Update ceval.c

include/pocketpy/common/utils.h

@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@ extern "C" {
 
 #define PK_REGION(name) 1
 
-#define PK_SLICE_LOOP(i, start, stop, step) for(int i = start; step > 0 ? i < stop : i > stop; i += step)
+#define PK_SLICE_LOOP(i, start, stop, step)                                                        \
+    for(int i = start; step > 0 ? i < stop : i > stop; i += step)
 
 // global constants
 #define PK_HEX_TABLE "0123456789abcdef"
@@ -23,17 +24,21 @@ extern "C" {
 extern const char* kPlatformStrings[];
 
 #ifdef _MSC_VER
-#define PK_UNREACHABLE() __assume(0);
+#define c11__unreachedable() __assume(0)
 #else
-#define PK_UNREACHABLE() __builtin_unreachable();
+#define c11__unreachedable() __builtin_unreachable()
 #endif
 
-#define PK_FATAL_ERROR(...) { fprintf(stderr, __VA_ARGS__); abort(); }
+#define PK_FATAL_ERROR(...)                                                                        \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        fprintf(stderr, __VA_ARGS__);                                                              \
+        abort();                                                                                   \
+    } while(0)
 
-#define PK_MIN(a, b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
-#define PK_MAX(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
+#define c11__min(a, b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
+#define c11__max(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
 
-#define PK_ARRAY_COUNT(a)   (sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]))
+#define c11__count_array(a) (sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]))
 
 // NARGS
 #define PK_NARGS_SEQ(_1, _2, _3, _4, N, ...) N
@@ -47,7 +52,8 @@ typedef struct RefCounted {
 } RefCounted;
 
 #define PK_INCREF(obj) (obj)->rc.count++
-#define PK_DECREF(obj) do { \
+#define PK_DECREF(obj)                                                                             \
+    do {                                                                                           \
         if(--(obj)->rc.count == 0) {                                                               \
             (obj)->rc.dtor(obj);                                                                   \
             free(obj);                                                                             \

include/pocketpy/common/vector.h

@@ -87,7 +87,6 @@ c11_array c11_vector__submit(c11_vector* self);
         }                                                                                          \
     } while(0)
 
-
 // NOTE: here we do an extra NULL check for it to avoid UB
 #define c11__foreach(T, self, it)                                                                  \
     for(T* it = (self)->data; it && it != (T*)(self)->data + (self)->count; it++)

include/pocketpy/interpreter/vm.h

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include "pocketpy/objects/codeobject.h"
 #include "pocketpy/pocketpy.h"
 #include "pocketpy/interpreter/gc.h"
 #include "pocketpy/interpreter/frame.h"
@@ -56,7 +57,6 @@ typedef struct pk_VM {
     py_TValue reg[8];  // users' registers
 
     py_TValue __curr_class;
-    py_TValue __cached_object_new;
     FuncDecl_ __dynamic_func_decl;
     py_TValue __vectorcall_buffer[PK_MAX_CO_VARNAMES];
 
@@ -70,8 +70,6 @@ void pk_VM__dtor(pk_VM* self);
 void pk_VM__push_frame(pk_VM* self, Frame* frame);
 void pk_VM__pop_frame(pk_VM* self);
 
-void pk_VM__init_builtins(pk_VM* self);
-
 typedef enum pk_FrameResult {
     RES_RETURN,
     RES_CALL,
@@ -89,7 +87,10 @@ py_Type pk_VM__new_type(pk_VM* self,
 
 pk_FrameResult pk_VM__vectorcall(pk_VM* self, uint16_t argc, uint16_t kwargc, bool opcall);
 
+const char* pk_opname(Opcode op);
+
 // type registration
+void pk_number__register();
 py_Type pk_str__register();
 py_Type pk_bytes__register();
 py_Type pk_list__register();

include/pocketpy/objects/base.h

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ typedef struct py_TValue {
 static_assert(sizeof(py_CFunction) <= 8, "sizeof(py_CFunction) > 8");
 static_assert(sizeof(py_TValue) == 16, "sizeof(py_TValue) != 16");
 
-extern py_TValue PY_NULL;
+extern py_TValue PY_NIL;
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }

include/pocketpy/pocketpy.h

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ unsigned char* py_newbytes(py_Ref, int);
 void py_newnone(py_Ref);
 void py_newnotimplemented(py_Ref out);
 void py_newellipsis(py_Ref out);
-void py_newnull(py_Ref);
+void py_newnil(py_Ref);
 
 /// Create a tuple with n UNINITIALIZED elements.
 /// You should initialize all elements before using it.
@@ -115,12 +115,13 @@ bool py_isinstance(const py_Ref obj, py_Type type);
 bool py_issubclass(py_Type derived, py_Type base);
 
 /************* References *************/
-#define py_offset(p, i) (py_Ref)((char*)p + ((i) << 4))
+#define PY_CHECK_ARGC(n)                                                                            \
+    if(argc != n) return TypeError("expected %d arguments, got %d", n, argc)
 
-#define TypeError(x) false
+#define PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(i, type)   if(!py_checktype(py_arg(i), type)) return false
+
+#define py_offset(p, i) (py_Ref)((char*)p + ((i) << 4))
 #define py_arg(i) py_offset(argv, i)
-#define py_checkargc(n)                                                                            \
-    if(argc != n) return TypeError()
 
 py_GlobalRef py_tpmagic(py_Type type, py_Name name);
 #define py_bindmagic(type, __magic__, f) py_newnativefunc(py_tpmagic((type), __magic__), (f))
@@ -157,17 +158,14 @@ py_TmpRef py_getupvalue(py_StackRef argv);
 void py_setupvalue(py_StackRef argv, const py_Ref val);
 
 /// Gets the attribute of the object.
-bool py_getattr(const py_Ref self, py_Name name, py_Ref out);
-/// Gets the unbound method of the object.
-bool py_getunboundmethod(const py_Ref self,
-                         py_Name name,
-                         bool fallback,
-                         py_Ref out,
-                         py_Ref out_self);
+/// 1: success, 0: not found, -1: error
+int py_getattr(const py_Ref self, py_Name name, py_Ref out);
 /// Sets the attribute of the object.
 bool py_setattr(py_Ref self, py_Name name, const py_Ref val);
 /// Deletes the attribute of the object.
 bool py_delattr(py_Ref self, py_Name name);
+/// Gets the unbound method of the object.
+bool py_getunboundmethod(py_Ref self, py_Name name, py_Ref out, py_Ref out_self);
 
 bool py_getitem(const py_Ref self, const py_Ref key, py_Ref out);
 bool py_setitem(py_Ref self, const py_Ref key, const py_Ref val);
@@ -226,11 +224,22 @@ py_TmpRef py_getmodule(const char* name);
 bool py_import(const char* name);
 
 /************* Errors *************/
+bool py_exception(const char* name, const char* fmt, ...);
 /// Print the last error to the console.
 void py_printexc();
 /// Format the last error to a string.
 void py_formatexc(char* out);
 
+#define KeyError(q) py_exception("KeyError", "'%q'", (q))
+#define NameError(n) py_exception("NameError", "name '%n' is not defined", (n))
+#define TypeError(...) py_exception("TypeError", __VA_ARGS__)
+#define ValueError(...) py_exception("ValueError", __VA_ARGS__)
+#define IndexError(...) py_exception("IndexError", __VA_ARGS__)
+#define AttributeError(self, n)                                                                    \
+    py_exception("AttributeError", "'%t' object has no attribute '%n'", (self)->type, (n))
+#define UnboundLocalError(n)                                                                       \
+    py_exception("UnboundLocalError", "local variable '%n' referenced before assignment", (n))
+
 /************* Operators *************/
 /// Equivalent to `bool(val)`.
 /// Returns 1 if `val` is truthy, otherwise 0.
@@ -275,7 +284,7 @@ bool py_callmagic(py_Name name, int argc, py_Ref argv);
 /// The return value of the most recent call.
 py_GlobalRef py_retval();
 
