Delete refcount.h

include/pocketpy/common/any.h

@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-extern "C" {
-#endif
-
-typedef struct c11_userdata{
-    void* _0;
-    void* _1;
-} c11_userdata;
-
-void c11_userdata__ctor(c11_userdata* self, void* ptr, int size);
-#define c11_userdata__as(T, self) (*( (T*)(self) ))
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-}
-
-namespace pkpy{
-    struct any: c11_userdata{
-        template<typename T>
-        any(T value){
-            c11_userdata__ctor(this, &value, sizeof(T));
-        }
-
-        any(){ }
-
-        template<typename T>
-        T as(){
-            return c11_userdata__as(T, this);
-        }
-    };
-}   // namespace pkpy
-#endif

include/pocketpy/common/refcount.h

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-extern "C" {
-#endif
-
-// ref counting
-typedef struct RefCounted {
-    int count;
-    void (*dtor)(void*);
-} RefCounted;
-
-#define PK_INCREF(obj) (obj)->rc.count++
-#define PK_DECREF(obj) do { \
-    if(--(obj)->rc.count == 0) { \
-        (obj)->rc.dtor(obj); \
-        free(obj); \
-    } \
-} while(0)
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-}
-#endif

include/pocketpy/common/strname.h

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <stdint.h>
+#include "pocketpy/pocketpy.h"
 #include "pocketpy/common/str.h"
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
@@ -19,74 +20,11 @@ c11_string pk_StrName__rmap2(uint16_t index);
 void pk_StrName__initialize();
 void pk_StrName__finalize();
 
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-}
-#endif
-
-/* global names */
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-extern "C" {
-namespace pkpy {
-#endif
-
-// unary operators
-extern uint16_t __repr__;
-extern uint16_t __str__;
-extern uint16_t __hash__;
-extern uint16_t __len__;
-extern uint16_t __iter__;
-extern uint16_t __next__;
-extern uint16_t __neg__;
-// logical operators
-extern uint16_t __eq__;
-extern uint16_t __lt__;
-extern uint16_t __le__;
-extern uint16_t __gt__;
-extern uint16_t __ge__;
-extern uint16_t __contains__;
-// binary operators
-extern uint16_t __add__;
-extern uint16_t __radd__;
-extern uint16_t __sub__;
-extern uint16_t __rsub__;
-extern uint16_t __mul__;
-extern uint16_t __rmul__;
-extern uint16_t __truediv__;
-extern uint16_t __floordiv__;
-extern uint16_t __mod__;
-extern uint16_t __pow__;
-extern uint16_t __matmul__;
-extern uint16_t __lshift__;
-extern uint16_t __rshift__;
-extern uint16_t __and__;
-extern uint16_t __or__;
-extern uint16_t __xor__;
-extern uint16_t __invert__;
-// indexer
-extern uint16_t __getitem__;
-extern uint16_t __setitem__;
-extern uint16_t __delitem__;
-
-// specials
-extern uint16_t __new__;
-extern uint16_t __init__;
-extern uint16_t __call__;
-extern uint16_t __divmod__;
-extern uint16_t __enter__;
-extern uint16_t __exit__;
-extern uint16_t __name__;
-extern uint16_t __all__;
-extern uint16_t __package__;
-extern uint16_t __path__;
-extern uint16_t __class__;
-extern uint16_t __missing__;
-
 extern uint16_t pk_id_add;
 extern uint16_t pk_id_set;
 extern uint16_t pk_id_long;
 extern uint16_t pk_id_complex;
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
-}   // namespace pkpy
-}   // extern "C"
+}
 #endif

include/pocketpy/common/utils.h

@@ -40,6 +40,20 @@ extern const char* kPlatformStrings[];
 #define PK_NARGS(...) PK_NARGS_SEQ(__VA_ARGS__, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0)
 #define PK_NPTRS(...) PK_NARGS_SEQ(__VA_ARGS__, int****, int***, int**, int*, int)
 
+// ref counting
+typedef struct RefCounted {
+    int count;
+    void (*dtor)(void*);
+} RefCounted;
+
+#define PK_INCREF(obj) (obj)->rc.count++
+#define PK_DECREF(obj) do { \
+    if(--(obj)->rc.count == 0) { \
+        (obj)->rc.dtor(obj); \
+        free(obj); \
+    } \
+} while(0)
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif

include/pocketpy/interpreter/frame.h

@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@ py_TValue* FastLocals__try_get_by_name(py_TValue* locals, const CodeObject* co,
 pk_NameDict* FastLocals__to_namedict(py_TValue* locals, const CodeObject* co);
 
 typedef struct ValueStack {
-    // We allocate extra PK_VM_STACK_SIZE/128 places to keep `_sp` valid when `is_overflow() == true`.
+    // We allocate extra PK_VM_STACK_SIZE/128 places to keep `_sp` valid when `is_overflow() ==
+    // true`.
     py_TValue* sp;
     py_TValue* end;
     py_TValue begin[PK_VM_STACK_SIZE + PK_VM_STACK_SIZE / 128];
@@ -34,44 +35,44 @@ UnwindTarget* UnwindTarget__new(UnwindTarget* next, int iblock, int offset);
 void UnwindTarget__delete(UnwindTarget* self);
 
 typedef struct Frame {
-    struct Frame* f_back;   // TODO: set this
+    struct Frame* f_back;
     const Bytecode* ip;
     const CodeObject* co;
     PyObject* module;
-    PyObject* function;     // a function object or NULL (global scope)
-    py_TValue* p0;              // unwinding base
-    py_TValue* locals;          // locals base
+    PyObject* function;  // a function object or NULL (global scope)
+    py_TValue* p0;       // unwinding base
+    py_TValue* locals;   // locals base
     const CodeObject* locals_co;
     UnwindTarget* uw_list;
 } Frame;
 
-
-Frame* Frame__new(const CodeObject* co, const py_TValue* module, const py_TValue* function, py_TValue* p0, py_TValue* locals, const CodeObject* locals_co);
+Frame* Frame__new(const CodeObject* co,
+                  const py_TValue* module,
+                  const py_TValue* function,
+                  py_TValue* p0,
+                  py_TValue* locals,
+                  const CodeObject* locals_co);
 void Frame__delete(Frame* self);
 
-PK_INLINE int Frame__ip(const Frame* self){
-    return self->ip - (Bytecode*)self->co->codes.data;
-}
+PK_INLINE int Frame__ip(const Frame* self) { return self->ip - (Bytecode*)self->co->codes.data; }
 
-PK_INLINE int Frame__lineno(const Frame* self){
+PK_INLINE int Frame__lineno(const Frame* self) {
     int ip = Frame__ip(self);
     return c11__getitem(BytecodeEx, &self->co->codes_ex, ip).lineno;
 }
 
-PK_INLINE int Frame__iblock(const Frame* self){
+PK_INLINE int Frame__iblock(const Frame* self) {
     int ip = Frame__ip(self);
     return c11__getitem(BytecodeEx, &self->co->codes_ex, ip).iblock;
 }
 
-PK_INLINE pk_NameDict* Frame__f_globals(Frame* self){
-    return PyObject__dict(self->module);
-}
+PK_INLINE pk_NameDict* Frame__f_globals(Frame* self) { return PyObject__dict(self->module); }
 
-PK_INLINE py_TValue* Frame__f_globals_try_get(Frame* self, py_Name name){
+PK_INLINE py_TValue* Frame__f_globals_try_get(Frame* self, py_Name name) {
     return pk_NameDict__try_get(Frame__f_globals(self), name);
 }
 
-PK_INLINE py_TValue* Frame__f_locals_try_get(Frame* self, py_Name name){
+PK_INLINE py_TValue* Frame__f_locals_try_get(Frame* self, py_Name name) {
     return FastLocals__try_get_by_name(self->locals, self->locals_co, name);
 }
 

include/pocketpy/interpreter/vm.h

@@ -21,21 +21,22 @@ typedef struct pk_TypeInfo{
 
     c11_vector/*T=StrName*/ annotated_fields;
 
+    py_CFunction on_end_subclass;   // backdoor for enum module
+
     /* Magic Caches */
-    // unary operators
-    py_CFunction m__repr__, m__str__, m__hash__, m__len__;
-    py_CFunction m__iter__, m__next__, m__neg__, m__invert__;
-    // binary operators
-    py_CFunction m__eq__, m__lt__, m__le__, m__gt__, m__ge__, m__contains__;
-    py_CFunction m__add__, m__sub__, m__mul__, m__truediv__, m__floordiv__;
-    py_CFunction m__mod__, m__pow__, m__matmul__;
-    py_CFunction m__lshift__, m__rshift__, m__and__, m__xor__, m__or__;
-    // indexer
-    py_CFunction m__getitem__, m__setitem__, m__delitem__;
-    // attribute access (internal use only)
-    py_CFunction m__getattr__, m__setattr__, m__delattr__;
-    // backdoors
-    py_CFunction on_end_subclass;   // for enum module
+    py_TValue magic[64];
+    // // unary operators
+    // py_CFunction m__repr__, m__str__, m__hash__, m__len__;
+    // py_CFunction m__iter__, m__next__, m__neg__, m__invert__;
+    // // binary operators
+    // py_CFunction m__eq__, m__lt__, m__le__, m__gt__, m__ge__, m__contains__;
+    // py_CFunction m__add__, m__sub__, m__mul__, m__truediv__, m__floordiv__;
+    // py_CFunction m__mod__, m__pow__, m__matmul__;
+    // py_CFunction m__lshift__, m__rshift__, m__and__, m__xor__, m__or__;
+    // // indexer
+    // py_CFunction m__getitem__, m__setitem__, m__delitem__;
+    // // attribute access (internal use only)
+    // py_CFunction m__getattr__, m__setattr__, m__delattr__;
 } pk_TypeInfo;
 
 void pk_TypeInfo__ctor(pk_TypeInfo* self, py_Name name, py_Type base, PyObject* obj, const py_TValue* module, bool subclass_enabled);
@@ -91,6 +92,9 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__run_top_frame(pk_VM* self);
 
 py_Type pk_VM__new_type(pk_VM* self, const char* name, py_Type base, const py_TValue* module, bool subclass_enabled);
 
+// type registration
+py_Type pk_list__register();
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif

include/pocketpy/objects/base.h

@@ -16,35 +16,38 @@ extern "C" {
 typedef int16_t py_Type;
 typedef struct PyObject PyObject;
 
-typedef struct py_TValue{
+typedef struct py_TValue {
     py_Type type;
     bool is_ptr;
     int extra;
+
     union {
         int64_t _i64;
         double _f64;
         PyObject* _obj;
         void* _ptr;
+        py_CFunction _cfunc;
         // Vec2
     };
 } py_TValue;
 
 // 16 bytes to make py_arg() macro work
+static_assert(sizeof(py_CFunction) <= 8, "sizeof(py_CFunction) > 8");
 static_assert(sizeof(py_TValue) == 16, "sizeof(py_TValue) != 16");
 
