"); }
+    py_Ref inner = py_getslot(&vm->curr_exception, 1);
-
+    if(py_isnil(inner)) {
-    BaseException* ud = py_touserdata(&vm->curr_exception);
+        c11_sbuf__write_exc(&ss, &vm->curr_exception);
-
+    } else {
-    for(int i = ud->stacktrace.count - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        c11_sbuf__write_exc(&ss, inner);
-        BaseExceptionFrame* frame = c11__at(BaseExceptionFrame, &ud->stacktrace, i);
+        c11_sbuf__write_cstr(&ss, "\n\nDuring handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:\n\n");
-        SourceData__snapshot(frame->src,
+        c11_sbuf__write_exc(&ss, &vm->curr_exception);
-                             &ss,
-                             frame->lineno,
-                             NULL,
-                             frame->name ? frame->name->data : NULL);
-        c11_sbuf__write_char(&ss, '\n');
     }
 
-    const char* name = py_tpname(vm->curr_exception.type);
-    bool ok = py_str(&vm->curr_exception);
-    if(!ok) c11__abort("py_printexc(): failed to convert exception to string");
-    const char* message = py_tostr(py_retval());
-
-    c11_sbuf__write_cstr(&ss, name);
-    c11_sbuf__write_cstr(&ss, ": ");
-    c11_sbuf__write_cstr(&ss, message);
-
     c11_string* res = c11_sbuf__submit(&ss);
     char* dup = malloc(res->size + 1);
     memcpy(dup, res->data, res->size);
@@ -196,6 +209,10 @@ bool py_exception(py_Type type, const char* fmt, ...) {
 bool py_raise(py_Ref exc) {
     assert(py_isinstance(exc, tp_BaseException));
     VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
+    if(!py_isnil(&vm->curr_exception)){
+        // inner exception
+        py_setslot(exc, 1, &vm->curr_exception);
+    }
     vm->curr_exception = *exc;
     return false;
 }

src/public/py_list.c

@@ -19,47 +19,47 @@ void py_newlistn(py_Ref out, int n) {
     userdata->count = n;
 }
 
-py_Ref py_list__data(py_Ref self) {
+py_Ref py_list_data(py_Ref self) {
     List* userdata = py_touserdata(self);
     return userdata->data;
 }
 
-py_Ref py_list__getitem(py_Ref self, int i) {
+py_Ref py_list_getitem(py_Ref self, int i) {
     List* userdata = py_touserdata(self);
     return c11__at(py_TValue, userdata, i);
 }
 
-void py_list__setitem(py_Ref self, int i, py_Ref val) {
+void py_list_setitem(py_Ref self, int i, py_Ref val) {
     List* userdata = py_touserdata(self);
     c11__setitem(py_TValue, userdata, i, *val);
 }
 
-void py_list__delitem(py_Ref self, int i) {
+void py_list_delitem(py_Ref self, int i) {
     List* userdata = py_touserdata(self);
     c11_vector__erase(py_TValue, userdata, i);
 }
 
-int py_list__len(py_Ref self) {
+int py_list_len(py_Ref self) {
     List* userdata = py_touserdata(self);
     return userdata->count;
 }
 
-void py_list__append(py_Ref self, py_Ref val) {
+void py_list_append(py_Ref self, py_Ref val) {
     List* userdata = py_touserdata(self);
     c11_vector__push(py_TValue, userdata, *val);
 }
 
-void py_list__clear(py_Ref self) {
+void py_list_clear(py_Ref self) {
     List* userdata = py_touserdata(self);
     c11_vector__clear(userdata);
 }
 
-void py_list__insert(py_Ref self, int i, py_Ref val) {
+void py_list_insert(py_Ref self, int i, py_Ref val) {
     List* userdata = py_touserdata(self);
     c11_vector__insert(py_TValue, userdata, i, *val);
 }
 