-#define py_isnull(self) ((self)->type == 0)
+#define py_isnil(self) ((self)->type == 0)
 
 /* tuple */
 
@@ -301,6 +310,10 @@ pk_TypeInfo* pk_tpinfo(const py_Ref self);
 /// Return the reference or NULL if not found.
 py_GlobalRef py_tpfindmagic(py_Type, py_Name name);
 
+/// Search the name from the given type to the base type.
+/// Return the reference or NULL if not found.
+py_GlobalRef py_tpfindname(py_Type, py_Name name);
+
 /// Get the type object of the given type.
 py_GlobalRef py_tpobject(py_Type type);
 
@@ -333,28 +346,28 @@ enum py_MagicNames {
 
 enum py_PredefinedTypes {
     tp_object = 1,
-    tp_type,
+    tp_type,  // py_Type
     tp_int,
     tp_float,
     tp_bool,
     tp_str,
-    tp_list,
-    tp_tuple,
-    tp_slice,
+    tp_list,   // c11_vector
+    tp_tuple,  // N slots
+    tp_slice,  // 3 slots (start, stop, step)
     tp_range,
     tp_module,
     tp_function,
     tp_nativefunc,
     tp_bound_method,
-    tp_super,
+    tp_super,  // 1 slot + py_Type
     tp_exception,
     tp_bytes,
     tp_mappingproxy,
     tp_dict,
-    tp_property,
+    tp_property,  // 2 slots (getter + setter)
     tp_star_wrapper,
-    tp_staticmethod,
-    tp_classmethod,
+    tp_staticmethod,  // 1 slot
+    tp_classmethod,   // 1 slot
     tp_none_type,
     tp_not_implemented_type,
     tp_ellipsis,
@@ -365,3 +378,13 @@ enum py_PredefinedTypes {
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif
+
+
+/*
+Some notes:
+
+## Macros
+1. Function macros are partial functions. They can be used as normal expressions. Use the same naming convention as functions.
+2. Snippet macros are `do {...} while(0)` blocks. They cannot be used as expressions. Use `UPPER_CASE` naming convention.
+3. Constant macros are used for global constants. Use `UPPER_CASE` or k-prefix naming convention.
+*/

src/common/sstream.c

@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ c11_string* c11_sbuf__submit(c11_sbuf* self) {
 }
 
 void pk_vsprintf(c11_sbuf* ss, const char* fmt, va_list args) {
-    while(fmt) {
+    while(*fmt) {
         char c = *fmt;
         if(c != '%') {
             c11_sbuf__write_char(ss, c);

src/common/str.c

@@ -197,14 +197,14 @@ int c11__byte_index_to_unicode(const char* data, int n) {
 //////////////
 
 int c11_sv__cmp(c11_sv self, c11_sv other) {
-    int res = strncmp(self.data, other.data, PK_MIN(self.size, other.size));
+    int res = strncmp(self.data, other.data, c11__min(self.size, other.size));
     if(res != 0) return res;
     return self.size - other.size;
 }
 
 int c11_sv__cmp2(c11_sv self, const char* other) {
     int size = strlen(other);
-    int res = strncmp(self.data, other, PK_MIN(self.size, size));
+    int res = strncmp(self.data, other, c11__min(self.size, size));
     if(res != 0) return res;
     return self.size - size;
 }
@@ -241,14 +241,14 @@ int c11__u8_header(unsigned char c, bool suppress) {
     if((c & 0b11111000) == 0b11110000) return 4;
     if((c & 0b11111100) == 0b11111000) return 5;
     if((c & 0b11111110) == 0b11111100) return 6;
-    if(!suppress) PK_FATAL_ERROR("invalid utf8 char\n")
+    if(!suppress) PK_FATAL_ERROR("invalid utf8 char\n");
     return 0;
 }
 
 IntParsingResult c11__parse_uint(c11_sv text, int64_t* out, int base) {
     *out = 0;
 
-    c11_sv prefix = {.data = text.data, .size = PK_MIN(2, text.size)};
+    c11_sv prefix = {.data = text.data, .size = c11__min(2, text.size)};
     if(base == -1) {
         if(c11__sveq(prefix, "0b"))
             base = 2;

src/common/strname.c

@@ -31,16 +31,14 @@ void py_Name__finalize() {
     c11_vector__dtor(&_r_interned);
 }
 
-py_Name py_name(const char* name) {
-    return py_name2((c11_sv){name, strlen(name)});
-}
+py_Name py_name(const char* name) { return py_name2((c11_sv){name, strlen(name)}); }
 
 py_Name py_name2(c11_sv name) {
     // TODO: PK_GLOBAL_SCOPE_LOCK()
     uint16_t index = c11_smallmap_s2n__get(&_interned, name, 0);
     if(index != 0) return index;
     // generate new index
-    if(_interned.count > 65530) { PK_FATAL_ERROR("py_Name index overflow\n"); }
+    if(_interned.count > 65530) PK_FATAL_ERROR("py_Name index overflow\n");
     // NOTE: we must allocate the string in the heap so iterators are not invalidated
     char* p = malloc(name.size + 1);
     memcpy(p, name.data, name.size);
@@ -64,8 +62,4 @@ c11_sv py_name2sv(py_Name index) {
     return (c11_sv){p, strlen(p)};
 }
 
-
-bool py_ismagicname(py_Name name){
-    return name <= __missing__;
-}
-
+bool py_ismagicname(py_Name name) { return name <= __missing__; }

src/compiler/compiler.c

@@ -70,29 +70,29 @@ typedef struct Ctx {
 
 typedef struct Expr Expr;
 
-void Ctx__ctor(Ctx* self, CodeObject* co, FuncDecl* func, int level);
-void Ctx__dtor(Ctx* self);
-int Ctx__get_loop(Ctx* self);
-CodeBlock* Ctx__enter_block(Ctx* self, CodeBlockType type);
-void Ctx__exit_block(Ctx* self);
-int Ctx__emit_(Ctx* self, Opcode opcode, uint16_t arg, int line);
-int Ctx__emit_virtual(Ctx* self, Opcode opcode, uint16_t arg, int line, bool virtual);
-void Ctx__revert_last_emit_(Ctx* self);
-int Ctx__emit_int(Ctx* self, int64_t value, int line);
-void Ctx__patch_jump(Ctx* self, int index);
-bool Ctx__add_label(Ctx* self, py_Name name);
-int Ctx__add_varname(Ctx* self, py_Name name);
-int Ctx__add_const(Ctx* self, py_Ref);
-int Ctx__add_const_string(Ctx* self, c11_sv);
-void Ctx__emit_store_name(Ctx* self, NameScope scope, py_Name name, int line);
-void Ctx__try_merge_for_iter_store(Ctx* self, int);
-void Ctx__s_emit_top(Ctx*);     // emit top -> pop -> delete
-void Ctx__s_push(Ctx*, Expr*);  // push
-Expr* Ctx__s_top(Ctx*);         // top
-int Ctx__s_size(Ctx*);          // size
-void Ctx__s_pop(Ctx*);          // pop -> delete
-Expr* Ctx__s_popx(Ctx*);        // pop move
-void Ctx__s_emit_decorators(Ctx*, int count);
+static void Ctx__ctor(Ctx* self, CodeObject* co, FuncDecl* func, int level);
+static void Ctx__dtor(Ctx* self);
+static int Ctx__get_loop(Ctx* self);
+static CodeBlock* Ctx__enter_block(Ctx* self, CodeBlockType type);
+static void Ctx__exit_block(Ctx* self);
+static int Ctx__emit_(Ctx* self, Opcode opcode, uint16_t arg, int line);
+static int Ctx__emit_virtual(Ctx* self, Opcode opcode, uint16_t arg, int line, bool virtual);
+static void Ctx__revert_last_emit_(Ctx* self);
+static int Ctx__emit_int(Ctx* self, int64_t value, int line);
+static void Ctx__patch_jump(Ctx* self, int index);
+static bool Ctx__add_label(Ctx* self, py_Name name);
+static int Ctx__add_varname(Ctx* self, py_Name name);
+static int Ctx__add_const(Ctx* self, py_Ref);
+static int Ctx__add_const_string(Ctx* self, c11_sv);
+static void Ctx__emit_store_name(Ctx* self, NameScope scope, py_Name name, int line);
+static void Ctx__try_merge_for_iter_store(Ctx* self, int);
+static void Ctx__s_emit_top(Ctx*);     // emit top -> pop -> delete
+static void Ctx__s_push(Ctx*, Expr*);  // push
+static Expr* Ctx__s_top(Ctx*);         // top
+static int Ctx__s_size(Ctx*);          // size
+static void Ctx__s_pop(Ctx*);          // pop -> delete
+static Expr* Ctx__s_popx(Ctx*);        // pop move
+static void Ctx__s_emit_decorators(Ctx*, int count);
 