 /* predefined vars */
-static const py_Type tp_object = {1}, tp_type = {2};
-static const py_Type tp_int = {3}, tp_float = {4}, tp_bool = {5}, tp_str = {6};
-static const py_Type tp_list = {7}, tp_tuple = {8};
-static const py_Type tp_slice = {9}, tp_range = {10}, tp_module = {11};
-static const py_Type tp_function = {12}, tp_nativefunc = {13}, tp_bound_method = {14};
-static const py_Type tp_super = {15}, tp_exception = {16}, tp_bytes = {17}, tp_mappingproxy = {18};
-static const py_Type tp_dict = {19}, tp_property = {20}, tp_star_wrapper = {21};
-static const py_Type tp_staticmethod = {22}, tp_classmethod = {23};
-static const py_Type tp_none_type = {24}, tp_not_implemented_type = {25};
-static const py_Type tp_ellipsis = {26};
-static const py_Type tp_op_call = {27}, tp_op_yield = {28};
-static const py_Type tp_syntax_error = {29}, tp_stop_iteration = {30};
+const static py_Type tp_object = {1}, tp_type = {2};
+const static py_Type tp_int = {3}, tp_float = {4}, tp_bool = {5}, tp_str = {6};
+const static py_Type tp_list = {7}, tp_tuple = {8};
+const static py_Type tp_slice = {9}, tp_range = {10}, tp_module = {11};
+const static py_Type tp_function = {12}, tp_nativefunc = {13}, tp_bound_method = {14};
+const static py_Type tp_super = {15}, tp_exception = {16}, tp_bytes = {17}, tp_mappingproxy = {18};
+const static py_Type tp_dict = {19}, tp_property = {20}, tp_star_wrapper = {21};
+const static py_Type tp_staticmethod = {22}, tp_classmethod = {23};
+const static py_Type tp_none_type = {24}, tp_not_implemented_type = {25};
+const static py_Type tp_ellipsis = {26};
+const static py_Type tp_op_call = {27}, tp_op_yield = {28};
+const static py_Type tp_syntax_error = {29}, tp_stop_iteration = {30};
 
 extern py_TValue PY_NULL, PY_OP_CALL, PY_OP_YIELD;
 

include/pocketpy/objects/codeobject.h

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 #include "pocketpy/common/smallmap.h"
 #include "pocketpy/objects/base.h"
 #include "pocketpy/objects/sourcedata.h"
-#include "pocketpy/common/refcount.h"
 #include "pocketpy/pocketpy.h"
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus

include/pocketpy/objects/sourcedata.h

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include "pocketpy/common/str.h"
 #include "pocketpy/common/vector.h"
-#include "pocketpy/common/refcount.h"
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {

include/pocketpy/pocketpy.h

@@ -18,9 +18,8 @@ typedef struct py_Error {
 /// Native function signature.
 /// @param argc number of arguments.
 /// @param argv array of arguments. Use `py_arg(i)` macro to get the i-th argument.
-/// @param out output reference to the result.
 /// @return true if the function is successful.
-typedef bool (*py_CFunction)(int argc, py_TValue* argv, py_TValue* out);
+typedef bool (*py_CFunction)(int argc, py_TValue* argv);
 
 typedef enum BindType {
     BindType_FUNCTION,
@@ -35,9 +34,10 @@ void py_initialize();
 void py_finalize();
 
 /// Run a simple source string. Do not change the stack.
-int py_exec(const char*);
-/// Eval a simple expression. The result is pushed to the stack.
-int py_eval(const char*, py_Ref out);
+bool py_exec(const char*);
+/// Eval a simple expression.
+/// The result will be set to `vm->last_retval`.
+bool py_eval(const char*);
 
 /************* Values Creation *************/
 void py_newint(py_Ref, int64_t);
@@ -74,13 +74,7 @@ void py_newfunction2(py_Ref out,
                      const char* docstring,
                      const py_Ref upvalue);
 // old style argc-based function
-void py_newnativefunc(py_Ref out, py_CFunction, int argc);
-void py_newnativefunc2(py_Ref out,
-                       py_CFunction,
-                       int argc,
-                       BindType bt,
-                       const char* docstring,
-                       const py_Ref upvalue);
+void py_newnativefunc(py_Ref out, py_CFunction);
 
 void py_newnotimplemented(py_Ref out);
 
@@ -96,7 +90,7 @@ double py_tofloat(const py_Ref);
 bool py_castfloat(const py_Ref, double* out);
 bool py_tobool(const py_Ref);
 const char* py_tostr(const py_Ref);
-const char* py_tostrn(const py_Ref, int* out);
+const char* py_tostrn(const py_Ref, int* size);
 
 void* py_touserdata(const py_Ref);
 
@@ -106,27 +100,59 @@ void* py_touserdata(const py_Ref);
 #define py_isstr(self) py_istype(self, tp_str)
 
 bool py_istype(const py_Ref, py_Type);
-// bool py_isinstance(const py_Ref obj, py_Type type);
-// bool py_issubclass(py_Type derived, py_Type base);
+bool py_isinstance(const py_Ref obj, py_Type type);
+bool py_issubclass(py_Type derived, py_Type base);
 
 /************* References *************/
-#define py_arg(i)       (py_Ref)((char*)argv+((i)<<4))
+#define TypeError(x) false
+#define py_arg(i) (py_Ref)((char*)argv + ((i) << 4))
+#define py_checkargc(n)                                                                            \
+    if(argc != n) return TypeError()
 
+py_Ref py_tpmagic(py_Type type, py_Name name);
+#define py_bindmagic(type, __magic__, f) py_newnativefunc(py_tpmagic((type), __magic__), (f))
+
+// new style decl-based bindings
+py_Ref py_bind(py_Ref obj, const char* sig, py_CFunction f);
+py_Ref py_bind2(py_Ref obj,
+                const char* sig,
+                py_CFunction f,
+                BindType bt,
+                const char* docstring,
+                const py_Ref upvalue);
+// old style argc-based bindings
+void py_bindmethod(py_Type type, const char* name, py_CFunction f);
+void py_bindmethod2(py_Type type, const char* name, py_CFunction f, BindType bt);
+void py_bindnativefunc(py_Ref obj, const char* name, py_CFunction f);
+
+/// Get the reference to the i-th register.
+/// @lifespan: Permanent.
 py_Ref py_reg(int i);
 
+/// Get the reference of the object's `__dict__`.
+/// The object must have a `__dict__`.
+/// Returns a reference to the value or NULL if not found.
+/// @lifespan: Object.
 py_Ref py_getdict(const py_Ref self, py_Name name);
 void py_setdict(py_Ref self, py_Name name, const py_Ref val);
 
+/// Get the reference of the i-th slot of the object.
+/// The object must have slots and `i` must be in range.
+/// @lifespan: Object.
 py_Ref py_getslot(const py_Ref self, int i);
 void py_setslot(py_Ref self, int i, const py_Ref val);
 
-py_Ref py_getupvalue(py_Ref self);
-void py_setupvalue(py_Ref self, const py_Ref val);
+py_Ref py_getupvalue(py_Ref argv);
+void py_setupvalue(py_Ref argv, const py_Ref val);
 
 /// Gets the attribute of the object.
 bool py_getattr(const py_Ref self, py_Name name, py_Ref out);
 /// Gets the unbound method of the object.
-bool py_getunboundmethod(const py_Ref self, py_Name name, bool fallback, py_Ref out, py_Ref out_self);
+bool py_getunboundmethod(const py_Ref self,
+                         py_Name name,
+                         bool fallback,
+                         py_Ref out,
+                         py_Ref out_self);
 /// Sets the attribute of the object.
 bool py_setattr(py_Ref self, py_Name name, const py_Ref val);
 /// Deletes the attribute of the object.
@@ -136,62 +162,102 @@ bool py_getitem(const py_Ref self, const py_Ref key, py_Ref out);
 bool py_setitem(py_Ref self, const py_Ref key, const py_Ref val);
 bool py_delitem(py_Ref self, const py_Ref key);
 
+/// Perform a binary operation on the stack.
+/// It assumes `lhs` and `rhs` are already pushed to the stack.
+/// The result will be set to `vm->last_retval`.
+bool py_binaryop(const py_Ref lhs, const py_Ref rhs, py_Name op, py_Name rop);
+
+#define py_binaryadd(lhs, rhs) py_binaryop(lhs, rhs, __add__, __radd__)
+#define py_binarysub(lhs, rhs) py_binaryop(lhs, rhs, __sub__, __rsub__)
+#define py_binarymul(lhs, rhs) py_binaryop(lhs, rhs, __mul__, __rmul__)
+#define py_binarytruediv(lhs, rhs) py_binaryop(lhs, rhs, __truediv__, __rtruediv__)
+#define py_binaryfloordiv(lhs, rhs) py_binaryop(lhs, rhs, __floordiv__, __rfloordiv__)
+#define py_binarymod(lhs, rhs) py_binaryop(lhs, rhs, __mod__, __rmod__)
+#define py_binarypow(lhs, rhs) py_binaryop(lhs, rhs, __pow__, __rpow__)
+
+#define py_binarylshift(lhs, rhs) py_binaryop(lhs, rhs, __lshift__, 0)
+#define py_binaryrshift(lhs, rhs) py_binaryop(lhs, rhs, __rshift__, 0)
+#define py_binaryand(lhs, rhs) py_binaryop(lhs, rhs, __and__, 0)
+#define py_binaryor(lhs, rhs) py_binaryop(lhs, rhs, __or__, 0)
+#define py_binaryxor(lhs, rhs) py_binaryop(lhs, rhs, __xor__, 0)
+#define py_binarymatmul(lhs, rhs) py_binaryop(lhs, rhs, __matmul__, 0)
+
 /// Equivalent to `*dst = *src`.
 void py_assign(py_Ref dst, const py_Ref src);
 
 /************* Stack Operations *************/
-py_Ref py_gettop();
-void py_settop(const py_Ref);
-py_Ref py_getsecond();
-void py_setsecond(const py_Ref);
-void py_duptop();
-void py_dupsecond();
 /// Returns a reference to the i-th object from the top of the stack.
 /// i should be negative, e.g. (-1) means TOS.
 py_Ref py_peek(int i);
-/// Pops an object from the stack.
-void py_pop();
-void py_shrink(int n);
-
 /// Pushes the object to the stack.
 void py_push(const py_Ref src);
-
+/// Pops an object from the stack.
+void py_pop();
+/// Shrink the stack by n.
+void py_shrink(int n);
 /// Get a temporary variable from the stack and returns the reference to it.
 py_Ref py_pushtmp();
 /// Free n temporary variable.
-void py_poptmp(int n);
+#define py_poptmp(n) py_shrink(n)
 
+#define py_gettop() py_peek(-1)
+#define py_getsecond() py_peek(-2)
+#define py_settop(v) py_assign(py_peek(-1), v)
+#define py_setsecond(v) py_assign(py_peek(-2), v)
+#define py_duptop() py_push(py_peek(-1))
+#define py_dupsecond() py_push(py_peek(-2))
 /************* Modules *************/
 py_Ref py_newmodule(const char* name, const char* package);
 py_Ref py_getmodule(const char* name);
 
 /// Import a module.
-int py_import(const char* name, py_Ref out);
+bool py_import(const char* name, py_Ref out);
 
 /************* Errors *************/
 py_Error* py_lasterror();
 void py_Error__print(py_Error*);
 