-void py_list__reverse(py_Ref self) {
+void py_list_reverse(py_Ref self) {
     List* userdata = py_touserdata(self);
     c11__reverse(py_TValue, userdata);
 }
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ void py_list__reverse(py_Ref self) {
 ////////////////////////////////
 static bool list__len__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
-    py_i64 res = py_list__len(py_arg(0));
+    py_i64 res = py_list_len(py_arg(0));
     py_newint(py_retval(), res);
     return true;
 }
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ static bool list__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
         if(p) {
             py_newlistn(py_retval(), length);
             for(int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
-                py_list__setitem(py_retval(), i, p + i);
+                py_list_setitem(py_retval(), i, p + i);
             }
             return true;
         }
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ static bool list__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
                 return false;
             }
             if(!res) break;
-            py_list__append(list, py_retval());
+            py_list_append(list, py_retval());
         }
         *py_retval() = *list;
         py_shrink(2);
@@ -216,9 +216,9 @@ static bool list__mul__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 
 static bool list__rmul__(int argc, py_Ref argv) { return list__mul__(argc, argv); }
 
-static bool list__append(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool list_append(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
-    py_list__append(py_arg(0), py_arg(1));
+    py_list_append(py_arg(0), py_arg(1));
     py_newnone(py_retval());
     return true;
 }
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ static bool list__repr__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool list__extend(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool list_extend(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     List* self = py_touserdata(py_arg(0));
     PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(1, tp_list);
@@ -253,11 +253,11 @@ static bool list__extend(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool list__count(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool list_count(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     int count = 0;
-    for(int i = 0; i < py_list__len(py_arg(0)); i++) {
+    for(int i = 0; i < py_list_len(py_arg(0)); i++) {
-        int res = py_equal(py_list__getitem(py_arg(0), i), py_arg(1));
+        int res = py_equal(py_list_getitem(py_arg(0), i), py_arg(1));
         if(res == -1) return false;
         if(res) count++;
     }
@@ -265,14 +265,14 @@ static bool list__count(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool list__clear(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool list_clear(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
-    py_list__clear(py_arg(0));
+    py_list_clear(py_arg(0));
     py_newnone(py_retval());
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool list__copy(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool list_copy(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     py_newlist(py_retval());
     List* self = py_touserdata(py_arg(0));
@@ -281,15 +281,15 @@ static bool list__copy(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool list__index(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool list_index(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     if(argc > 3) return TypeError("index() takes at most 3 arguments");
     int start = 0;
     if(argc == 3) {
         PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(2, tp_int);
         start = py_toint(py_arg(2));
     }
-    for(int i = start; i < py_list__len(py_arg(0)); i++) {
+    for(int i = start; i < py_list_len(py_arg(0)); i++) {
-        int res = py_equal(py_list__getitem(py_arg(0), i), py_arg(1));
+        int res = py_equal(py_list_getitem(py_arg(0), i), py_arg(1));
         if(res == -1) return false;
         if(res) {
             py_newint(py_retval(), i);
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ static bool list__index(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return ValueError("list.index(x): x not in list");
 }
 
-static bool list__reverse(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool list_reverse(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     List* self = py_touserdata(py_arg(0));
     c11__reverse(py_TValue, self);
@@ -307,13 +307,13 @@ static bool list__reverse(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool list__remove(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool list_remove(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
-    for(int i = 0; i < py_list__len(py_arg(0)); i++) {
+    for(int i = 0; i < py_list_len(py_arg(0)); i++) {
-        int res = py_equal(py_list__getitem(py_arg(0), i), py_arg(1));
+        int res = py_equal(py_list_getitem(py_arg(0), i), py_arg(1));
         if(res == -1) return false;
         if(res) {
-            py_list__delitem(py_arg(0), i);
+            py_list_delitem(py_arg(0), i);
             py_newnone(py_retval());
             return true;
         }
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ static bool list__remove(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return ValueError("list.remove(x): x not in list");
 }
 
-static bool list__pop(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool list_pop(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     int index;
     if(argc == 1) {
         index = -1;
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ static bool list__pop(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool list__insert(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool list_insert(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(3);
     PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(1, tp_int);
     List* self = py_touserdata(py_arg(0));
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ static int lt_with_key(py_TValue* a, py_TValue* b, py_TValue* key) {
 }
 