 /* expr.c */
 typedef struct NameExpr {
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ bool NameExpr__emit_del(Expr* self_, Ctx* ctx) {
             break;
         case NAME_GLOBAL: Ctx__emit_(ctx, OP_DELETE_GLOBAL, self->name, self->line); break;
         case NAME_GLOBAL_UNKNOWN: Ctx__emit_(ctx, OP_DELETE_NAME, self->name, self->line); break;
-        default: PK_UNREACHABLE();
+        default: c11__unreachedable();
     }
     return true;
 }
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ void LiteralExpr__emit_(Expr* self_, Ctx* ctx) {
             Ctx__emit_(ctx, OP_LOAD_CONST, index, self->line);
             break;
         }
-        default: PK_UNREACHABLE();
+        default: c11__unreachedable();
     }
 }
 
@@ -1076,6 +1076,11 @@ typedef struct AttribExpr {
     py_Name name;
 } AttribExpr;
 
+void AttribExpr__dtor(Expr* self_) {
+    AttribExpr* self = (AttribExpr*)self_;
+    vtdelete(self->child);
+}
+
 void AttribExpr__emit_(Expr* self_, Ctx* ctx) {
     AttribExpr* self = (AttribExpr*)self_;
     vtemit_(self->child, ctx);
@@ -1117,6 +1122,7 @@ AttribExpr* AttribExpr__new(int line, Expr* child, py_Name name) {
                               .emit_store = AttribExpr__emit_store,
                               .emit_inplace = AttribExpr__emit_inplace,
                               .emit_istore = AttribExpr__emit_istore,
+                              .dtor = AttribExpr__dtor,
                               .is_attrib = true};
     static_assert_expr_size(AttribExpr);
     AttribExpr* self = PoolExpr_alloc();
@@ -1202,7 +1208,7 @@ CallExpr* CallExpr__new(int line, Expr* callable) {
 }
 
 /* context.c */
-void Ctx__ctor(Ctx* self, CodeObject* co, FuncDecl* func, int level) {
+static void Ctx__ctor(Ctx* self, CodeObject* co, FuncDecl* func, int level) {
     self->co = co;
     self->func = func;
     self->level = level;
@@ -1213,12 +1219,11 @@ void Ctx__ctor(Ctx* self, CodeObject* co, FuncDecl* func, int level) {
     c11_smallmap_s2n__ctor(&self->co_consts_string_dedup_map);
 }
 
-void Ctx__dtor(Ctx* self) {
+static void Ctx__dtor(Ctx* self) {
     // clean the expr stack
     for(int i = 0; i < self->s_expr.count; i++) {
         vtdelete(c11__getitem(Expr*, &self->s_expr, i));
     }
-    c11_vector__clear(&self->s_expr);
     c11_vector__dtor(&self->s_expr);
     c11_smallmap_n2i__dtor(&self->global_names);
     c11_smallmap_s2n__dtor(&self->co_consts_string_dedup_map);
@@ -1226,7 +1231,7 @@ void Ctx__dtor(Ctx* self) {
 
 static bool is_small_int(int64_t value) { return value >= INT16_MIN && value <= INT16_MAX; }
 
-int Ctx__get_loop(Ctx* self) {
+static int Ctx__get_loop(Ctx* self) {
     int index = self->curr_iblock;
     while(index >= 0) {
         CodeBlock* block = c11__at(CodeBlock, &self->co->blocks, index);
@@ -1237,14 +1242,14 @@ int Ctx__get_loop(Ctx* self) {
     return index;
 }
 
-CodeBlock* Ctx__enter_block(Ctx* self, CodeBlockType type) {
+static CodeBlock* Ctx__enter_block(Ctx* self, CodeBlockType type) {
     CodeBlock block = {type, self->curr_iblock, self->co->codes.count, -1, -1};
     c11_vector__push(CodeBlock, &self->co->blocks, block);
     self->curr_iblock = self->co->blocks.count - 1;
     return c11__at(CodeBlock, &self->co->blocks, self->curr_iblock);
 }
 
-void Ctx__exit_block(Ctx* self) {
+static void Ctx__exit_block(Ctx* self) {
     CodeBlock* block = c11__at(CodeBlock, &self->co->blocks, self->curr_iblock);
     CodeBlockType curr_type = block->type;
     block->end = self->co->codes.count;
@@ -1256,7 +1261,7 @@ void Ctx__exit_block(Ctx* self) {
     }
 }
 
-void Ctx__s_emit_decorators(Ctx* self, int count) {
+static void Ctx__s_emit_decorators(Ctx* self, int count) {
     assert(Ctx__s_size(self) >= count);
     // [obj]
     for(int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
@@ -1270,7 +1275,7 @@ void Ctx__s_emit_decorators(Ctx* self, int count) {
     }
 }
 
-int Ctx__emit_virtual(Ctx* self, Opcode opcode, uint16_t arg, int line, bool is_virtual) {
+static int Ctx__emit_virtual(Ctx* self, Opcode opcode, uint16_t arg, int line, bool is_virtual) {
     Bytecode bc = {(uint8_t)opcode, arg};
     BytecodeEx bcx = {line, is_virtual, self->curr_iblock};
     c11_vector__push(Bytecode, &self->co->codes, bc);
@@ -1281,16 +1286,16 @@ int Ctx__emit_virtual(Ctx* self, Opcode opcode, uint16_t arg, int line, bool is_
     return i;
 }
 
-int Ctx__emit_(Ctx* self, Opcode opcode, uint16_t arg, int line) {
+static int Ctx__emit_(Ctx* self, Opcode opcode, uint16_t arg, int line) {
     return Ctx__emit_virtual(self, opcode, arg, line, false);
 }
 
-void Ctx__revert_last_emit_(Ctx* self) {
+static void Ctx__revert_last_emit_(Ctx* self) {
     c11_vector__pop(&self->co->codes);
     c11_vector__pop(&self->co->codes_ex);
 }
 
-void Ctx__try_merge_for_iter_store(Ctx* self, int i) {
+static void Ctx__try_merge_for_iter_store(Ctx* self, int i) {
     // [FOR_ITER, STORE_?, ]
     Bytecode* co_codes = (Bytecode*)self->co->codes.data;
     if(co_codes[i].op != OP_FOR_ITER) return;
@@ -1310,7 +1315,7 @@ void Ctx__try_merge_for_iter_store(Ctx* self, int i) {
     }
 }
 