 /************* Operators *************/
+/// Equivalent to `bool(val)`.
+/// Returns 1 if `val` is truthy, otherwise 0.
+/// Returns -1 if an error occurred.
+int py_bool(const py_Ref val);
+
 int py_eq(const py_Ref, const py_Ref);
+int py_ne(const py_Ref, const py_Ref);
 int py_le(const py_Ref, const py_Ref);
+int py_lt(const py_Ref, const py_Ref);
+int py_ge(const py_Ref, const py_Ref);
+int py_gt(const py_Ref, const py_Ref);
+
 bool py_hash(const py_Ref, int64_t* out);
 
-bool py_str(const py_Ref, py_Ref out);
-bool py_repr(const py_Ref, py_Ref out);
+/// Compare two objects without using magic methods.
+bool py_isidentical(const py_Ref, const py_Ref);
 
 /// A stack operation that calls a function.
-/// It consumes `argc + kwargc` arguments from the stack.
+/// It assumes `argc + kwargc` arguments are already pushed to the stack.
 /// The result will be set to `vm->last_retval`.
-int pk_vectorcall(int argc, int kwargc, bool op_call);
+/// The stack size will be reduced by `argc + kwargc`.
+bool pk_vectorcall(int argc, int kwargc, bool op_call);
 /// Call a function.
 /// It prepares the stack and then performs a `vectorcall(argc, 0, false)`.
 /// The result will be set to `vm->last_retval`.
+/// The stack remains unchanged after the operation.
 bool py_call(py_Ref f, int argc, py_Ref argv);
-/// Call a method.
+/// Call a non-magic method.
 /// It prepares the stack and then performs a `vectorcall(argc+1, 0, false)`.
 /// The result will be set to `vm->last_retval`.
-bool py_callmethod(py_Ref self, py_Name name, int argc, py_Ref argv);
+/// The stack remains unchanged after the operation.
+bool py_callmethod(py_Ref self, py_Name, int argc, py_Ref argv);
+/// Call a magic method.
+/// The result will be set to `vm->last_retval`.
+/// The stack remains unchanged after the operation.
+bool py_callmagic(py_Name name, int argc, py_Ref argv);
+
+#define py_repr(self) py_callmagic(__repr__, 1, self)
+#define py_str(self) py_callmagic(__str__, 1, self)
+
 /// The return value of the most recent vectorcall.
 py_Ref py_lastretval();
 
@@ -217,6 +283,19 @@ void py_list__insert(py_Ref self, int i, const py_Ref val);
 typedef struct pk_TypeInfo pk_TypeInfo;
 pk_TypeInfo* pk_tpinfo(const py_Ref self);
 
+/// Search the magic method from the given type to the base type.
+/// Returns the reference or NULL if not found.
+/// @lifespan: Permanent.
+py_Ref py_tpfindmagic(py_Type, py_Name name);
+
+/// Get the type object of the given type.
+/// @lifespan: Permanent.
+py_Ref py_tpobject(py_Type type);
+
+#define MAGIC_METHOD(x) extern uint16_t x;
+#include "pocketpy/xmacros/magics.h"
+#undef MAGIC_METHOD
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif

include/pocketpy/xmacros/magics.h

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+#ifdef MAGIC_METHOD
+
+// unary operators
+MAGIC_METHOD(__repr__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__str__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__hash__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__len__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__iter__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__next__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__neg__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__invert__)
+// logical operators
+MAGIC_METHOD(__contains__)
+/////////////////////////////
+MAGIC_METHOD(__eq__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__ne__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__lt__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__le__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__gt__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__ge__)
+// binary operators
+MAGIC_METHOD(__add__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__radd__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__sub__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__rsub__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__mul__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__rmul__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__truediv__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__rtruediv__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__floordiv__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__rfloordiv__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__mod__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__rmod__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__pow__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__rpow__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__matmul__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__lshift__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__rshift__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__and__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__or__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__xor__)
+/////////////////////////////
+// indexer
+MAGIC_METHOD(__getitem__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__setitem__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__delitem__)
+
+// specials
+MAGIC_METHOD(__new__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__init__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__call__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__divmod__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__enter__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__exit__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__name__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__all__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__package__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__path__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__class__)
+MAGIC_METHOD(__missing__)
+
+#endif

include/pocketpy/xmacros/opcodes.h

@@ -52,39 +52,9 @@ OPCODE(BUILD_SET)
 OPCODE(BUILD_SLICE)
 OPCODE(BUILD_STRING)
 /**************************/
-OPCODE(BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK)
-OPCODE(BUILD_LIST_UNPACK)
-OPCODE(BUILD_DICT_UNPACK)
-OPCODE(BUILD_SET_UNPACK)
-/**************************/
-OPCODE(BINARY_TRUEDIV)
-OPCODE(BINARY_POW)
-
-OPCODE(BINARY_ADD)
-OPCODE(BINARY_SUB)
-OPCODE(BINARY_MUL)
-OPCODE(BINARY_FLOORDIV)
-OPCODE(BINARY_MOD)
-
-OPCODE(COMPARE_LT)
-OPCODE(COMPARE_LE)
-OPCODE(COMPARE_EQ)
-OPCODE(COMPARE_NE)
-OPCODE(COMPARE_GT)
-OPCODE(COMPARE_GE)
-
-OPCODE(BITWISE_LSHIFT)
-OPCODE(BITWISE_RSHIFT)
-OPCODE(BITWISE_AND)
-OPCODE(BITWISE_OR)
-OPCODE(BITWISE_XOR)
-
-OPCODE(BINARY_MATMUL)
-
+OPCODE(BINARY_OP)
 OPCODE(IS_OP)
-OPCODE(IS_NOT_OP)
-OPCODE(IN_OP)
-OPCODE(NOT_IN_OP)
+OPCODE(CONTAINS_OP)
 /**************************/
 OPCODE(JUMP_FORWARD)
 OPCODE(POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE)
@@ -101,7 +71,7 @@ OPCODE(GOTO)
 OPCODE(FSTRING_EVAL)
 OPCODE(REPR)
 OPCODE(CALL)
-OPCODE(CALL_TP)
+OPCODE(CALL_VARGS)
 OPCODE(RETURN_VALUE)
 OPCODE(YIELD_VALUE)
 /**************************/

src/common/any.c

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-#include "pocketpy/common/any.h"
-
-#include <string.h>
-
-void c11_userdata__ctor(c11_userdata* self, void* ptr, int size){
-    memcpy(self, ptr, size);
-}

src/common/strname.c

@@ -7,69 +7,26 @@
 
 // TODO: use a more efficient data structure
 static c11_smallmap_s2n _interned;
-static c11_vector/*T=char* */ _r_interned;
+static c11_vector /*T=char* */ _r_interned;
 static bool _initialized = false;
 
-void pk_StrName__initialize(){
+void pk_StrName__initialize() {
     if(_initialized) return;
     c11_smallmap_s2n__ctor(&_interned);
-    for(int i=0; i<_r_interned.count; i++){
+    for(int i = 0; i < _r_interned.count; i++) {
         free(c11__at(char*, &_r_interned, i));
     }
     c11_vector__ctor(&_r_interned, sizeof(c11_string));
     _initialized = true;
 
-    // unary operators
-    __repr__ = pk_StrName__map("__repr__");
-    __str__ = pk_StrName__map("__str__");
-    __hash__ = pk_StrName__map("__hash__");
-    __len__ = pk_StrName__map("__len__");
-    __iter__ = pk_StrName__map("__iter__");
-    __next__ = pk_StrName__map("__next__");
-    __neg__ = pk_StrName__map("__neg__");
-    // logical operators
-    __eq__ = pk_StrName__map("__eq__");
-    __lt__ = pk_StrName__map("__lt__");
-    __le__ = pk_StrName__map("__le__");
-    __gt__ = pk_StrName__map("__gt__");
-    __ge__ = pk_StrName__map("__ge__");
-    __contains__ = pk_StrName__map("__contains__");
-    // binary operators
-    __add__ = pk_StrName__map("__add__");
-    __radd__ = pk_StrName__map("__radd__");
-    __sub__ = pk_StrName__map("__sub__");
-    __rsub__ = pk_StrName__map("__rsub__");
-    __mul__ = pk_StrName__map("__mul__");
-    __rmul__ = pk_StrName__map("__rmul__");
-    __truediv__ = pk_StrName__map("__truediv__");
-    __floordiv__ = pk_StrName__map("__floordiv__");
-    __mod__ = pk_StrName__map("__mod__");
-    __pow__ = pk_StrName__map("__pow__");
-    __matmul__ = pk_StrName__map("__matmul__");
-    __lshift__ = pk_StrName__map("__lshift__");
-    __rshift__ = pk_StrName__map("__rshift__");
-    __and__ = pk_StrName__map("__and__");
-    __or__ = pk_StrName__map("__or__");
-    __xor__ = pk_StrName__map("__xor__");
-    __invert__ = pk_StrName__map("__invert__");
-    // indexer
-    __getitem__ = pk_StrName__map("__getitem__");
-    __setitem__ = pk_StrName__map("__setitem__");
-    __delitem__ = pk_StrName__map("__delitem__");
+#define MAGIC_METHOD(x) x = pk_StrName__map(#x);
+#include "pocketpy/xmacros/magics.h"
+#undef MAGIC_METHOD
 
-    // specials
-    __new__ = pk_StrName__map("__new__");
-    __init__ = pk_StrName__map("__init__");
-    __call__ = pk_StrName__map("__call__");
-    __divmod__ = pk_StrName__map("__divmod__");
-    __enter__ = pk_StrName__map("__enter__");
-    __exit__ = pk_StrName__map("__exit__");
-    __name__ = pk_StrName__map("__name__");
-    __all__ = pk_StrName__map("__all__");
-    __package__ = pk_StrName__map("__package__");
-    __path__ = pk_StrName__map("__path__");
-    __class__ = pk_StrName__map("__class__");
-    __missing__ = pk_StrName__map("__missing__");
+    // print all names
+    for(int i = 0; i < _interned.count; i++) {
+        printf("%d: %s\n", i + 1, c11__getitem(char*, &_r_interned, i));
+    }
 
     pk_id_add = pk_StrName__map("add");
     pk_id_set = pk_StrName__map("set");
@@ -77,31 +34,29 @@ void pk_StrName__initialize(){
     pk_id_complex = pk_StrName__map("complex");
 }
 
-void pk_StrName__finalize(){
+void pk_StrName__finalize() {
     if(!_initialized) return;
     // free all char*
-    for(int i=0; i<_r_interned.count; i++){
+    for(int i = 0; i < _r_interned.count; i++) {
         free(c11__getitem(char*, &_r_interned, i));
     }
     c11_smallmap_s2n__dtor(&_interned);
     c11_vector__dtor(&_r_interned);
 }
 
-uint16_t pk_StrName__map(const char* name){
+uint16_t pk_StrName__map(const char* name) {
     return pk_StrName__map2((c11_string){name, strlen(name)});
 }
 
-uint16_t pk_StrName__map2(c11_string name){
+uint16_t pk_StrName__map2(c11_string name) {
     // TODO: PK_GLOBAL_SCOPE_LOCK()
-    if(!_initialized){
-        pk_StrName__initialize(); // lazy init
+    if(!_initialized) {
+        pk_StrName__initialize();  // lazy init
     }
     uint16_t index = c11_smallmap_s2n__get(&_interned, name, 0);
     if(index != 0) return index;
     // generate new index
-    if(_interned.count > 65530){
-        PK_FATAL_ERROR("StrName index overflow\n");
-    }
+    if(_interned.count > 65530) { PK_FATAL_ERROR("StrName index overflow\n"); }
     // NOTE: we must allocate the string in the heap so iterators are not invalidated
     char* p = malloc(name.size + 1);
     memcpy(p, name.data, name.size);
@@ -114,70 +69,21 @@ uint16_t pk_StrName__map2(c11_string name){
     return index;
 }
 