 // sort(self, key=None, reverse=False)
-static bool list__sort(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool list_sort(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     List* self = py_touserdata(py_arg(0));
 
     py_Ref key = py_arg(1);
@@ -423,19 +423,19 @@ py_Type pk_list__register() {
     py_bindmagic(type, __iter__, list__iter__);
     py_bindmagic(type, __contains__, list__contains__);
 
-    py_bindmethod(type, "append", list__append);
+    py_bindmethod(type, "append", list_append);
-    py_bindmethod(type, "extend", list__extend);
+    py_bindmethod(type, "extend", list_extend);
-    py_bindmethod(type, "count", list__count);
+    py_bindmethod(type, "count", list_count);
-    py_bindmethod(type, "clear", list__clear);
+    py_bindmethod(type, "clear", list_clear);
-    py_bindmethod(type, "copy", list__copy);
+    py_bindmethod(type, "copy", list_copy);
-    py_bindmethod(type, "index", list__index);
+    py_bindmethod(type, "index", list_index);
-    py_bindmethod(type, "reverse", list__reverse);
+    py_bindmethod(type, "reverse", list_reverse);
-    py_bindmethod(type, "remove", list__remove);
+    py_bindmethod(type, "remove", list_remove);
-    py_bindmethod(type, "pop", list__pop);
+    py_bindmethod(type, "pop", list_pop);
-    py_bindmethod(type, "insert", list__insert);
+    py_bindmethod(type, "insert", list_insert);
-    py_bindmethod(type, "sort", list__sort);
+    py_bindmethod(type, "sort", list_sort);
 
-    py_bind(py_tpobject(type), "sort(self, key=None, reverse=False)", list__sort);
+    py_bind(py_tpobject(type), "sort(self, key=None, reverse=False)", list_sort);
 
     py_setdict(py_tpobject(type), __hash__, py_None);
     return type;

src/public/py_number.c

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 #include <math.h>
 
 #define DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(name, op, rint, rfloat)                                                  \
-    static bool _py_int##name(int argc, py_Ref argv) {                                             \
+    static bool int##name(int argc, py_Ref argv) {                                             \
         PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);                                                                          \
         if(py_isint(&argv[1])) {                                                                   \
             py_i64 lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);                                                       \
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
         }                                                                                          \
         return true;                                                                               \
     }                                                                                              \
-    static bool _py_float##name(int argc, py_Ref argv) {                                           \
+    static bool float##name(int argc, py_Ref argv) {                                           \
         PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);                                                                          \
         py_f64 lhs = py_tofloat(&argv[0]);                                                         \
         py_f64 rhs;                                                                                \
@@ -45,21 +45,21 @@ DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__ge__, >=, py_newbool, py_newbool)
 
 #undef DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP
 
-static bool _py_int__neg__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool int__neg__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     py_i64 val = py_toint(&argv[0]);
     py_newint(py_retval(), -val);
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_float__neg__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool float__neg__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     py_f64 val = py_tofloat(&argv[0]);
     py_newfloat(py_retval(), -val);
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_int__truediv__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool int__truediv__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     py_i64 lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);
     py_f64 rhs;
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ static bool _py_int__truediv__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_float__truediv__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool float__truediv__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     py_f64 lhs = py_tofloat(&argv[0]);
     py_f64 rhs;
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ static bool _py_float__truediv__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 
 #define ZeroDivisionError(msg) false
 
-static bool _py_number__pow__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool number__pow__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     if(py_isint(&argv[0]) && py_isint(&argv[1])) {
         py_i64 lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ static bool _py_number__pow__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_int__floordiv__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool int__floordiv__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     py_i64 lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);
     if(py_isint(&argv[1])) {
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ static bool _py_int__floordiv__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_int__mod__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool int__mod__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     py_i64 lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);
     if(py_isint(&argv[1])) {
@@ -145,14 +145,14 @@ static bool _py_int__mod__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_int__invert__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool int__invert__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     py_i64 val = py_toint(&argv[0]);
     py_newint(py_retval(), ~val);
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_int__bit_length(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool int_bit_length(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     py_i64 x = py_toint(py_arg(0));
     if(x < 0) x = -x;
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ static bool _py_int__bit_length(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 }
 