-int Ctx__emit_int(Ctx* self, int64_t value, int line) {
+static int Ctx__emit_int(Ctx* self, int64_t value, int line) {
     if(is_small_int(value)) {
         return Ctx__emit_(self, OP_LOAD_SMALL_INT, (uint16_t)value, line);
     } else {
@@ -1320,20 +1325,20 @@ int Ctx__emit_int(Ctx* self, int64_t value, int line) {
     }
 }
 
-void Ctx__patch_jump(Ctx* self, int index) {
+static void Ctx__patch_jump(Ctx* self, int index) {
     Bytecode* co_codes = (Bytecode*)self->co->codes.data;
     int target = self->co->codes.count;
     Bytecode__set_signed_arg(&co_codes[index], target - index);
 }
 
-bool Ctx__add_label(Ctx* self, py_Name name) {
+static bool Ctx__add_label(Ctx* self, py_Name name) {
     bool ok = c11_smallmap_n2i__contains(&self->co->labels, name);
     if(ok) return false;
     c11_smallmap_n2i__set(&self->co->labels, name, self->co->codes.count);
     return true;
 }
 
-int Ctx__add_varname(Ctx* self, py_Name name) {
+static int Ctx__add_varname(Ctx* self, py_Name name) {
     // PK_MAX_CO_VARNAMES will be checked when pop_context(), not here
     int index = c11_smallmap_n2i__get(&self->co->varnames_inv, name, -1);
     if(index >= 0) return index;
@@ -1344,7 +1349,7 @@ int Ctx__add_varname(Ctx* self, py_Name name) {
     return index;
 }
 
-int Ctx__add_const_string(Ctx* self, c11_sv key) {
+static int Ctx__add_const_string(Ctx* self, c11_sv key) {
     uint16_t* val = c11_smallmap_s2n__try_get(&self->co_consts_string_dedup_map, key);
     if(val) {
         return *val;
@@ -1360,49 +1365,50 @@ int Ctx__add_const_string(Ctx* self, c11_sv key) {
     }
 }
 
-int Ctx__add_const(Ctx* self, py_Ref v) {
+static int Ctx__add_const(Ctx* self, py_Ref v) {
     assert(v->type != tp_str);
     c11_vector__push(py_TValue, &self->co->consts, *v);
     return self->co->consts.count - 1;
 }
 
-void Ctx__emit_store_name(Ctx* self, NameScope scope, py_Name name, int line) {
+static void Ctx__emit_store_name(Ctx* self, NameScope scope, py_Name name, int line) {
     switch(scope) {
         case NAME_LOCAL: Ctx__emit_(self, OP_STORE_FAST, Ctx__add_varname(self, name), line); break;
         case NAME_GLOBAL: Ctx__emit_(self, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, name, line); break;
         case NAME_GLOBAL_UNKNOWN: Ctx__emit_(self, OP_STORE_NAME, name, line); break;
-        default: PK_UNREACHABLE();
+        default: c11__unreachedable();
     }
 }
 
 // emit top -> pop -> delete
-void Ctx__s_emit_top(Ctx* self) {
+static void Ctx__s_emit_top(Ctx* self) {
     Expr* top = c11_vector__back(Expr*, &self->s_expr);
     vtemit_(top, self);
-    c11_vector__pop(&self->s_expr);
     vtdelete(top);
+    c11_vector__pop(&self->s_expr);
 }
 
 // push
-void Ctx__s_push(Ctx* self, Expr* expr) { c11_vector__push(Expr*, &self->s_expr, expr); }
+static void Ctx__s_push(Ctx* self, Expr* expr) { c11_vector__push(Expr*, &self->s_expr, expr); }
 
 // top
-Expr* Ctx__s_top(Ctx* self) { return c11_vector__back(Expr*, &self->s_expr); }
+static Expr* Ctx__s_top(Ctx* self) { return c11_vector__back(Expr*, &self->s_expr); }
 
 // size
-int Ctx__s_size(Ctx* self) { return self->s_expr.count; }
+static int Ctx__s_size(Ctx* self) { return self->s_expr.count; }
 
 // pop -> delete
-void Ctx__s_pop(Ctx* self) {
-    vtdelete(c11_vector__back(Expr*, &self->s_expr));
+static void Ctx__s_pop(Ctx* self) {
+    Expr* top = c11_vector__back(Expr*, &self->s_expr);
+    vtdelete(top);
     c11_vector__pop(&self->s_expr);
 }
 
 // pop move
-Expr* Ctx__s_popx(Ctx* self) {
-    Expr* e = c11_vector__back(Expr*, &self->s_expr);
+static Expr* Ctx__s_popx(Ctx* self) {
+    Expr* top = c11_vector__back(Expr*, &self->s_expr);
     c11_vector__pop(&self->s_expr);
-    return e;
+    return top;
 }
 
 /* compiler.c */
@@ -2313,10 +2319,8 @@ Error* pk_compile(pk_SourceData_ src, CodeObject* out) {
     CodeObject__ctor(out, src, c11_string__sv(src->filename));
     err = Compiler__compile(&compiler, out);
     if(err) {
-        // if error occurs, dispose the code object
+        // dispose the code object if error occurs
         CodeObject__dtor(out);
-    } else {
-        assert(out->codes.count);
     }
     Compiler__dtor(&compiler);
     return err;

src/interpreter/ceval.c

@@ -5,13 +5,6 @@
 #include "pocketpy/pocketpy.h"
 #include <stdbool.h>
 
-int UnboundLocalError(py_Name name) { return -1; }
-
-int NameError(py_Name name) { return -1; }
-
-#define AttributeError(obj, name) false
-#define BinaryOptError(op) false
-
 static bool stack_binaryop(pk_VM* self, py_Name op, py_Name rop);
 
 #define DISPATCH()                                                                                 \
@@ -59,7 +52,7 @@ static bool stack_binaryop(pk_VM* self, py_Name op, py_Name rop);
                 PUSH(&self->last_retval);                                                          \
                 goto __NEXT_FRAME;                                                                 \
             case RES_ERROR: goto __ERROR;                                                          \
-            default: PK_UNREACHABLE();                                                             \
+            default: c11__unreachedable();                                                             \
         }                                                                                          \
     } while(0)
 
@@ -89,6 +82,18 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__run_top_frame(pk_VM* self) {
     __NEXT_STEP:
         byte = *frame->ip;
 