-const char* pk_StrName__rmap(uint16_t index){
+const char* pk_StrName__rmap(uint16_t index) {
     assert(_initialized);
     assert(index > 0 && index <= _interned.count);
     return c11__getitem(char*, &_r_interned, index - 1);
 }
 
-c11_string pk_StrName__rmap2(uint16_t index){
+c11_string pk_StrName__rmap2(uint16_t index) {
     const char* p = pk_StrName__rmap(index);
     return (c11_string){p, strlen(p)};
 }
 
-
-
-// unary operators
-uint16_t __repr__;
-uint16_t __str__;
-uint16_t __hash__;
-uint16_t __len__;
-uint16_t __iter__;
-uint16_t __next__;
-uint16_t __neg__;
-// logical operators
-uint16_t __eq__;
-uint16_t __lt__;
-uint16_t __le__;
-uint16_t __gt__;
-uint16_t __ge__;
-uint16_t __contains__;
-// binary operators
-uint16_t __add__;
-uint16_t __radd__;
-uint16_t __sub__;
-uint16_t __rsub__;
-uint16_t __mul__;
-uint16_t __rmul__;
-uint16_t __truediv__;
-uint16_t __floordiv__;
-uint16_t __mod__;
-uint16_t __pow__;
-uint16_t __matmul__;
-uint16_t __lshift__;
-uint16_t __rshift__;
-uint16_t __and__;
-uint16_t __or__;
-uint16_t __xor__;
-uint16_t __invert__;
-// indexer
-uint16_t __getitem__;
-uint16_t __setitem__;
-uint16_t __delitem__;
-
-// specials
-uint16_t __new__;
-uint16_t __init__;
-uint16_t __call__;
-uint16_t __divmod__;
-uint16_t __enter__;
-uint16_t __exit__;
-uint16_t __name__;
-uint16_t __all__;
-uint16_t __package__;
-uint16_t __path__;
-uint16_t __class__;
-uint16_t __missing__;
+///////////////////////////////////
+#define MAGIC_METHOD(x) uint16_t x;
+#include "pocketpy/xmacros/magics.h"
+#undef MAGIC_METHOD
 
 uint16_t pk_id_add;
 uint16_t pk_id_set;

src/compiler/compiler.c

@@ -849,19 +849,19 @@ static void BinaryExpr__dtor(Expr* self_) {
     vtdelete(self->rhs);
 }
 
-static Opcode cmp_token2op(TokenIndex token) {
+static Opcode cmp_token2name(TokenIndex token) {
     switch(token) {
-        case TK_LT: return OP_COMPARE_LT; break;
-        case TK_LE: return OP_COMPARE_LE; break;
-        case TK_EQ: return OP_COMPARE_EQ; break;
-        case TK_NE: return OP_COMPARE_NE; break;
-        case TK_GT: return OP_COMPARE_GT; break;
-        case TK_GE: return OP_COMPARE_GE; break;
-        default: return OP_NO_OP;  // 0
+        case TK_LT: return __lt__;
+        case TK_LE: return __le__;
+        case TK_EQ: return __eq__;
+        case TK_NE: return __ne__;
+        case TK_GT: return __gt__;
+        case TK_GE: return __ge__;
+        default: return 0;
     }
 }
 
-#define is_compare_expr(e) ((e)->vt->is_binary && cmp_token2op(((BinaryExpr*)(e))->op))
+#define is_compare_expr(e) ((e)->vt->is_binary && cmp_token2name(((BinaryExpr*)(e))->op))
 
 static void _emit_compare(BinaryExpr* self, Ctx* ctx, c11_vector* jmps) {
     if(is_compare_expr(self->lhs)) {
@@ -872,8 +872,7 @@ static void _emit_compare(BinaryExpr* self, Ctx* ctx, c11_vector* jmps) {
     vtemit_(self->rhs, ctx);                              // [a, b]
     Ctx__emit_(ctx, OP_DUP_TOP, BC_NOARG, self->line);    // [a, b, b]
     Ctx__emit_(ctx, OP_ROT_THREE, BC_NOARG, self->line);  // [b, a, b]
-    Opcode opcode = cmp_token2op(self->op);
-    Ctx__emit_(ctx, opcode, BC_NOARG, self->line);
+    Ctx__emit_(ctx, OP_BINARY_OP, cmp_token2name(self->op), self->line);
     // [b, RES]
     int index = Ctx__emit_(ctx, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP, BC_NOARG, self->line);
     c11_vector__push(int, jmps, index);
@@ -883,7 +882,7 @@ static void BinaryExpr__emit_(Expr* self_, Ctx* ctx) {
     BinaryExpr* self = (BinaryExpr*)self_;
     c11_vector /*T=int*/ jmps;
     c11_vector__ctor(&jmps, sizeof(int));
-    if(cmp_token2op(self->op) && is_compare_expr(self->lhs)) {
+    if(cmp_token2name(self->op) && is_compare_expr(self->lhs)) {
         // (a < b) < c
         BinaryExpr* e = (BinaryExpr*)self->lhs;
         _emit_compare(e, ctx, &jmps);
@@ -898,41 +897,57 @@ static void BinaryExpr__emit_(Expr* self_, Ctx* ctx) {
     }
 
     vtemit_(self->rhs, ctx);
-    Opcode opcode;
+
+    Opcode opcode = OP_BINARY_OP;
+    uint16_t arg = BC_NOARG;
+
     switch(self->op) {
-        case TK_ADD: opcode = OP_BINARY_ADD; break;
-        case TK_SUB: opcode = OP_BINARY_SUB; break;
-        case TK_MUL: opcode = OP_BINARY_MUL; break;
-        case TK_DIV: opcode = OP_BINARY_TRUEDIV; break;
-        case TK_FLOORDIV: opcode = OP_BINARY_FLOORDIV; break;
-        case TK_MOD: opcode = OP_BINARY_MOD; break;
-        case TK_POW: opcode = OP_BINARY_POW; break;
+        case TK_ADD: arg = __add__ | (__radd__ << 8); break;
+        case TK_SUB: arg = __sub__ | (__rsub__ << 8); break;
+        case TK_MUL: arg = __mul__ | (__rmul__ << 8); break;
+        case TK_DIV: arg = __truediv__ | (__rtruediv__ << 8); break;
+        case TK_FLOORDIV: arg = __floordiv__ | (__rfloordiv__ << 8); break;
+        case TK_MOD: arg = __mod__ | (__rmod__ << 8); break;
+        case TK_POW: arg = __pow__ | (__rpow__ << 8); break;
 
-        case TK_LT: opcode = OP_COMPARE_LT; break;
-        case TK_LE: opcode = OP_COMPARE_LE; break;
-        case TK_EQ: opcode = OP_COMPARE_EQ; break;
-        case TK_NE: opcode = OP_COMPARE_NE; break;
-        case TK_GT: opcode = OP_COMPARE_GT; break;
-        case TK_GE: opcode = OP_COMPARE_GE; break;
+        case TK_LT: arg = __lt__ | (__gt__ << 8); break;
+        case TK_LE: arg = __le__ | (__ge__ << 8); break;
+        case TK_EQ: arg = __eq__ | (__eq__ << 8); break;
+        case TK_NE: arg = __ne__ | (__ne__ << 8); break;
+        case TK_GT: arg = __gt__ | (__lt__ << 8); break;
+        case TK_GE: arg = __ge__ | (__le__ << 8); break;
 
-        case TK_IN: opcode = OP_IN_OP; break;
-        case TK_NOT_IN: opcode = OP_NOT_IN_OP; break;
-        case TK_IS: opcode = OP_IS_OP; break;
-        case TK_IS_NOT: opcode = OP_IS_NOT_OP; break;
+        case TK_IN:
+            opcode = OP_CONTAINS_OP;
+            arg = 0;
+            break;
+        case TK_NOT_IN:
+            opcode = OP_CONTAINS_OP;
+            arg = 1;
+            break;
+        case TK_IS:
+            opcode = OP_IS_OP;
+            arg = 0;
+            break;
+        case TK_IS_NOT:
+            opcode = OP_IS_OP;
+            arg = 1;
+            break;
 
-        case TK_LSHIFT: opcode = OP_BITWISE_LSHIFT; break;
-        case TK_RSHIFT: opcode = OP_BITWISE_RSHIFT; break;
-        case TK_AND: opcode = OP_BITWISE_AND; break;
-        case TK_OR: opcode = OP_BITWISE_OR; break;
-        case TK_XOR: opcode = OP_BITWISE_XOR; break;
-
-        case TK_DECORATOR: opcode = OP_BINARY_MATMUL; break;
+        case TK_LSHIFT: arg = __lshift__; break;
+        case TK_RSHIFT: arg = __rshift__; break;
+        case TK_AND: arg = __and__; break;
+        case TK_OR: arg = __or__; break;
+        case TK_XOR: arg = __xor__; break;
+        case TK_DECORATOR: arg = __matmul__; break;
         default: assert(false);
     }
 
-    Ctx__emit_(ctx, opcode, BC_NOARG, self->line);
+    Ctx__emit_(ctx, opcode, arg, self->line);
 
-    c11__foreach(int, &jmps, i) { Ctx__patch_jump(ctx, *i); }
+    for(int i = 0; i < jmps.count; i++) {
+        Ctx__patch_jump(ctx, c11__getitem(int, &jmps, i));
+    }
 }
 
 BinaryExpr* BinaryExpr__new(int line, TokenIndex op, bool inplace) {
@@ -1137,8 +1152,8 @@ void CallExpr__dtor(Expr* self_) {
 void CallExpr__emit_(Expr* self_, Ctx* ctx) {
     CallExpr* self = (CallExpr*)self_;
 
-    bool vargs = false;
-    bool vkwargs = false;
+    bool vargs = false;    // whether there is *args as input
+    bool vkwargs = false;  // whether there is **kwargs as input
     c11__foreach(Expr*, &self->args, e) {
         if((*e)->vt->is_starred) vargs = true;
     }
@@ -1147,7 +1162,6 @@ void CallExpr__emit_(Expr* self_, Ctx* ctx) {
     }
 
     // if callable is a AttrExpr, we should try to use `fast_call` instead of use `boundmethod`
-    // proxy
     if(self->callable->vt->is_attrib) {
         AttribExpr* p = (AttribExpr*)self->callable;
         vtemit_(p->child, ctx);
@@ -1157,41 +1171,22 @@ void CallExpr__emit_(Expr* self_, Ctx* ctx) {
         Ctx__emit_(ctx, OP_LOAD_NULL, BC_NOARG, BC_KEEPLINE);
     }
 