 #define DEF_INT_BITWISE_OP(name, op)                                                               \
-    static bool _py_int##name(int argc, py_Ref argv) {                                             \
+    static bool int##name(int argc, py_Ref argv) {                                             \
         PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);                                                                          \
         py_i64 lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);                                                           \
         if(py_isint(&argv[1])) {                                                                   \
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ DEF_INT_BITWISE_OP(__rshift__, >>)
 
 #undef DEF_INT_BITWISE_OP
 
-static bool _py_int__repr__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool int__repr__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     py_i64 val = py_toint(&argv[0]);
     char buf[32];
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ static bool _py_int__repr__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_float__repr__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool float__repr__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     py_f64 val = py_tofloat(&argv[0]);
     c11_sbuf buf;
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ static py_i64 c11_8bytes__hash(union c11_8bytes u) {
     return u._i64;
 }
 
-static bool _py_int__hash__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool int__hash__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     py_i64 val = py_toint(&argv[0]);
     union c11_8bytes u = {._i64 = val};
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ static bool _py_int__hash__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_float__hash__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool float__hash__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     py_f64 val = py_tofloat(&argv[0]);
     union c11_8bytes u = {._f64 = val};
@@ -239,21 +239,21 @@ static bool _py_float__hash__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_int__abs__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool int__abs__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     py_i64 val = py_toint(&argv[0]);
     py_newint(py_retval(), val < 0 ? -val : val);
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_float__abs__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool float__abs__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     py_f64 val = py_tofloat(&argv[0]);
     py_newfloat(py_retval(), val < 0 ? -val : val);
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_int__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool int__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     if(argc == 1 + 0) {
         // int() == 0
         py_newint(py_retval(), 0);
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ static bool _py_int__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_float__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool float__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     if(argc == 1 + 0) {
         // float() == 0.0
         py_newfloat(py_retval(), 0.0);
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ static bool _py_float__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 }
 
 // tp_bool
-static bool _py_bool__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool bool__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     assert(argc > 0);
     if(argc == 1){
         py_newbool(py_retval(), false);
@@ -371,21 +371,21 @@ static bool _py_bool__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return TypeError("bool() takes at most 1 argument");
 }
 
-static bool _py_bool__hash__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool bool__hash__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     bool res = py_tobool(argv);
     py_newint(py_retval(), res);
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_bool__repr__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool bool__repr__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     bool res = py_tobool(argv);
     py_newstr(py_retval(), res ? "True" : "False");
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_bool__eq__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool bool__eq__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     bool lhs = py_tobool(&argv[0]);
     if(argv[1].type == tp_bool) {
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ static bool _py_bool__eq__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_bool__ne__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool bool__ne__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     bool lhs = py_tobool(&argv[0]);
     if(argv[1].type == tp_bool) {
@@ -411,74 +411,74 @@ static bool _py_bool__ne__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 
 void pk_number__register() {
     /****** tp_int & tp_float ******/
-    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __add__, _py_int__add__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __add__, int__add__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __add__, _py_float__add__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __add__, float__add__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __sub__, _py_int__sub__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __sub__, int__sub__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __sub__, _py_float__sub__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __sub__, float__sub__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __mul__, _py_int__mul__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __mul__, int__mul__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __mul__, _py_float__mul__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __mul__, float__mul__);
 
-    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __eq__, _py_int__eq__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __eq__, int__eq__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __eq__, _py_float__eq__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __eq__, float__eq__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __ne__, _py_int__ne__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __ne__, int__ne__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __ne__, _py_float__ne__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __ne__, float__ne__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __lt__, _py_int__lt__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __lt__, int__lt__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __lt__, _py_float__lt__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __lt__, float__lt__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __le__, _py_int__le__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __le__, int__le__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __le__, _py_float__le__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __le__, float__le__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __gt__, _py_int__gt__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __gt__, int__gt__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __gt__, _py_float__gt__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __gt__, float__gt__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __ge__, _py_int__ge__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __ge__, int__ge__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __ge__, _py_float__ge__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __ge__, float__ge__);
 