+#if 1
+        c11_sbuf buf;
+        c11_sbuf__ctor(&buf);
+        for(py_Ref p = self->stack.begin; p != SP(); p++) {
+            c11_sbuf__write_cstr(&buf, py_tpname(p->type));
+            if(p != TOP()) c11_sbuf__write_cstr(&buf, ", ");
+        }
+        c11_string* stack_str = c11_sbuf__submit(&buf);
+        printf("L%-3d: %-25s %-6d [%s]\n", Frame__lineno(frame), pk_opname(byte.op), byte.arg, stack_str->data);
+        c11_string__delete(stack_str);
+#endif
+
         switch((Opcode)byte.op) {
             case OP_NO_OP: DISPATCH();
             /*****************************************/
@@ -127,7 +132,7 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__run_top_frame(pk_VM* self) {
             case OP_LOAD_TRUE: py_newbool(SP()++, true); DISPATCH();
             case OP_LOAD_FALSE: py_newbool(SP()++, false); DISPATCH();
             /*****************************************/
-            case OP_LOAD_SMALL_INT: py_newint(SP()++, (int64_t)(int16_t)byte.arg); DISPATCH();
+            case OP_LOAD_SMALL_INT: py_newint(SP()++, (int16_t)byte.arg); DISPATCH();
             /*****************************************/
             case OP_LOAD_ELLIPSIS: py_newellipsis(SP()++); DISPATCH();
             case OP_LOAD_FUNCTION: {
@@ -147,12 +152,12 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__run_top_frame(pk_VM* self) {
                 // PUSH(obj);DISPATCH();
             }
             case OP_LOAD_NULL:
-                py_newnull(SP()++);
+                py_newnil(SP()++);
                 DISPATCH();
                 /*****************************************/
             case OP_LOAD_FAST: {
                 PUSH(&frame->locals[byte.arg]);
-                if(py_isnull(TOP())) {
+                if(py_isnil(TOP())) {
                     py_Name name = c11__getitem(uint16_t, &frame->co->varnames, byte.arg);
                     UnboundLocalError(name);
                     goto __ERROR;
@@ -163,7 +168,7 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__run_top_frame(pk_VM* self) {
                 py_Name name = byte.arg;
                 py_Ref tmp = Frame__f_locals_try_get(frame, name);
                 if(tmp != NULL) {
-                    if(py_isnull(tmp)) {
+                    if(py_isnil(tmp)) {
                         UnboundLocalError(name);
                         goto __ERROR;
                     }
@@ -252,9 +257,19 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__run_top_frame(pk_VM* self) {
                 goto __ERROR;
             }
             case OP_LOAD_METHOD: {
-                // `py_getunboundmethod` never fails on `fallback=true`
-                py_getunboundmethod(TOP(), byte.arg, true, TOP(), SP());
+                // [self]
+                bool ok = py_getunboundmethod(TOP(), byte.arg, TOP(), SP());
+                if(ok) {
+                    // [unbound, self]
                     SP()++;
+                } else {
+                    // fallback to getattr
+                    int res = py_getattr(TOP(), byte.arg, TOP());
+                    if(res != 1) {
+                        if(res == 0) { AttributeError(TOP(), byte.arg); }
+                        goto __ERROR;
+                    }
+                }
                 DISPATCH();
             }
             case OP_LOAD_SUBSCR: {
@@ -273,7 +288,7 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__run_top_frame(pk_VM* self) {
                     }
                     DISPATCH();
                 }
-                TypeError();
+                TypeError("'%t' object is not subscriptable", SECOND()->type);
                 goto __ERROR;
             }
             case OP_STORE_FAST: frame->locals[byte.arg] = POPX(); DISPATCH();
@@ -327,16 +342,17 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__run_top_frame(pk_VM* self) {
                     }
                     DISPATCH();
                 }
-                TypeError();
+                TypeError("'%t' object does not support item assignment", SECOND()->type);
                 goto __ERROR;
             }
             case OP_DELETE_FAST: {
                 py_Ref tmp = &frame->locals[byte.arg];
-                if(py_isnull(tmp)) {
-                    UnboundLocalError(c11__getitem(uint16_t, &frame->co->varnames, byte.arg));
+                if(py_isnil(tmp)) {
+                    py_Name name = c11__getitem(py_Name, &frame->co->varnames, byte.arg);
+                    UnboundLocalError(name);
                     goto __ERROR;
                 }
-                py_newnull(tmp);
+                py_newnil(tmp);
                 DISPATCH();
             }
             case OP_DELETE_NAME: {
@@ -344,7 +360,7 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__run_top_frame(pk_VM* self) {
                 if(frame->function) {
                     py_TValue* slot = Frame__f_locals_try_get(frame, name);
                     if(slot) {
-                        py_newnull(slot);
+                        py_newnil(slot);
                     } else {
                         // Function& func = frame->_callable->as<Function>();
                         // if(func.decl == __dynamic_func_decl) {
@@ -397,7 +413,7 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__run_top_frame(pk_VM* self) {
                     }
                     DISPATCH();
                 }
-                TypeError();
+                TypeError("'%t' object does not support item deletion", SECOND()->type);
                 goto __ERROR;
             }
                 /*****************************************/
@@ -417,7 +433,7 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__run_top_frame(pk_VM* self) {
                 assert(f != NULL);
                 py_TValue tmp = *TOP();
                 *TOP() = *f;              // [complex]
-                py_newnull(SP()++);       // [complex, NULL]
+                py_newnil(SP()++);        // [complex, NULL]
                 py_newint(SP()++, 0);     // [complex, NULL, 0]
                 *SP()++ = tmp;            // [complex, NULL, 0, x]
                 vectorcall_opcall(2, 0);  // [complex(x)]
@@ -533,7 +549,8 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__run_top_frame(pk_VM* self) {
                     if(byte.arg) py_newbool(TOP(), !res);
                     DISPATCH();
                 }
-                TypeError();
+                // TODO: fallback to __iter__?
+                TypeError("argument of type '%t' is not iterable", SECOND()->type);
                 goto __ERROR;
             }
                 /*****************************************/
@@ -614,6 +631,7 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__run_top_frame(pk_VM* self) {
             case OP_CALL: {
                 pk_ManagedHeap__collect_if_needed(&self->heap);
                 vectorcall_opcall(byte.arg & 0xFF, byte.arg >> 8);
+                DISPATCH();
             }
             case OP_CALL_VARGS: {
                 assert(false);
@@ -648,18 +666,12 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__run_top_frame(pk_VM* self) {
                 DISPATCH();
             }
             // case OP_UNARY_STAR: TOP() = VAR(StarWrapper(byte.arg, TOP())); DISPATCH();
-                // case OP_UNARY_INVERT: {
-                //     PyVar _0;
-                //     auto _ti = _tp_info(TOP());
-                //     if(_ti->m__invert__)
-                //         _0 = _ti->m__invert__(this, TOP());
-                //     else
-                //         _0 = call_method(TOP(), __invert__);
-                //     TOP() = _0;
-                //     DISPATCH();
-                // }
-
-            default: PK_UNREACHABLE();
+            case OP_UNARY_INVERT: {
+                if(!py_callmagic(__invert__, 1, TOP())) goto __ERROR;
+                *TOP() = self->last_retval;
+                DISPATCH();
+            }
+            default: c11__unreachedable();
         }
 
         assert(false);  // should never reach here
@@ -667,7 +679,7 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__run_top_frame(pk_VM* self) {
     __ERROR:
         // 1. Exception can be handled inside the current frame
         // 2. Exception need to be propagated to the upper frame
-        printf("byte.op: %d, line: %d\n", byte.op, Frame__lineno(frame));
+        printf("error.op: %s, line: %d\n", pk_opname(byte.op), Frame__lineno(frame));
         assert(false);
         return RES_ERROR;
     }
@@ -714,7 +726,7 @@ static bool stack_binaryop(pk_VM* self, py_Name op, py_Name rop) {
         }
     }
     // eq/ne op never fails due to object.__eq__
-    return BinaryOptError(byte.arg);
+    return py_exception("TypeError", "unsupported operand type(s) for '%n'", op);
 }
 
 bool py_binaryop(const py_Ref lhs, const py_Ref rhs, py_Name op, py_Name rop) {

src/interpreter/frame.c

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ pk_NameDict* FastLocals__to_namedict(py_TValue* locals, const CodeObject* co) {
     pk_NameDict* dict = pk_NameDict__new();
     c11__foreach(c11_smallmap_n2i_KV, &co->varnames_inv, entry) {
         py_TValue value = locals[entry->value];
-        if(!py_isnull(&value)){
+        if(!py_isnil(&value)){
             pk_NameDict__set(dict, entry->key, value);
         }
     }

src/interpreter/py_number.c

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 #define DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(name, op, rint, rfloat)                                                  \
     static bool _py_int##name(int argc, py_Ref argv) {                                             \
-        py_checkargc(2);                                                                           \
+        PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);                                                                          \
         if(py_isint(&argv[1])) {                                                                   \
             int64_t lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);                                                      \
             int64_t rhs = py_toint(&argv[1]);                                                      \
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
         return true;                                                                               \
     }                                                                                              \
     static bool _py_float##name(int argc, py_Ref argv) {                                           \
-        py_checkargc(2);                                                                           \
+        PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);                                                                          \
         double lhs = py_tofloat(&argv[0]);                                                         \
         double rhs;                                                                                \
         if(py_castfloat(&argv[1], &rhs)) {                                                         \
@@ -44,24 +44,22 @@ DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__ge__, >=, py_newbool, py_newbool)
 