-    c11__foreach(Expr*, &self->args, e) { vtemit_(*e, ctx); }
-
+    Opcode opcode = OP_CALL;
     if(vargs || vkwargs) {
-        Ctx__emit_(ctx, OP_BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK, (uint16_t)self->args.count, self->line);
-
-        if(self->kwargs.count != 0) {
-            c11__foreach(CallExprKwArg, &self->kwargs, e) {
-                if(e->val->vt->is_starred) {
-                    // **kwargs
-                    StarredExpr* se = (StarredExpr*)e->val;
-                    assert(se->level == 2 && e->key == 0);
-                    vtemit_(e->val, ctx);
-                } else {
-                    // k=v
-                    int index = Ctx__add_const_string(ctx, pk_StrName__rmap2(e->key));
-                    Ctx__emit_(ctx, OP_LOAD_CONST, index, self->line);
-                    vtemit_(e->val, ctx);
-                    Ctx__emit_(ctx, OP_BUILD_TUPLE, 2, self->line);
-                }
-            }
-            Ctx__emit_(ctx, OP_BUILD_DICT_UNPACK, self->kwargs.count, self->line);
-            Ctx__emit_(ctx, OP_CALL_TP, 1, self->line);
-        } else {
-            Ctx__emit_(ctx, OP_CALL_TP, 0, self->line);
-        }
-    } else {
-        // vectorcall protocol
-        c11__foreach(CallExprKwArg, &self->kwargs, e) {
-            Ctx__emit_int(ctx, e->key, self->line);
-            vtemit_(e->val, ctx);
-        }
-        int KWARGC = self->kwargs.count;
-        int ARGC = self->args.count;
-        Ctx__emit_(ctx, OP_CALL, (KWARGC << 8) | ARGC, self->line);
+        // in this case, there is at least one *args or **kwargs as StarredExpr
+        // OP_CALL_VARGS needs to unpack them via __vectorcall_buffer
+        opcode = OP_CALL_VARGS;
     }
+
+    c11__foreach(Expr*, &self->args, e) { vtemit_(*e, ctx); }
+    c11__foreach(CallExprKwArg, &self->kwargs, e) {
+        Ctx__emit_int(ctx, e->key, self->line);
+        vtemit_(e->val, ctx);
+    }
+    int KWARGC = self->kwargs.count;
+    int ARGC = self->args.count;
+    assert(KWARGC < 256 && ARGC < 256);
+    Ctx__emit_(ctx, opcode, (KWARGC << 8) | ARGC, self->line);
 }
 
 CallExpr* CallExpr__new(int line, Expr* callable) {
@@ -1750,8 +1745,13 @@ static Error* exprBinaryOp(Compiler* self) {
     TokenIndex op = prev()->type;
     check(parse_expression(self, rules[op].precedence + 1, false));
     BinaryExpr* e = BinaryExpr__new(line, op, false);
-    e->rhs = Ctx__s_popx(ctx());
-    e->lhs = Ctx__s_popx(ctx());
+    if(op == TK_IN || op == TK_NOT_IN) {
+        e->lhs = Ctx__s_popx(ctx());
+        e->rhs = Ctx__s_popx(ctx());
+    } else {
+        e->rhs = Ctx__s_popx(ctx());
+        e->lhs = Ctx__s_popx(ctx());
+    }
     Ctx__s_push(ctx(), (Expr*)e);
     return NULL;
 }

src/interpreter/ceval.c

@@ -8,7 +8,10 @@ int UnboundLocalError(py_Name name) { return -1; }
 
 int NameError(py_Name name) { return -1; }
 
-#define AttributeError(obj, name)
+#define AttributeError(obj, name) false
+#define BinaryOptError(op) false
+
+static bool stack_binaryop(pk_VM* self, py_Name op, py_Name rop);
 
 #define DISPATCH()                                                                                 \
     do {                                                                                           \
@@ -38,6 +41,13 @@ int NameError(py_Name name) { return -1; }
 #define POPX() (*--self->stack.sp)
 #define SP() (self->stack.sp)
 
+// [a, b] -> [?, a, b]
+#define INSERT_THIRD()                                                                             \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        PUSH(TOP());                                                                               \
+        *SECOND() = *THIRD();                                                                      \
+    } while(0)
+
 #define vectorcall_opcall(n)                                                                       \
     do {                                                                                           \
         pk_FrameResult res = pk_vectorcall(n, 0, true);                                            \
@@ -104,8 +114,9 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__run_top_frame(pk_VM* self) {
             }
             case OP_PRINT_EXPR:
                 if(TOP()->type != tp_none_type) {
-                    py_TValue tmp;
-                    if(py_repr(TOP(), &tmp)) self->_stdout("%s\n", py_tostr(&tmp));
+                    bool ok = py_repr(TOP());
+                    if(!ok) goto __ERROR;
+                    self->_stdout("%s\n", py_tostr(&self->last_retval));
                 }
                 POP();
                 DISPATCH();
@@ -247,19 +258,22 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__run_top_frame(pk_VM* self) {
             }
             case OP_LOAD_SUBSCR: {
                 // [a, b] -> a[b]
-                pk_TypeInfo* ti = pk_tpinfo(SECOND());
-                if(ti->m__getitem__) {
-                    if(!ti->m__getitem__(2, SECOND(), SECOND())) goto __ERROR;
-                } else {
-                    // [a, b] -> [?, a, b]
-                    PUSH(TOP());           // [a, b, b]
-                    *SECOND() = *THIRD();  // [a, a, b]
-                    bool ok = py_getunboundmethod(SECOND(), __getitem__, false, THIRD(), SECOND());
-                    // [__getitem__, self, b]
-                    if(!ok) goto __ERROR;
-                    vectorcall_opcall(2);
+                py_Ref magic = py_tpfindmagic(SECOND()->type, __getitem__);
+                if(magic) {
+                    if(magic->type == tp_nativefunc) {
+                        bool ok = magic->_cfunc(2, SECOND());
+                        if(!ok) goto __ERROR;
+                        POP();
+                        *TOP() = self->last_retval;
+                    } else {
+                        INSERT_THIRD();     // [?, a, b]
+                        *THIRD() = *magic;  // [__getitem__, a, b]
+                        vectorcall_opcall(2);
+                    }
+                    DISPATCH();
                 }
-                DISPATCH();
+                TypeError();
+                goto __ERROR;
             }
             case OP_STORE_FAST: frame->locals[byte.arg] = POPX(); DISPATCH();
             case OP_STORE_NAME: {
@@ -296,19 +310,24 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__run_top_frame(pk_VM* self) {
             }
             case OP_STORE_SUBSCR: {
                 // [val, a, b] -> a[b] = val
-                pk_TypeInfo* ti = pk_tpinfo(SECOND());
                 PUSH(THIRD());  // [val, a, b, val]
-                if(ti->m__setitem__) {
-                    if(!ti->m__setitem__(3, THIRD(), FOURTH())) goto __ERROR;
-                    STACK_SHRINK(3);  // [retval]
-                } else {
-                    bool ok = py_getunboundmethod(THIRD(), __setitem__, false, FOURTH(), THIRD());
-                    if(!ok) goto __ERROR;
-                    // [__setitem__, self, b, val]
-                    vectorcall_opcall(3);
-                    POP();  // discard retval
+                py_Ref magic = py_tpfindmagic(SECOND()->type, __setitem__);
+                if(magic) {
+                    if(magic->type == tp_nativefunc) {
+                        bool ok = magic->_cfunc(3, THIRD());
+                        if(!ok) goto __ERROR;
+                        STACK_SHRINK(3);
+                        *TOP() = self->last_retval;
+                    } else {
+                        INSERT_THIRD();      // [?, a, b]
+                        *FOURTH() = *magic;  // [__selitem__, a, b, val]
+                        vectorcall_opcall(3);
+                        POP();  // discard retval
+                    }
+                    DISPATCH();
                 }
-                DISPATCH();
+                TypeError();
+                goto __ERROR;
             }
             case OP_DELETE_FAST: {
                 py_Ref tmp = &frame->locals[byte.arg];
@@ -362,22 +381,24 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__run_top_frame(pk_VM* self) {
 
             case OP_DELETE_SUBSCR: {
                 // [a, b] -> del a[b]
-                pk_TypeInfo* ti = pk_tpinfo(SECOND());
-                if(ti->m__delitem__) {
-                    if(!ti->m__delitem__(2, SECOND(), SECOND())) goto __ERROR;
-                    POP();
-                } else {
-                    PUSH(TOP());           // [a, b, b]
-                    *SECOND() = *THIRD();  // [a, a, b]
-                    bool ok = py_getunboundmethod(SECOND(), __delitem__, false, THIRD(), SECOND());
-                    // [__delitem__, self, b]
-                    if(!ok) goto __ERROR;
-                    vectorcall_opcall(2);
-                    POP();  // discard retval
+                py_Ref magic = py_tpfindmagic(SECOND()->type, __delitem__);
+                if(magic) {
+                    if(magic->type == tp_nativefunc) {
+                        bool ok = magic->_cfunc(2, SECOND());
+                        if(!ok) goto __ERROR;
+                        POP();
+                        *TOP() = self->last_retval;
+                    } else {
+                        INSERT_THIRD();     // [?, a, b]
+                        *THIRD() = *magic;  // [__delitem__, a, b]
+                        vectorcall_opcall(2);
+                        POP();  // discard retval
+                    }
+                    DISPATCH();
                 }
-                DISPATCH();
+                TypeError();
+                goto __ERROR;
             }
-
                 /*****************************************/
 