     // __neg__
-    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __neg__, _py_int__neg__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __neg__, int__neg__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __neg__, _py_float__neg__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __neg__, float__neg__);
 
     // __repr__
-    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __repr__, _py_int__repr__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __repr__, int__repr__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __repr__, _py_float__repr__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __repr__, float__repr__);
 
     // __hash__
-    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __hash__, _py_int__hash__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __hash__, int__hash__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __hash__, _py_float__hash__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __hash__, float__hash__);
 
     // __abs__
-    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __abs__, _py_int__abs__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __abs__, int__abs__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __abs__, _py_float__abs__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __abs__, float__abs__);
 
     // __new__
-    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __new__, _py_int__new__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __new__, int__new__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __new__, _py_float__new__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __new__, float__new__);
 
     // __truediv__
-    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __truediv__, _py_int__truediv__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __truediv__, int__truediv__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __truediv__, _py_float__truediv__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __truediv__, float__truediv__);
 
     // __pow__
-    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __pow__, _py_number__pow__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __pow__, number__pow__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __pow__, _py_number__pow__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __pow__, number__pow__);
 
     // __floordiv__ & __mod__
-    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __floordiv__, _py_int__floordiv__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __floordiv__, int__floordiv__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __mod__, _py_int__mod__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __mod__, int__mod__);
 
     // int.__invert__ & int.<BITWISE OP>
-    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __invert__, _py_int__invert__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __invert__, int__invert__);
 
-    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __and__, _py_int__and__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __and__, int__and__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __or__, _py_int__or__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __or__, int__or__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __xor__, _py_int__xor__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __xor__, int__xor__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __lshift__, _py_int__lshift__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __lshift__, int__lshift__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __rshift__, _py_int__rshift__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __rshift__, int__rshift__);
 
     // int.bit_length
-    py_bindmethod(tp_int, "bit_length", _py_int__bit_length);
+    py_bindmethod(tp_int, "bit_length", int_bit_length);
 
     /* tp_bool */
-    py_bindmagic(tp_bool, __new__, _py_bool__new__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_bool, __new__, bool__new__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_bool, __hash__, _py_bool__hash__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_bool, __hash__, bool__hash__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_bool, __repr__, _py_bool__repr__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_bool, __repr__, bool__repr__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_bool, __eq__, _py_bool__eq__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_bool, __eq__, bool__eq__);
-    py_bindmagic(tp_bool, __ne__, _py_bool__ne__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_bool, __ne__, bool__ne__);
 }

src/public/py_object.c

@@ -64,7 +64,11 @@ static bool type__base__getter(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     py_Type type = py_totype(argv);
     py_TypeInfo* ti = c11__at(py_TypeInfo, &pk_current_vm->types, type);
-    py_assign(py_retval(), py_tpobject(ti->base));
+    if(ti->base){
+        py_assign(py_retval(), py_tpobject(ti->base));
+    }else{
+        py_newnone(py_retval());
+    }
     return true;
 }
 

src/public/py_ops.c

@@ -71,7 +71,10 @@ int py_next(py_Ref val) {
     VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
     vm->is_stopiteration = false;
     py_Ref tmp = py_tpfindmagic(val->type, __next__);
-    if(!tmp) return TypeError("'%t' object is not an iterator", val->type);
+    if(!tmp) {
+        TypeError("'%t' object is not an iterator", val->type);
+        return -1;
+    }
     py_StackRef p0 = py_peek(0);
     if(py_call(tmp, 1, val)) return true;
     if(vm->curr_exception.type == tp_StopIteration) {

src/public/py_slice.c

@@ -42,10 +42,35 @@ static bool slice__repr__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
+static bool slice_start__getter(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    py_Ref self = py_arg(0);
+    py_TValue* val = py_getslot(self, 0);
+    py_assign(py_retval(), val);
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool slice_stop__getter(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    py_Ref self = py_arg(0);
+    py_TValue* val = py_getslot(self, 1);
+    py_assign(py_retval(), val);
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool slice_step__getter(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    py_Ref self = py_arg(0);
+    py_TValue* val = py_getslot(self, 2);
+    py_assign(py_retval(), val);
+    return true;
+}
+
 py_Type pk_slice__register() {
     py_Type type = pk_newtype("slice", tp_object, NULL, NULL, false, true);
 