 #undef DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP
 
-static bool ValueError(const char* fmt, ...) { return false; }
-
 static bool _py_int__neg__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
-    py_checkargc(1);
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     int64_t val = py_toint(&argv[0]);
     py_newint(py_retval(), -val);
     return true;
 }
 
 static bool _py_float__neg__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
-    py_checkargc(1);
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     double val = py_tofloat(&argv[0]);
     py_newfloat(py_retval(), -val);
     return true;
 }
 
 static bool _py_int__truediv__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
-    py_checkargc(2);
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     int64_t lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);
     double rhs;
     if(py_castfloat(&argv[1], &rhs)) {
@@ -73,7 +71,7 @@ static bool _py_int__truediv__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 }
 
 static bool _py_float__truediv__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
-    py_checkargc(2);
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     double lhs = py_tofloat(&argv[0]);
     double rhs;
     if(py_castfloat(&argv[1], &rhs)) {
@@ -87,7 +85,7 @@ static bool _py_float__truediv__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 #define ZeroDivisionError(msg) false
 
 static bool _py_number__pow__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
-    py_checkargc(2);
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     if(py_isint(&argv[0]) && py_isint(&argv[1])) {
         int64_t lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);
         int64_t rhs = py_toint(&argv[1]);
@@ -121,7 +119,7 @@ static bool _py_number__pow__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 }
 
 static bool _py_int__floordiv__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
-    py_checkargc(2);
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     int64_t lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);
     if(py_isint(&argv[1])) {
         int64_t rhs = py_toint(&argv[1]);
@@ -134,7 +132,7 @@ static bool _py_int__floordiv__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 }
 
 static bool _py_int__mod__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
-    py_checkargc(2);
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);
     int64_t lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);
     if(py_isint(&argv[1])) {
         int64_t rhs = py_toint(&argv[1]);
@@ -147,14 +145,14 @@ static bool _py_int__mod__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 }
 
 static bool _py_int__invert__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
-    py_checkargc(1);
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     int64_t val = py_toint(&argv[0]);
     py_newint(py_retval(), ~val);
     return true;
 }
 
 static bool _py_int__bit_length(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
-    py_checkargc(1);
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     int64_t x = py_toint(py_arg(0));
     if(x < 0) x = -x;
     int bits = 0;
@@ -168,7 +166,7 @@ static bool _py_int__bit_length(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 
 #define DEF_INT_BITWISE_OP(name, op)                                                               \
     static bool _py_int##name(int argc, py_Ref argv) {                                             \
-        py_checkargc(2);                                                                           \
+        PY_CHECK_ARGC(2);                                                                          \
         int64_t lhs = py_toint(&argv[0]);                                                          \
         if(py_isint(&argv[1])) {                                                                   \
             int64_t rhs = py_toint(&argv[1]);                                                      \
@@ -188,7 +186,7 @@ DEF_INT_BITWISE_OP(__rshift__, >>)
 #undef DEF_INT_BITWISE_OP
 
 static bool _py_int__repr__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
-    py_checkargc(1);
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     int64_t val = py_toint(&argv[0]);
     char buf[32];
     int size = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%lld", (long long)val);
@@ -197,7 +195,7 @@ static bool _py_int__repr__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 }
 
 static bool _py_float__repr__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
-    py_checkargc(1);
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     double val = py_tofloat(&argv[0]);
     char buf[32];
     int size = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%f", val);
@@ -224,7 +222,7 @@ static py_i64 c11_8bytes__hash(union c11_8bytes u) {
 }
 
 static bool _py_int__hash__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
-    py_checkargc(1);
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     int64_t val = py_toint(&argv[0]);
     union c11_8bytes u = {._i64 = val};
     py_newint(py_retval(), c11_8bytes__hash(u));
@@ -232,7 +230,7 @@ static bool _py_int__hash__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 }
 
 static bool _py_float__hash__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
-    py_checkargc(1);
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     double val = py_tofloat(&argv[0]);
     union c11_8bytes u = {._f64 = val};
     py_newint(py_retval(), c11_8bytes__hash(u));
@@ -272,11 +270,12 @@ static bool _py_int__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     // 1 or 2 args with str
     int base = 10;
     if(argc == 1 + 2) {
-        if(!py_checktype(py_arg(2), tp_int)) return false;
+        PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(2, tp_int);
         base = py_toint(py_arg(2));
     }
 
-    if(!py_checktype(py_arg(1), tp_str)) return false;
+    PY_CHECK_ARG_TYPE(1, tp_str);
+
     int size;
     const char* data = py_tostrn(py_arg(1), &size);
     bool negative = false;
@@ -335,14 +334,12 @@ static bool _py_float__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
 
     char* p_end;
     py_f64 float_out = strtod(data, &p_end);
-    if(p_end != data + size){
-        return ValueError("invalid literal for float(): %q", data);
-    }
+    if(p_end != data + size) { return ValueError("invalid literal for float(): %q", data); }
     py_newfloat(py_retval(), float_out);
     return true;
 }
 
-void pk_VM__init_builtins(pk_VM* self) {
+void pk_number__register() {
     /****** tp_int & tp_float ******/
     py_bindmagic(tp_int, __add__, _py_int__add__);
     py_bindmagic(tp_float, __add__, _py_float__add__);

src/interpreter/vm.c

@@ -41,13 +41,14 @@ void pk_TypeInfo__ctor(pk_TypeInfo* self,
     // create type object with __dict__
     pk_ManagedHeap* heap = &pk_current_vm->heap;
     PyObject* typeobj = pk_ManagedHeap__new(heap, tp_type, -1, sizeof(py_Type));
+    *(py_Type*)PyObject__userdata(typeobj) = index;
     self->self = (py_TValue){
         .type = typeobj->type,
         .is_ptr = true,
         ._obj = typeobj,
     };
 
-    self->module = module ? *module : PY_NULL;
+    self->module = module ? *module : PY_NIL;
     self->subclass_enabled = subclass_enabled;
 
     c11_vector__ctor(&self->annotated_fields, sizeof(py_Name));
@@ -55,26 +56,32 @@ void pk_TypeInfo__ctor(pk_TypeInfo* self,
 
 void pk_TypeInfo__dtor(pk_TypeInfo* self) { c11_vector__dtor(&self->annotated_fields); }
 
+static bool _py_object__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    assert(argc >= 1);
+    py_Type cls = argv[0].type;
+    py_newobject(py_retval(), cls, 0, 0);
+    return true;
+}
+
 void pk_VM__ctor(pk_VM* self) {
     self->top_frame = NULL;
 
     pk_NameDict__ctor(&self->modules);
     c11_vector__ctor(&self->types, sizeof(pk_TypeInfo));
 
-    self->StopIteration = PY_NULL;
-    self->builtins = PY_NULL;
-    self->main = PY_NULL;
+    self->StopIteration = PY_NIL;
+    self->builtins = PY_NIL;
+    self->main = PY_NIL;
 
     self->_ceval_on_step = NULL;
     self->_import_file = pk_default_import_file;
     self->_stdout = pk_default_stdout;
     self->_stderr = pk_default_stderr;
 
-    self->last_retval = PY_NULL;
+    self->last_retval = PY_NIL;
     self->has_error = false;
 