             case OP_BUILD_LONG: {
@@ -394,11 +415,11 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__run_top_frame(pk_VM* self) {
                 py_Ref f = py_getdict(&self->builtins, pk_id_complex);
                 assert(f != NULL);
                 py_TValue tmp = *TOP();
-                *TOP() = *f;            // [complex]
-                py_newnull(SP()++);     // [complex, NULL]
-                py_newint(SP()++, 0);   // [complex, NULL, 0]
-                *SP()++ = tmp;          // [complex, NULL, 0, x]
-                vectorcall_opcall(2);   // [complex(x, 0)]
+                *TOP() = *f;           // [complex]
+                py_newnull(SP()++);    // [complex, NULL]
+                py_newint(SP()++, 0);  // [complex, NULL, 0]
+                *SP()++ = tmp;         // [complex, NULL, 0, x]
+                vectorcall_opcall(2);  // [complex(x)]
                 DISPATCH();
             }
             case OP_BUILD_BYTES: {
@@ -462,20 +483,123 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__run_top_frame(pk_VM* self) {
             }
             case OP_BUILD_STRING: {
                 py_TValue* begin = SP() - byte.arg;
-                py_Ref tmp = py_pushtmp();
                 pk_SStream ss;
                 pk_SStream__ctor(&ss);
                 for(int i = 0; i < byte.arg; i++) {
-                    if(!py_str(begin + i, tmp)) goto __ERROR;
-                    py_Str* item = py_touserdata(tmp);
+                    if(!py_str(begin + i)) goto __ERROR;
+                    py_Str* item = py_touserdata(&self->last_retval);
                     pk_SStream__write_Str(&ss, item);
                 }
                 SP() = begin;
-                py_newStr_(tmp, pk_SStream__submit(&ss));
-                PUSH(tmp);
+                py_newStr_(SP()++, pk_SStream__submit(&ss));
                 DISPATCH();
             }
-            /**************************** */
+            /*****************************/
+            case OP_BINARY_OP: {
+                py_Name op = byte.arg & 0xFF;
+                py_Name rop = byte.arg >> 8;
+                if(!stack_binaryop(self, op, rop)) goto __ERROR;
+                POP();
+                *TOP() = self->last_retval;
+                DISPATCH();
+            }
+            case OP_IS_OP: {
+                bool res = py_isidentical(SECOND(), TOP());
+                POP();
+                if(byte.arg) res = !res;
+                *TOP() = res ? self->True : self->False;
+                DISPATCH();
+            }
+            case OP_CONTAINS_OP: {
+                // [b, a] -> b __contains__ a (a in b)
+                py_Ref magic = py_tpfindmagic(SECOND()->type, __contains__);
+                if(magic) {
+                    if(magic->type == tp_nativefunc) {
+                        bool ok = magic->_cfunc(2, SECOND());
+                        if(!ok) goto __ERROR;
+                        POP();
+                        *TOP() = self->last_retval;
+                    } else {
+                        INSERT_THIRD();     // [?, b, a]
+                        *THIRD() = *magic;  // [__contains__, a, b]
+                        vectorcall_opcall(2);
+                    }
+                    bool res = py_tobool(TOP());
+                    if(byte.arg) py_newbool(TOP(), !res);
+                    DISPATCH();
+                }
+                TypeError();
+                goto __ERROR;
+            }
+                /*****************************************/
+            case OP_JUMP_FORWARD: DISPATCH_JUMP((int16_t)byte.arg);
+            case OP_POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE: {
+                int res = py_bool(TOP());
+                if(res < 0) goto __ERROR;
+                POP();
+                if(!res) DISPATCH_JUMP((int16_t)byte.arg);
+                DISPATCH();
+            }
+            case OP_POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE: {
+                int res = py_bool(TOP());
+                if(res < 0) goto __ERROR;
+                POP();
+                if(res) DISPATCH_JUMP((int16_t)byte.arg);
+                DISPATCH();
+            }
+            case OP_JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP: {
+                int res = py_bool(TOP());
+                if(res < 0) goto __ERROR;
+                if(res) {
+                    DISPATCH_JUMP((int16_t)byte.arg);
+                } else {
+                    POP();
+                    DISPATCH();
+                }
+            }
+            case OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP: {
+                int res = py_bool(TOP());
+                if(res < 0) goto __ERROR;
+                if(!res) {
+                    DISPATCH_JUMP((int16_t)byte.arg);
+                } else {
+                    POP();
+                    DISPATCH();
+                }
+            }
+            case OP_SHORTCUT_IF_FALSE_OR_POP: {
+                int res = py_bool(TOP());
+                if(res < 0) goto __ERROR;
+                if(!res) {               // [b, False]
+                    STACK_SHRINK(2);     // []
+                    PUSH(&self->False);  // [False]
+                    DISPATCH_JUMP((int16_t)byte.arg);
+                } else {
+                    POP();  // [b]
+                    DISPATCH();
+                }
+            }
+            case OP_LOOP_CONTINUE:
+                // just an alias of OP_JUMP_FORWARD
+                DISPATCH_JUMP((int16_t)byte.arg);
+            case OP_LOOP_BREAK: {
+                int target = Frame__ip(frame) + byte.arg;
+                Frame__prepare_jump_break(frame, &self->stack, target);
+                DISPATCH_JUMP((int16_t)byte.arg);
+            }
+            case OP_JUMP_ABSOLUTE_TOP: {
+                int target = py_toint(TOP());
+                POP();
+                DISPATCH_JUMP_ABSOLUTE(target);
+            }
+                // case OP_GOTO: {
+                //     StrName _name(byte.arg);
+                //     int target = c11_smallmap_n2i__get(&frame->co->labels, byte.arg, -1);
+                //     if(target < 0) RuntimeError(_S("label ", _name.escape(), " not found"));
+                //     frame->prepare_jump_break(&s_data, target);
+                //     DISPATCH_JUMP_ABSOLUTE(target)
+                // }
+                /*****************************************/
             case OP_RETURN_VALUE: {
                 self->last_retval = byte.arg == BC_NOARG ? POPX() : self->None;
                 pk_VM__pop_frame(self);
@@ -502,3 +626,56 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__run_top_frame(pk_VM* self) {
 
     return RES_RETURN;
 }
+
+/// Assumes [a, b] are on the stack, performs a binary op.
+/// The result is stored in `self->last_retval`.
+/// The stack remains unchanged.
+static bool stack_binaryop(pk_VM* self, py_Name op, py_Name rop) {
+    // [a, b]
+    py_Ref magic = py_tpfindmagic(SECOND()->type, op);
+    if(magic) {
+        if(magic->type == tp_nativefunc) {
+            bool ok = magic->_cfunc(2, SECOND());
+            if(!ok) return false;
+            if(self->last_retval.type != tp_not_implemented_type) return true;
+        } else {
+            // standard call
+            bool ok = py_call(magic, 2, SECOND());
+            if(!ok) return false;
+            if(self->last_retval.type != tp_not_implemented_type) return true;
+        }
+    }
+    // try reverse operation
+    if(rop) {
+        // [a, b] -> [b, a]
+        py_TValue tmp = *TOP();
+        *TOP() = *SECOND();
+        *SECOND() = tmp;
+        magic = py_tpfindmagic(SECOND()->type, rop);
+        if(magic) {
+            if(magic->type == tp_nativefunc) {
+                bool ok = magic->_cfunc(2, SECOND());
+                if(!ok) return false;
+                if(self->last_retval.type != tp_not_implemented_type) return true;
+            } else {
+                // standard call
+                bool ok = py_call(magic, 2, SECOND());
+                if(!ok) return false;
+                if(self->last_retval.type != tp_not_implemented_type) return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    // eq/ne op never fails
+    if(op == __eq__ || op == __ne__) {
+        self->last_retval = (op == __eq__) ? self->False : self->True;
+        return true;
+    }
+    return BinaryOptError(byte.arg);
+}
+
+bool py_binaryop(const py_Ref lhs, const py_Ref rhs, py_Name op, py_Name rop) {
+    pk_VM* self = pk_current_vm;
+    PUSH(lhs);
+    PUSH(rhs);
+    return stack_binaryop(self, op, rop);
+}

src/interpreter/py_number.c

@@ -39,81 +39,89 @@
 //     return 0;
 // }
 
-#define DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(name, op)                                                                \
-    static bool _py_int##name(int argc, py_Ref argv, py_Ref out) {                                 \
+#define DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(name, op, rint, rfloat)                                                  \
+    static bool _py_int##name(int argc, py_Ref argv) {                                             \
+        py_checkargc(2);                                                                           \
         if(py_isint(&argv[1])) {                                                                   \
             int64_t lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);                                                      \
             int64_t rhs = py_toint(&argv[1]);                                                      \
-            py_newint(out, lhs op rhs);                                                            \
+            rint(py_lastretval(), lhs op rhs);                                                     \
         } else if(py_isfloat(&argv[1])) {                                                          \
             int64_t lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);                                                      \
             double rhs = py_tofloat(&argv[1]);                                                     \
-            py_newfloat(out, lhs op rhs);                                                          \
+            rfloat(py_lastretval(), lhs op rhs);                                                   \
         } else {                                                                                   \
-            py_newnotimplemented(out);                                                             \
+            py_newnotimplemented(py_lastretval());                                                 \
         }                                                                                          \
         return true;                                                                               \
     }                                                                                              \
-    static bool _py_float##name(int argc, py_Ref argv, py_Ref out) {                               \
+    static bool _py_float##name(int argc, py_Ref argv) {                                           \
+        py_checkargc(2);                                                                           \
         double lhs = py_tofloat(&argv[0]);                                                         \
         double rhs;                                                                                \
         if(py_castfloat(&argv[1], &rhs)) {                                                         \
-            py_newfloat(out, lhs op rhs);                                                          \
+            rfloat(py_lastretval(), lhs op rhs);                                                   \
         } else {                                                                                   \
-            py_newnotimplemented(out);                                                             \
+            py_newnotimplemented(py_lastretval());                                                 \
         }                                                                                          \
         return true;                                                                               \
     }
 
-DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__add__, +)
-DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__sub__, -)
-DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__mul__, *)
+DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__add__, +, py_newint, py_newfloat)
+DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__sub__, -, py_newint, py_newfloat)
+DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__mul__, *, py_newint, py_newfloat)
 
-DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__eq__, ==)
-DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__lt__, <)
-DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__le__, <=)
-DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__gt__, >)
-DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__ge__, >=)
+DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__eq__, ==, py_newbool, py_newbool)
+DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__ne__, ==, py_newbool, py_newbool)
+DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__lt__, <, py_newbool, py_newbool)
+DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__le__, <=, py_newbool, py_newbool)
+DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__gt__, >, py_newbool, py_newbool)
+DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__ge__, >=, py_newbool, py_newbool)
 
 #undef DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP
 
-static bool _py_int__neg__(int argc, py_Ref argv, py_Ref out) {
+static bool _py_int__neg__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    py_checkargc(1);
     int64_t val = py_toint(&argv[0]);
-    py_newint(out, -val);
+    py_newint(py_lastretval(), -val);
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_float__neg__(int argc, py_Ref argv, py_Ref out) {
+static bool _py_float__neg__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    py_checkargc(1);
     double val = py_tofloat(&argv[0]);
-    py_newfloat(out, -val);
+    py_newfloat(py_lastretval(), -val);
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_int__truediv__(int argc, py_Ref argv, py_Ref out) {
+static bool _py_int__truediv__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    py_checkargc(2);
     int64_t lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);
     double rhs;
     if(py_castfloat(&argv[1], &rhs)) {
-        py_newfloat(out, lhs / rhs);
+        py_newfloat(py_lastretval(), lhs / rhs);
     } else {
-        py_newnotimplemented(out);
+        py_newnotimplemented(py_lastretval());
     }
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_float__truediv__(int argc, py_Ref argv, py_Ref out) {
+static bool _py_float__truediv__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    py_checkargc(2);
     double lhs = py_tofloat(&argv[0]);
     double rhs;
     if(py_castfloat(&argv[1], &rhs)) {
-        py_newfloat(out, lhs / rhs);
+        py_newfloat(py_lastretval(), lhs / rhs);
     } else {
-        py_newnotimplemented(out);
+        py_newnotimplemented(py_lastretval());
     }
     return true;
 }
 