     py_bindmagic(type, __new__, slice__new__);
     py_bindmagic(type, __repr__, slice__repr__);
+
+    py_bindproperty(type, "start", slice_start__getter, NULL);
+    py_bindproperty(type, "stop", slice_stop__getter, NULL);
+    py_bindproperty(type, "step", slice_step__getter, NULL);
     return type;
 }

src/public/py_str.c

@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ DEF_STR_CMP_OP(__ge__, c11_sv__cmp, res >= 0)
 
 #undef DEF_STR_CMP_OP
 
-static bool str__lower(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool str_lower(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     c11_string* self = py_touserdata(&argv[0]);
     int total_size = sizeof(c11_string) + self->size + 1;
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ static bool str__lower(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool str__upper(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool str_upper(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     c11_string* self = py_touserdata(&argv[0]);
     int total_size = sizeof(c11_string) + self->size + 1;
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ static bool str__upper(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool str__startswith(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool str_startswith(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     c11_string* self = py_touserdata(&argv[0]);
     PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(1, tp_str);
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ static bool str__startswith(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool str__endswith(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool str_endswith(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     c11_string* self = py_touserdata(&argv[0]);
     PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(1, tp_str);
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ static bool str__endswith(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool str__join(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool str_join(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     c11_sv self = c11_string__sv(py_touserdata(&argv[0]));
     py_Ref _1 = py_arg(1);
@@ -268,11 +268,11 @@ static bool str__join(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     py_TValue* p;
     int length;
     if(py_istype(_1, tp_list)) {
-        p = py_list__getitem(_1, 0);
+        p = py_list_getitem(_1, 0);
-        length = py_list__len(_1);
+        length = py_list_len(_1);
     } else if(py_istype(_1, tp_tuple)) {
-        p = py_tuple__getitem(_1, 0);
+        p = py_tuple_getitem(_1, 0);
-        length = py_tuple__len(_1);
+        length = py_tuple_len(_1);
     } else {
         return TypeError("join() argument must be a list or tuple");
     }
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ static bool str__join(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool str__replace(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool str_replace(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(3);
     c11_string* self = py_touserdata(&argv[0]);
     PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(1, tp_str);
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ static bool str__replace(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool str__split(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool str_split(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     c11_sv self = c11_string__sv(py_touserdata(&argv[0]));
     c11_vector res;
     if(argc > 2) return TypeError("split() takes at most 2 arguments");
@@ -323,13 +323,13 @@ static bool str__split(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     py_newlistn(py_retval(), res.count);
     for(int i = 0; i < res.count; i++) {
         c11_sv item = c11__getitem(c11_sv, &res, i);
-        py_newstrn(py_list__getitem(py_retval(), i), item.data, item.size);
+        py_newstrn(py_list_getitem(py_retval(), i), item.data, item.size);
     }
     c11_vector__dtor(&res);
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool str__count(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool str_count(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     c11_string* self = py_touserdata(&argv[0]);
     PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(1, tp_str);
@@ -355,19 +355,19 @@ static bool str__strip_impl(bool left, bool right, int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool str__strip(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool str_strip(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return str__strip_impl(true, true, argc, argv);
 }
 
-static bool str__lstrip(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool str_lstrip(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return str__strip_impl(true, false, argc, argv);
 }
 
-static bool str__rstrip(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool str_rstrip(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return str__strip_impl(false, true, argc, argv);
 }
 
-static bool str__zfill(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool str_zfill(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     c11_sv self = c11_string__sv(py_touserdata(&argv[0]));
     PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(1, tp_int);
@@ -423,15 +423,15 @@ static bool str__widthjust_impl(bool left, int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool str__ljust(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool str_ljust(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return str__widthjust_impl(true, argc, argv);
 }
 
-static bool str__rjust(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool str_rjust(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return str__widthjust_impl(false, argc, argv);
 }
 