-    self->__curr_class = PY_NULL;
-    self->__cached_object_new = PY_NULL;
+    self->__curr_class = PY_NIL;
     self->__dynamic_func_decl = NULL;
 
     pk_ManagedHeap__ctor(&self->heap, self);
@@ -91,6 +98,7 @@ void pk_VM__ctor(pk_VM* self) {
 
     validate(tp_int, pk_VM__new_type(self, "int", tp_object, NULL, false));
     validate(tp_float, pk_VM__new_type(self, "float", tp_object, NULL, false));
+    pk_number__register();
     validate(tp_bool, pk_VM__new_type(self, "bool", tp_object, NULL, false));
     validate(tp_str, pk_str__register());
 
@@ -147,7 +155,7 @@ void pk_VM__ctor(pk_VM* self) {
                               tp_stop_iteration,
                               tp_syntax_error};
 
-    for(int i = 0; i < PK_ARRAY_COUNT(public_types); i++) {
+    for(int i = 0; i < c11__count_array(public_types); i++) {
         py_Type t = public_types[i];
         pk_TypeInfo* ti = c11__at(pk_TypeInfo, &self->types, t);
         py_setdict(&self->builtins, ti->name, py_tpobject(t));
@@ -158,7 +166,9 @@ void pk_VM__ctor(pk_VM* self) {
     py_setdict(&self->builtins, py_name("NotImplemented"), &tmp);
 
     /* Do Buildin Bindings*/
-    pk_VM__init_builtins(self);
+    // object.__new__
+    py_bindmagic(tp_object, __new__, _py_object__new__);
+
     self->main = *py_newmodule("__main__", NULL);
 }
 
@@ -199,16 +209,16 @@ py_Type pk_VM__new_type(pk_VM* self,
     return index;
 }
 
-pk_FrameResult pk_VM__vectorcall(pk_VM* self, uint16_t ARGC, uint16_t KWARGC, bool opcall) {
-    py_Ref p1 = self->stack.sp - KWARGC * 2;
-    py_Ref p0 = p1 - ARGC - 2;
+pk_FrameResult pk_VM__vectorcall(pk_VM* self, uint16_t argc, uint16_t kwargc, bool opcall) {
+    py_Ref p1 = self->stack.sp - kwargc * 2;
+    py_Ref p0 = p1 - argc - 2;
     // [callable, <self>, args..., kwargs...]
     //      ^p0                    ^p1      ^_sp
 
     // handle boundmethod, do a patch
     if(p0->type == tp_bound_method) {
         assert(false);
-        assert(py_isnull(p0+1));   // self must be NULL
+        assert(py_isnil(p0 + 1));  // self must be NULL
         // BoundMethod& bm = PK_OBJ_GET(BoundMethod, callable);
         // callable = bm.func;  // get unbound method
         // callable_t = _tp(callable);
@@ -218,7 +228,7 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__vectorcall(pk_VM* self, uint16_t ARGC, uint16_t KWARGC, bo
     }
 
     // PyVar* _base = args.begin();
-    py_Ref argv = py_isnull(p0+1) ? p0+2 : p0+1;
+    py_Ref argv = py_isnil(p0 + 1) ? p0 + 2 : p0 + 1;
 
 #if 0
     if(callable_t == tp_function) {
@@ -253,7 +263,7 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__vectorcall(pk_VM* self, uint16_t ARGC, uint16_t KWARGC, bo
                 // [callable, <self>, args..., local_vars...]
                 //      ^p0                    ^p1      ^_sp
                 s_data.reset(_base + co->nlocals);
-                // initialize local variables to PY_NULL
+                // initialize local variables to PY_NIL
                 std::memset(p1, 0, (char*)s_data._sp - (char*)p1);
                 break;
             case FuncType_EMPTY:
@@ -275,7 +285,7 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__vectorcall(pk_VM* self, uint16_t ARGC, uint16_t KWARGC, bo
                 return __py_generator(
                     callstack.popx(),
                     ArgsView(__vectorcall_buffer, __vectorcall_buffer + co->nlocals));
-            default: PK_UNREACHABLE()
+            default: c11__unreachedable()
         };
 
         // simple or normal
@@ -301,7 +311,8 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__vectorcall(pk_VM* self, uint16_t ARGC, uint16_t KWARGC, bo
         //     if(f.argc != -1) {
         //         if(KWARGC != 0)
         //             TypeError(
-        //                 "old-style native_func does not accept keyword arguments. If you want to skip this check, specify `argc` to -1");
+        //                 "old-style native_func does not accept keyword arguments. If you want to
+        //                 skip this check, specify `argc` to -1");
         //         if(args.size() != f.argc) {
         //             vm->TypeError(_S("expected ", f.argc, " arguments, got ", args.size()));
         //         }
@@ -309,64 +320,59 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__vectorcall(pk_VM* self, uint16_t ARGC, uint16_t KWARGC, bo
         //     ret = f.call(this, args);
         // }
 
-        if(!p0->_cfunc(ARGC, argv)) return RES_ERROR;
+        // `argc` passed to _cfunc must include self if exists
+        if(!p0->_cfunc(p1 - argv, argv)) return RES_ERROR;
         self->stack.sp = p0;
         return RES_RETURN;
     }
 
-#if 0
     if(p0->type == tp_type) {
-        // [type, NULL, args..., kwargs...]
-        PyVar new_f = *find_name_in_mro(PK_OBJ_GET(Type, callable), __new__);
-        PyVar obj;
-        assert(new_f && (!p0[1]));
-        if(PyVar__IS_OP(&new_f, &__cached_object_new)) {
-            // fast path for object.__new__
-            obj = vm->new_object<DummyInstance>(PK_OBJ_GET(Type, callable));
-        } else {
-            PUSH(new_f);
-            PUSH(PY_NULL);
-            PUSH(callable);  // cls
-            for(PyVar o: args)
-                PUSH(o);
-            for(PyVar o: kwargs)
-                PUSH(o);
-            // if obj is not an instance of `cls`, the behavior is undefined
-            obj = vectorcall(ARGC + 1, KWARGC);
-        }
+        // [cls, NULL, args..., kwargs...]
+        py_Ref new_f = py_tpfindmagic(py_totype(p0), __new__);
+        assert(new_f && py_isnil(p0 + 1));
 
-        // __init__
-        PyVar self;
-        callable = get_unbound_method(obj, __init__, &self, false);
-        if(callable) {
-            callable_t = _tp(callable);
-            // replace `NULL` with `self`
-            p1[-(ARGC + 2)] = callable;
-            p1[-(ARGC + 1)] = self;
-            // [init_f, self, args..., kwargs...]
-            vectorcall(ARGC, KWARGC);
-            // We just discard the return value of `__init__`
-            // in cpython it raises a TypeError if the return value is not None
+        // prepare a copy of args and kwargs
+        int span = self->stack.sp - argv;
+        *self->stack.sp++ = *new_f;  // push __new__
+        *self->stack.sp++ = *p0;     // push cls
+        memcpy(self->stack.sp, argv, span * sizeof(py_TValue));
+        self->stack.sp += span;
+
+        // [new_f, cls, args..., kwargs...]
+        pk_FrameResult res = pk_VM__vectorcall(self, argc, kwargc, false);
+        if(res == RES_ERROR) return RES_ERROR;
+        assert(res == RES_RETURN);
+        // by recursively using vectorcall, args and kwargs are consumed
+        // [cls, NULL, args..., kwargs...]
+
+        // try __init__
+        // NOTE: previous we use `get_unbound_method` but here we just use `tpfindmagic`
+        py_Ref init_f = py_tpfindmagic(py_totype(p0), __init__);
+        if(init_f) {
+            // do an inplace patch
+            *p0 = *init_f;              // __init__
+            p0[1] = self->last_retval;  // self
+            // [__init__, self, args..., kwargs...]
+            pk_FrameResult res = pk_VM__vectorcall(self, argc, kwargc, false);
+            if(res == RES_ERROR) return RES_ERROR;
+            assert(res == RES_RETURN);
         } else {
             // manually reset the stack
-            s_data.reset(p0);
+            self->stack.sp = p0;
         }
-        return obj;
+        return RES_RETURN;
     }
 