 #define ZeroDivisionError(msg) false
 
-static bool _py_number__pow__(int argc, py_Ref argv, py_Ref out) {
+static bool _py_number__pow__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    py_checkargc(2);
     if(py_isint(&argv[0]) && py_isint(&argv[1])) {
         int64_t lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);
         int64_t rhs = py_toint(&argv[1]);
@@ -121,7 +129,7 @@ static bool _py_number__pow__(int argc, py_Ref argv, py_Ref out) {
             if(lhs == 0) {
                 return ZeroDivisionError("0.0 cannot be raised to a negative power");
             } else {
-                py_newfloat(out, pow(lhs, rhs));
+                py_newfloat(py_lastretval(), pow(lhs, rhs));
             }
         } else {
             int64_t ret = 1;
@@ -130,51 +138,55 @@ static bool _py_number__pow__(int argc, py_Ref argv, py_Ref out) {
                 lhs *= lhs;
                 rhs >>= 1;
             }
-            py_newint(out, ret);
+            py_newint(py_lastretval(), ret);
         }
     } else {
         double lhs, rhs;
         py_castfloat(&argv[0], &lhs);
         if(py_castfloat(&argv[1], &rhs)) {
-            py_newfloat(out, pow(lhs, rhs));
+            py_newfloat(py_lastretval(), pow(lhs, rhs));
         } else {
-            py_newnotimplemented(out);
+            py_newnotimplemented(py_lastretval());
         }
     }
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_int__floordiv__(int argc, py_Ref argv, py_Ref out) {
+static bool _py_int__floordiv__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    py_checkargc(2);
     int64_t lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);
     if(py_isint(&argv[1])) {
         int64_t rhs = py_toint(&argv[1]);
         if(rhs == 0) return -1;
-        py_newint(out, lhs / rhs);
+        py_newint(py_lastretval(), lhs / rhs);
     } else {
-        py_newnotimplemented(out);
+        py_newnotimplemented(py_lastretval());
     }
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_int__mod__(int argc, py_Ref argv, py_Ref out) {
+static bool _py_int__mod__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    py_checkargc(2);
     int64_t lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);
     if(py_isint(&argv[1])) {
         int64_t rhs = py_toint(&argv[1]);
         if(rhs == 0) return ZeroDivisionError("integer division or modulo by zero");
-        py_newint(out, lhs % rhs);
+        py_newint(py_lastretval(), lhs % rhs);
     } else {
-        py_newnotimplemented(out);
+        py_newnotimplemented(py_lastretval());
     }
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_int__invert__(int argc, py_Ref argv, py_Ref out) {
+static bool _py_int__invert__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    py_checkargc(1);
     int64_t val = py_toint(&argv[0]);
-    py_newint(out, ~val);
+    py_newint(py_lastretval(), ~val);
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool _py_int__bit_length(int argc, py_Ref argv, py_Ref out) {
+static bool _py_int__bit_length(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    py_checkargc(1);
     int64_t x = py_toint(py_arg(0));
     if(x < 0) x = -x;
     int bits = 0;
@@ -182,18 +194,19 @@ static bool _py_int__bit_length(int argc, py_Ref argv, py_Ref out) {
         x >>= 1;
         bits++;
     }
-    py_newint(out, bits);
+    py_newint(py_lastretval(), bits);
     return true;
 }
 
 #define DEF_INT_BITWISE_OP(name, op)                                                               \
-    static bool _py_int##name(int argc, py_Ref argv, py_Ref out) {                                 \
+    static bool _py_int##name(int argc, py_Ref argv) {                                             \
+        py_checkargc(2);                                                                           \
         int64_t lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);                                                          \
         if(py_isint(&argv[1])) {                                                                   \
             int64_t rhs = py_toint(&argv[1]);                                                      \
-            py_newint(out, lhs op rhs);                                                            \
+            py_newint(py_lastretval(), lhs op rhs);                                                \
         } else {                                                                                   \
-            py_newnotimplemented(out);                                                             \
+            py_newnotimplemented(py_lastretval());                                                 \
         }                                                                                          \
         return true;                                                                               \
     }
@@ -208,81 +221,55 @@ DEF_INT_BITWISE_OP(__rshift__, >>)
 
 void pk_VM__init_builtins(pk_VM* self) {
     /****** tp_int & tp_float ******/
-    py_Ref tmp = py_pushtmp();
-    py_Ref int_type = py_pushtmp();
-    *int_type = *py_getdict(&self->builtins, py_name("int"));
-    py_Ref float_type = py_pushtmp();
-    *float_type = *py_getdict(&self->builtins, py_name("float"));
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __add__, _py_int__add__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __add__, _py_float__add__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __sub__, _py_int__sub__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __sub__, _py_float__sub__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __mul__, _py_int__mul__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __mul__, _py_float__mul__);
 
-#define BIND_INT_BINARY_OP(name)                                                                   \
-    py_newnativefunc(tmp, _py_int##name, 2);                                                       \
-    py_setdict(int_type, name, tmp);
-
-#define BIND_FLOAT_BINARY_OP(name)                                                                 \
-    py_newnativefunc(tmp, _py_float##name, 2);                                                     \
-    py_setdict(float_type, name, tmp);
-
-    BIND_INT_BINARY_OP(__add__);
-    BIND_FLOAT_BINARY_OP(__add__);
-    BIND_INT_BINARY_OP(__sub__);
-    BIND_FLOAT_BINARY_OP(__sub__);
-    BIND_INT_BINARY_OP(__mul__);
-    BIND_FLOAT_BINARY_OP(__mul__);
-
-    BIND_INT_BINARY_OP(__eq__);
-    BIND_FLOAT_BINARY_OP(__eq__);
-    BIND_INT_BINARY_OP(__lt__);
-    BIND_FLOAT_BINARY_OP(__lt__);
-    BIND_INT_BINARY_OP(__le__);
-    BIND_FLOAT_BINARY_OP(__le__);
-    BIND_INT_BINARY_OP(__gt__);
-    BIND_FLOAT_BINARY_OP(__gt__);
-    BIND_INT_BINARY_OP(__ge__);
-    BIND_FLOAT_BINARY_OP(__ge__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __eq__, _py_int__eq__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __eq__, _py_float__eq__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __ne__, _py_int__ne__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __ne__, _py_float__ne__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __lt__, _py_int__lt__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __lt__, _py_float__lt__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __le__, _py_int__le__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __le__, _py_float__le__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __gt__, _py_int__gt__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __gt__, _py_float__gt__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __ge__, _py_int__ge__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __ge__, _py_float__ge__);
 
     // __neg__
-    py_newnativefunc(tmp, _py_int__neg__, 1);
-    py_setdict(int_type, __neg__, tmp);
-    py_newnativefunc(tmp, _py_float__neg__, 1);
-    py_setdict(float_type, __neg__, tmp);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __neg__, _py_int__neg__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __neg__, _py_float__neg__);
 
     // TODO: __repr__, __new__, __hash__
 
     // __truediv__
-    py_newnativefunc(tmp, _py_int__truediv__, 2);
-    py_setdict(int_type, __truediv__, tmp);
-    py_newnativefunc(tmp, _py_float__truediv__, 2);
-    py_setdict(float_type, __truediv__, tmp);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __truediv__, _py_int__truediv__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __truediv__, _py_float__truediv__);
 
     // __pow__
-    py_newnativefunc(tmp, _py_number__pow__, 2);
-    py_setdict(int_type, __pow__, tmp);
-    py_setdict(float_type, __pow__, tmp);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __pow__, _py_number__pow__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __pow__, _py_number__pow__);
 
     // __floordiv__ & __mod__
-    py_newnativefunc(tmp, _py_int__floordiv__, 2);
-    py_setdict(int_type, __floordiv__, tmp);
-    py_newnativefunc(tmp, _py_int__mod__, 2);
-    py_setdict(int_type, __mod__, tmp);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __floordiv__, _py_int__floordiv__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __mod__, _py_int__mod__);
 
     // int.__invert__ & int.<BITWISE OP>
-    py_newnativefunc(tmp, _py_int__invert__, 1);
-    py_setdict(int_type, __invert__, tmp);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __invert__, _py_int__invert__);
 
-    BIND_INT_BINARY_OP(__and__);
-    BIND_INT_BINARY_OP(__or__);
-    BIND_INT_BINARY_OP(__xor__);
-    BIND_INT_BINARY_OP(__lshift__);
-    BIND_INT_BINARY_OP(__rshift__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __and__, _py_int__and__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __or__, _py_int__or__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __xor__, _py_int__xor__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __lshift__, _py_int__lshift__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __rshift__, _py_int__rshift__);
 
     // int.bit_length
-    py_newnativefunc(tmp, _py_int__bit_length, 1);
-    py_setdict(int_type, py_name("bit_length"), tmp);
-
-#undef BIND_INT_BINARY_OP
-#undef BIND_FLOAT_BINARY_OP
-
-    py_poptmp(3);
+    py_bindmethod(tp_int, "bit_length", _py_int__bit_length);
 
     // py_Ref builtins = py_getmodule("builtins");
     // py_newfunction(py_reg(0), _py_print,

src/interpreter/vm.c

@@ -108,10 +108,7 @@ void pk_VM__ctor(pk_VM* self) {
     validate(tp_bool, pk_VM__new_type(self, "bool", tp_object, NULL, false));
     validate(tp_str, pk_VM__new_type(self, "str", tp_object, NULL, false));
 
-    validate(tp_list, pk_VM__new_type(self, "list", tp_object, NULL, false));
-    pk_TypeInfo* ti = c11__at(pk_TypeInfo, &self->types, tp_list);
-    ti->dtor = (void (*)(void*))c11_vector__dtor;
-
+    validate(tp_list, pk_list__register());
     validate(tp_tuple, pk_VM__new_type(self, "tuple", tp_object, NULL, false));
 
     validate(tp_slice, pk_VM__new_type(self, "slice", tp_object, NULL, false));

src/public/cast.c

@@ -5,10 +5,12 @@
 #include "pocketpy/interpreter/vm.h"
 
 int64_t py_toint(const py_Ref self){
+    assert(self->type == tp_int);
     return self->_i64;
 }
 
 double py_tofloat(const py_Ref self){
+    assert(self->type == tp_float);
     return self->_f64;
 }
 
@@ -20,26 +22,26 @@ bool py_castfloat(const py_Ref self, double* out){
         case tp_float:
             *out = self->_f64;
             return true;
-        case tp_bool:
-            *out = self->extra;
-            return true;
         default:
             return false;
     }
 }
 
 bool py_tobool(const py_Ref self){
+    assert(self->type == tp_bool);
     return self->extra;
 }
 
 const char* py_tostr(const py_Ref self){
+    assert(self->type == tp_str);
     py_Str* ud = PyObject__value(self->_obj);
     return py_Str__data(ud);
 }
 
-const char* py_tostrn(const py_Ref self, int* out){
+const char* py_tostrn(const py_Ref self, int* size){
+    assert(self->type == tp_str);
     py_Str* ud = PyObject__value(self->_obj);
-    *out = ud->size;
+    *size = ud->size;
     return py_Str__data(ud);
 }
 

src/public/py_list.c

@@ -6,6 +6,14 @@
 
 typedef c11_vector List;
 
+py_Type pk_list__register() {
+    pk_VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
+    py_Type type = pk_VM__new_type(vm, "list", tp_object, NULL, false);
+    pk_TypeInfo* ti = c11__at(pk_TypeInfo, &vm->types, type);
+    ti->dtor = (void (*)(void*))c11_vector__dtor;
+    return type;
+}
+
 void py_newlist(py_Ref out) {
     pk_VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
     PyObject* obj = pk_ManagedHeap__gcnew(&vm->heap, tp_list, 0, sizeof(List));

src/public/py_ops.c

@@ -1,25 +1,15 @@
 #include "pocketpy/interpreter/vm.h"
 #include "pocketpy/pocketpy.h"
 
-int py_eq(const py_Ref lhs, const py_Ref rhs) { return 0; }
-
-int py_le(const py_Ref lhs, const py_Ref rhs) { return 0; }
-
-bool py_hash(const py_Ref val, int64_t* out) { return 0; }
-
-bool py_str(const py_Ref val, py_Ref out) { return 0; }
-
-bool py_repr(const py_Ref val, py_Ref out) {
-    const pk_TypeInfo* ti = pk_tpinfo(val);
-    if(ti->m__repr__) return ti->m__repr__(1, val, out);
-    bool ok = py_callmethod(val, __repr__, 0, NULL);
-    if(ok) {
-        *out = pk_current_vm->last_retval;
-        return true;
-    }
+bool py_isidentical(const py_Ref lhs, const py_Ref rhs) {
+    if(lhs->is_ptr && rhs->is_ptr) { return lhs->_obj == rhs->_obj; }
     return false;
 }
 