-static bool str__find(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool str_find(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     if(argc > 3) return TypeError("find() takes at most 3 arguments");
     int start = 0;
     if(argc == 3) {
@@ -446,8 +446,8 @@ static bool str__find(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool str__index(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+static bool str_index(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
-    bool ok = str__find(argc, argv);
+    bool ok = str_find(argc, argv);
     if(!ok) return false;
     if(py_toint(py_retval()) == -1) return ValueError("substring not found");
     return true;
@@ -476,22 +476,22 @@ py_Type pk_str__register() {
     py_bindmagic(tp_str, __gt__, str__gt__);
     py_bindmagic(tp_str, __ge__, str__ge__);
 
-    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "lower", str__lower);
+    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "lower", str_lower);
-    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "upper", str__upper);
+    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "upper", str_upper);
-    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "startswith", str__startswith);
+    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "startswith", str_startswith);
-    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "endswith", str__endswith);
+    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "endswith", str_endswith);
-    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "join", str__join);
+    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "join", str_join);
-    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "replace", str__replace);
+    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "replace", str_replace);
-    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "split", str__split);
+    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "split", str_split);
-    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "count", str__count);
+    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "count", str_count);
-    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "strip", str__strip);
+    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "strip", str_strip);
-    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "lstrip", str__lstrip);
+    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "lstrip", str_lstrip);
-    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "rstrip", str__rstrip);
+    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "rstrip", str_rstrip);
-    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "zfill", str__zfill);
+    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "zfill", str_zfill);
-    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "ljust", str__ljust);
+    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "ljust", str_ljust);
-    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "rjust", str__rjust);
+    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "rjust", str_rjust);
-    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "find", str__find);
+    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "find", str_find);
-    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "index", str__index);
+    py_bindmethod(tp_str, "index", str_index);
     return type;
 }
 

src/public/py_tuple.c

@@ -13,17 +13,17 @@ void py_newtuple(py_Ref out, int n) {
     out->_obj = obj;
 }
 
-py_Ref py_tuple__getitem(py_Ref self, int i) { return py_getslot(self, i); }
+py_Ref py_tuple_getitem(py_Ref self, int i) { return py_getslot(self, i); }
 
-py_Ref py_tuple__data(py_Ref self) { return PyObject__slots(self->_obj); }
+py_Ref py_tuple_data(py_Ref self) { return PyObject__slots(self->_obj); }
 
-void py_tuple__setitem(py_Ref self, int i, py_Ref val) { py_setslot(self, i, val); }
+void py_tuple_setitem(py_Ref self, int i, py_Ref val) { py_setslot(self, i, val); }
 
-int py_tuple__len(py_Ref self) { return self->_obj->slots; }
+int py_tuple_len(py_Ref self) { return self->_obj->slots; }
 