+int py_bool(const py_Ref val) { return 1; }
+
+bool py_hash(const py_Ref val, int64_t* out) { return 0; }
+
 bool py_getattr(const py_Ref self, py_Name name, py_Ref out) { return true; }
 
 bool py_setattr(py_Ref self, py_Name name, const py_Ref val) { return -1; }
@@ -31,3 +21,17 @@ bool py_getitem(const py_Ref self, const py_Ref key, py_Ref out) { return -1; }
 bool py_setitem(py_Ref self, const py_Ref key, const py_Ref val) { return -1; }
 
 bool py_delitem(py_Ref self, const py_Ref key) { return -1; }
+
+#define COMPARE_OP_IMPL(name, op, rop)                                                             \
+    int py_##name(const py_Ref lhs, const py_Ref rhs) {                                            \
+        bool ok = py_binaryop(lhs, rhs, op, rop);                                                  \
+        if(!ok) return -1;                                                                         \
+        return py_tobool(py_lastretval());                                                         \
+    }
+
+COMPARE_OP_IMPL(eq, __eq__, __eq__)
+COMPARE_OP_IMPL(ne, __ne__, __ne__)
+COMPARE_OP_IMPL(lt, __lt__, __gt__)
+COMPARE_OP_IMPL(le, __le__, __ge__)
+COMPARE_OP_IMPL(gt, __gt__, __lt__)
+COMPARE_OP_IMPL(ge, __ge__, __le__)

src/public/stack_ops.c

@@ -35,34 +35,6 @@ void py_assign(py_Ref dst, const py_Ref src){
 }
 
 /* Stack References */
-py_Ref py_gettop(){
-    return pk_current_vm->stack.sp - 1;
-}
-
-void py_settop(const py_Ref val){
-    pk_current_vm->stack.sp[-1] = *val;
-}
-
-py_Ref py_getsecond(){
-    return pk_current_vm->stack.sp - 2;
-}
-
-void py_setsecond(const py_Ref val){
-    pk_current_vm->stack.sp[-2] = *val;
-}
-
-void py_duptop(){
-    pk_VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
-    *vm->stack.sp = vm->stack.sp[-1];
-    vm->stack.sp++;
-}
-
-void py_dupsecond(){
-    pk_VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
-    *vm->stack.sp = vm->stack.sp[-2];
-    vm->stack.sp++;
-}
-
 py_Ref py_peek(int i){
     assert(i < 0);
     return pk_current_vm->stack.sp + i;
@@ -88,7 +60,3 @@ py_Ref py_pushtmp(){
     py_newnull(vm->stack.sp++);
     return py_gettop();
 }
-
-void py_poptmp(int n){
-    py_shrink(n);
-}

src/public/values.c

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ void py_newstrn(py_Ref out, const char* data, int size) {
     out->_obj = obj;
 }
 
-void py_newStr_(py_Ref out, py_Str input){
+void py_newStr_(py_Ref out, py_Str input) {
     pk_ManagedHeap* heap = &pk_current_vm->heap;
     PyObject* obj = pk_ManagedHeap__gcnew(heap, tp_str, 0, sizeof(py_Str));
     py_Str* userdata = PyObject__value(obj);
@@ -79,30 +79,41 @@ void py_newfunction2(py_Ref out,
                      const char* docstring,
                      const py_Ref upvalue) {}
 
-void py_newnativefunc(py_Ref out, py_CFunction f, int argc) {
-    py_newnativefunc2(out, f, argc, BindType_FUNCTION, NULL, NULL);
+void py_newnativefunc(py_Ref out, py_CFunction f) {
+    out->type = tp_nativefunc;
+    out->is_ptr = false;
+    out->_cfunc = f;
 }
 
-void py_newnativefunc2(py_Ref out,
-                       py_CFunction f,
-                       int argc,
-                       BindType bt,
-                       const char* docstring,
-                       const py_Ref upvalue) {}
+void py_bindmethod(py_Type type, const char *name, py_CFunction f){
+    py_bindmethod2(type, name, f, BindType_FUNCTION);
+}
+
+void py_bindmethod2(py_Type type, const char *name, py_CFunction f, BindType bt){
+    py_TValue tmp;
+    py_newnativefunc(&tmp, f);
+    py_setdict(py_tpobject(type), py_name(name), &tmp);
+}
+
+void py_bindnativefunc(py_Ref obj, const char *name, py_CFunction f){
+    py_TValue tmp;
+    py_newnativefunc(&tmp, f);
+    py_setdict(obj, py_name(name), &tmp);
+}
 
 void py_newnotimplemented(py_Ref out) {
     pk_VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
     *out = vm->NotImplemented;
 }
 
-void py_newslice(py_Ref out, const py_Ref start, const py_Ref stop, const py_Ref step){
+void py_newslice(py_Ref out, const py_Ref start, const py_Ref stop, const py_Ref step) {
     py_newobject(out, tp_slice, 3, 0);
     py_setslot(out, 0, start);
     py_setslot(out, 1, stop);
     py_setslot(out, 2, step);
 }
 
-void py_newobject(py_Ref out, py_Type type, int slots, int udsize){
+void py_newobject(py_Ref out, py_Type type, int slots, int udsize) {
     pk_ManagedHeap* heap = &pk_current_vm->heap;
     PyObject* obj = pk_ManagedHeap__gcnew(heap, type, slots, udsize);
     out->type = type;

src/public/vm.c

@@ -23,15 +23,15 @@ void py_finalize() {
     pk_MemoryPools__finalize();
 }
 
-int py_exec(const char* source) { PK_UNREACHABLE(); }
+bool py_exec(const char* source) { PK_UNREACHABLE(); }
 
-int py_eval(const char* source, py_Ref out) {
+bool py_eval(const char* source) {
     CodeObject co;
     pk_SourceData_ src = pk_SourceData__rcnew(source, "main.py", EVAL_MODE, false);
     Error* err = pk_compile(src, &co);
     if(err) {
         PK_DECREF(src);
-        return -1;
+        return false;
     }
     pk_VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
     Frame* frame = Frame__new(&co, &vm->main, NULL, vm->stack.sp, vm->stack.sp, &co);
@@ -39,36 +39,58 @@ int py_eval(const char* source, py_Ref out) {
     pk_FrameResult res = pk_VM__run_top_frame(vm);
     CodeObject__dtor(&co);
     PK_DECREF(src);
-    if(res == RES_ERROR) return vm->last_error->type;
-    if(res == RES_RETURN){
-        *out = vm->last_retval;
-        return 0;
-    }
+    if(res == RES_ERROR) return false;
+    if(res == RES_RETURN) return true;
     PK_UNREACHABLE();
 }
 
-bool py_call(py_Ref f, int argc, py_Ref argv){
+bool py_call(py_Ref f, int argc, py_Ref argv) { return -1; }
+
+bool py_callmethod(py_Ref self, py_Name name, int argc, py_Ref argv) { return -1; }
+
+bool pk_vectorcall(int argc, int kwargc, bool op_call) { return -1; }
+
+py_Ref py_lastretval() { return &pk_current_vm->last_retval; }
+
+bool py_getunboundmethod(const py_Ref self,
+                         py_Name name,
+                         bool fallback,
+                         py_Ref out,
+                         py_Ref out_self) {
     return -1;
 }
 
-bool py_callmethod(py_Ref self, py_Name name, int argc, py_Ref argv){
-    return -1;
-}
-
-int pk_vectorcall(int argc, int kwargc, bool op_call){
-    return -1;
-}
-
-py_Ref py_lastretval(){
-    return &pk_current_vm->last_retval;
-}
-
-bool py_getunboundmethod(const py_Ref self, py_Name name, bool fallback, py_Ref out, py_Ref out_self){
-    return -1;
-}
-
-pk_TypeInfo* pk_tpinfo(const py_Ref self){
+pk_TypeInfo* pk_tpinfo(const py_Ref self) {
     pk_VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
     return c11__at(pk_TypeInfo, &vm->types, self->type);
 }
 
+py_Ref py_tpfindmagic(py_Type t, py_Name name) {
+    assert(name < 64);
+    pk_TypeInfo* types = (pk_TypeInfo*)pk_current_vm->types.data;
+    do {
+        py_Ref f = &types[t].magic[name];
+        if(!py_isnull(f)) return f;
+        t = types[t].base;
+    } while(t);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+py_Ref py_tpmagic(py_Type type, py_Name name) {
+    assert(name < 64);
+    pk_VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
+    return &c11__at(pk_TypeInfo, &vm->types, type)->magic[name];
+}
+
+py_Ref py_tpobject(py_Type type) {
+    pk_VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
+    return &c11__at(pk_TypeInfo, &vm->types, type)->self;
+}
+
+bool py_callmagic(py_Name name, int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    assert(argc >= 1);
+    py_Ref tmp = py_tpfindmagic(argv->type, name);
+    if(!tmp) return TypeError(name);
+    if(tmp->type == tp_nativefunc) { return tmp->_cfunc(argc, argv); }
+    return py_call(tmp, argc, argv);
+}

src2/main.c

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
+#include <assert.h>
 
 #include "pocketpy.h"
 
@@ -25,37 +26,41 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
 #endif
 
     py_initialize();
-    const char* source = "[1, 'a']";
+    const char* source = "1 < 2";
+
+    if(py_eval(source)) {
+        // handle the result
+        bool _L0 = py_tobool(py_lastretval());
+        printf("%d\n", _L0);
+    }
 
     py_Ref r0 = py_reg(0);
-    if(py_eval(source, r0)){
-        py_Error* err = py_lasterror();
-        py_Error__print(err);
-    }else{
-        // handle the result
-        py_Ref _0 = py_list__getitem(r0, 0);
-        py_Ref _1 = py_list__getitem(r0, 1);
-        int _L0 = py_toint(_0);
-        const char* _L1 = py_tostr(_1);
-        printf("%d, %s\n", _L0, _L1);
-    }
+    py_Ref r1 = py_reg(1);
+
+    py_newint(r0, 1);
+    py_newfloat(r1, 2.5);
+
+    bool ok = py_binaryadd(r0, r1);
+    assert(ok);
+    double res = py_tofloat(py_lastretval());
+    printf("%f\n", res);
 
     py_finalize();
     return 0;
 
-//     if(argc != 2) goto __HELP;
-//     char* source = read_file(argv[1]);
-//     py_initialize();
+    //     if(argc != 2) goto __HELP;
+    //     char* source = read_file(argv[1]);
+    //     py_initialize();
 
-//     if(py_exec(source)){
-//         py_Error* err = py_getlasterror();
-//         py_Error__print(err);
-//     }
+    //     if(py_exec(source)){
+    //         py_Error* err = py_getlasterror();
+    //         py_Error__print(err);
+    //     }
 
-//     py_finalize();
-//     free(source);
+    //     py_finalize();
+    //     free(source);
 
-// __HELP:
-//     printf("Usage: pocketpy [filename]\n");
-//     return 0;
+    // __HELP:
+    //     printf("Usage: pocketpy [filename]\n");
+    //     return 0;
 }