 //////////////
 static bool tuple__len__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
-    py_newint(py_retval(), py_tuple__len(argv));
+    py_newint(py_retval(), py_tuple_len(argv));
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ static bool tuple__repr__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     c11_sbuf buf;
     c11_sbuf__ctor(&buf);
     c11_sbuf__write_char(&buf, '(');
-    int length = py_tuple__len(argv);
+    int length = py_tuple_len(argv);
     for(int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
         py_TValue* val = py_getslot(argv, i);
         bool ok = py_repr(val);
@@ -58,10 +58,10 @@ static bool tuple__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
         if(!ok) return false;
         py_Ref tmp = py_pushtmp();
         *tmp = *py_retval();  // backup the list
-        int length = py_list__len(tmp);
+        int length = py_list_len(tmp);
         py_newtuple(py_retval(), length);
-        for(int i = 0; i < py_tuple__len(py_retval()); i++) {
+        for(int i = 0; i < py_tuple_len(py_retval()); i++) {
-            py_tuple__setitem(py_retval(), i, py_list__getitem(tmp, i));
+            py_tuple_setitem(py_retval(), i, py_list_getitem(tmp, i));
         }
         py_pop();
         return true;
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ static bool tuple__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 
 static bool tuple__getitem__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
-    int length = py_tuple__len(argv);
+    int length = py_tuple_len(argv);
     py_Ref _1 = py_arg(1);
     if(_1->type == tp_int) {
         int index = py_toint(py_arg(1));
@@ -84,11 +84,11 @@ static bool tuple__getitem__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
         if(!ok) return false;
         py_Ref tmp = py_pushtmp();
         py_newlist(tmp);
-        PK_SLICE_LOOP(i, start, stop, step) py_list__append(tmp, py_getslot(argv, i));
+        PK_SLICE_LOOP(i, start, stop, step) py_list_append(tmp, py_getslot(argv, i));
         // convert list to tuple
-        py_newtuple(py_retval(), py_list__len(tmp));
+        py_newtuple(py_retval(), py_list_len(tmp));
-        for(int i = 0; i < py_tuple__len(py_retval()); i++) {
+        for(int i = 0; i < py_tuple_len(py_retval()); i++) {
-            py_tuple__setitem(py_retval(), i, py_list__getitem(tmp, i));
+            py_tuple_setitem(py_retval(), i, py_list_getitem(tmp, i));
         }
         py_pop();
         return true;
@@ -133,8 +133,8 @@ static bool tuple__contains__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 
 static bool tuple__hash__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
-    int length = py_tuple__len(argv);
+    int length = py_tuple_len(argv);
-    py_TValue* data = py_tuple__data(argv);
+    py_TValue* data = py_tuple_data(argv);
     uint64_t x = 1000003;
     for(int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
         py_i64 y;

src/public/stack_ops.c

@@ -58,6 +58,12 @@ void py_setslot(py_Ref self, int i, py_Ref val) {
     PyObject__slots(self->_obj)[i] = *val;
 }
 
+py_StackRef py_inspect_currentfunction(){
+    Frame* frame = pk_current_vm->top_frame;
+    if(!frame) return NULL;
+    return frame->function;
+}
+
 void py_assign(py_Ref dst, py_Ref src) { *dst = *src; }
 
 /* Stack References */

tests/47_set.py

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 a = {1, 2, 3}
-a |= {2, 3, 4}
+assert a == a
+assert a == {i for i in range(1, 3+1)}
 
+a |= {2, 3, 4}
 assert a == {1, 2, 3, 4}
 
 a = {1, 2, 3}
@@ -79,10 +81,10 @@ assert {1,2,3}.isdisjoint({4,5,6})
 assert not {1,2,3}.isdisjoint({2,3,4})
 
 # unpacking builder
-a = {1, 2, 3}
+# a = {1, 2, 3}
-b = {*a, 4, 5, *a, *a}
+# b = {*a, 4, 5, *a, *a}
-assert b == {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
+# assert b == {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
 
-a = set()
+# a = set()
-b = {*a, 1, 2, 3, *a, *a}
+# b = {*a, 1, 2, 3, *a, *a}
-assert b == {1, 2, 3}
+# assert b == {1, 2, 3}

tests/50_reflection.py

@@ -13,7 +13,11 @@ assert getattr(1, '__add__')(2) == 3
 a = object()
 setattr(a, 'b', 1)
 assert a.b == 1
+assert hasattr(a, 'b')
 assert getattr(a, 'b') == 1
+assert getattr(a, 'c', ...) == ...
+delattr(a, 'b')
+assert not hasattr(a, 'b')
 
 try:
     getattr(a, 'xxx')

tests/70_re.py

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-# import re
-
-# # test match, search, sub, split
-
-# m = re.search('测试','123测试测试')
-# assert m.span() == (3,5)
-# assert m.group(0) == '测试'
-
-# assert re.match('测试','123测试测试') is None
-# assert re.sub('测试','xxx','123测试12321测试') == '123xxx12321xxx'
-
-# # this is different from cpython, the last empty string is not included
-# assert re.split('测试','测试123测试12321测试') == ['', '123', '12321']
-
-# assert re.split(',','123,456,789,10') == ['123', '456', '789', '10']
-# assert re.split(',',',123,456,789,10') == ['', '123', '456', '789', '10']
-# assert re.split(',','123,456,789,10,') == ['123', '456', '789', '10']
-
-# assert re.match('1','1') is not None