     // handle `__call__` overload
-    PyVar self;
-    PyVar call_f = get_unbound_method(callable, __call__, &self, false);
-    if(self) {
-        p1[-(ARGC + 2)] = call_f;
-        p1[-(ARGC + 1)] = self;
-        // [call_f, self, args..., kwargs...]
-        return vectorcall(ARGC, KWARGC, op_call);
+    if(py_getunboundmethod(p0, __call__, p0, p0 + 1)) {
+        // [__call__, self, args..., kwargs...]
+        pk_FrameResult res = pk_VM__vectorcall(self, argc, kwargc, false);
+        if(res == RES_ERROR) return RES_ERROR;
+        assert(res == RES_RETURN);
     }
-    TypeError(_type_name(vm, callable_t).escape() + " object is not callable");
-#endif
 
-    PK_UNREACHABLE();
+    TypeError("'%t' object is not callable", p0->type);
+    c11__unreachedable();
 }
 
 /****************************************/

src/objects/base.c

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 #include "pocketpy/objects/base.h"
 
-py_TValue PY_NULL = {.type=0, .is_ptr=false, .extra=0, ._i64=0};
+py_TValue PY_NIL = {.type=0, .is_ptr=false, .extra=0, ._i64=0};
 

src/objects/dict.c

@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ static int pkpy_Dict__probe0(const pkpy_Dict* self, py_TValue key, int hash) {
         struct pkpy_DictEntry* entry = &c11__getitem(struct pkpy_DictEntry, &self->_entries, idx);
         if(pkpy_Var__is_null(&entry->key)) return h;
     }
-    PK_UNREACHABLE();
+    c11__unreachedable();
 }
 
 static int pkpy_Dict__probe1(const pkpy_Dict* self, py_TValue key, int hash) {
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ static int pkpy_Dict__probe1(const pkpy_Dict* self, py_TValue key, int hash) {
         if(pkpy_Var__is_null(&entry->key)) continue;
         if(py_eq(&entry->key, &key)) return h;
     }
-    PK_UNREACHABLE();
+    c11__unreachedable();
 }
 
 static void pkpy_Dict__extendht(pkpy_Dict* self) {

src/public/error.c

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 #include "pocketpy/pocketpy.h"
+#include "pocketpy/common/sstream.h"
 #include "pocketpy/interpreter/vm.h"
 
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
 void py_printexc(){
     pk_VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
     if(vm->has_error){
@@ -14,3 +17,22 @@ void py_printexc(){
 void py_formatexc(char *out){
 
 }
+
+bool py_exception(const char* name, const char* fmt, ...){
+    pk_VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
+    assert(!vm->has_error);     // an error is already set
+    vm->has_error = true;
+
+    c11_sbuf buf;
+    c11_sbuf__ctor(&buf);
+    va_list args;
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    pk_vsprintf(&buf, fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+
+    c11_string* res = c11_sbuf__submit(&buf);
+    // vm->last_retval = py_newexception(name, res->data);
+    vm->_stderr("%s: %s\n", name, res->data);
+    c11_string__delete(res);
+    return false;
+}

src/public/py_list.c

@@ -6,13 +6,6 @@
 
 typedef c11_vector List;
 
-py_Type pk_list__register() {
-    pk_VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
-    py_Type type = pk_VM__new_type(vm, "list", tp_object, NULL, false);
-    pk_TypeInfo* ti = c11__at(pk_TypeInfo, &vm->types, type);
-    ti->dtor = (void (*)(void*))c11_vector__dtor;
-    return type;
-}
 
 void py_newlist(py_Ref out) {
     pk_VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
@@ -67,9 +60,19 @@ void py_list__insert(py_Ref self, int i, const py_Ref val) {
 }
 
 ////////////////////////////////
-bool _py_list__len__(int argc, py_Ref argv){
-    py_checkargc(1);
+static bool _py_list__len__(int argc, py_Ref argv){
+    PY_CHECK_ARGC(1);
     py_i64 res = py_list__len(py_arg(0));
     py_newint(py_retval(), res);
     return true;
 }
+
+py_Type pk_list__register() {
+    pk_VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
+    py_Type type = pk_VM__new_type(vm, "list", tp_object, NULL, false);
+    pk_TypeInfo* ti = c11__at(pk_TypeInfo, &vm->types, type);
+    ti->dtor = (void (*)(void*))c11_vector__dtor;
+
+    py_bindmagic(type, __len__, _py_list__len__);
+    return type;
+}

src/public/py_ops.c

@@ -21,11 +21,11 @@ int py_bool(const py_Ref val) { return 1; }
 
 bool py_hash(const py_Ref val, int64_t* out) { return 0; }
 
-bool py_getattr(const py_Ref self, py_Name name, py_Ref out) { return true; }
+int py_getattr(const py_Ref self, py_Name name, py_Ref out) { return -1; }
 
-bool py_setattr(py_Ref self, py_Name name, const py_Ref val) { return -1; }
+bool py_setattr(py_Ref self, py_Name name, const py_Ref val) { return false; }
 
-bool py_delattr(py_Ref self, py_Name name) { return -1; }
+bool py_delattr(py_Ref self, py_Name name) { return false; }
 
 bool py_getitem(const py_Ref self, const py_Ref key, py_Ref out) { return -1; }
 

src/public/stack_ops.c

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ py_Ref py_getdict(const py_Ref self, py_Name name){
     if(self->type == tp_type && py_ismagicname(name)){
         py_Type* ud = py_touserdata(self);
         py_Ref slot = py_tpmagic(*ud, name);
-        return py_isnull(slot) ? NULL : slot;
+        return py_isnil(slot) ? NULL : slot;
     }
     return pk_NameDict__try_get(PyObject__dict(self->_obj), name);
 }
@@ -66,6 +66,6 @@ void py_push(const py_Ref src){
 
 py_Ref py_pushtmp(){
     pk_VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
-    py_newnull(vm->stack.sp++);
+    py_newnil(vm->stack.sp++);
     return py_gettop();
 }

src/public/values.c

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ void py_newellipsis(py_Ref out) {
     out->is_ptr = false;
 }
 
-void py_newnull(py_Ref out) { out->type = 0; }
+void py_newnil(py_Ref out) { out->type = 0; }
 
 
 void py_newfunction(py_Ref out, py_CFunction f, const char* sig) {

src/public/vm.c

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include "pocketpy/objects/codeobject.h"
 #include "pocketpy/objects/sourcedata.h"
 #include "pocketpy/pocketpy.h"
 
@@ -25,13 +26,16 @@ void py_finalize() {
     pk_MemoryPools__finalize();
 }
 
-static void disassemble(CodeObject* co) {
+const char* pk_opname(Opcode op) {
     const static char* OP_NAMES[] = {
 #define OPCODE(name) #name,
 #include "pocketpy/xmacros/opcodes.h"
 #undef OPCODE
     };
+    return OP_NAMES[op];
+}
 
+static void disassemble(CodeObject* co) {
     c11_vector /*T=int*/ jumpTargets;
     c11_vector__ctor(&jumpTargets, sizeof(int));
     for(int i = 0; i < co->codes.count; i++) {
@@ -71,9 +75,9 @@ static void disassemble(CodeObject* co) {
         snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%-8s%-3s%-3d ", line, pointer, i);
         c11_sbuf__write_cstr(&ss, buf);
 
-        c11_sbuf__write_cstr(&ss, OP_NAMES[byte.op]);
+        c11_sbuf__write_cstr(&ss, pk_opname(byte.op));
         c11_sbuf__write_char(&ss, ex.is_virtual ? '*' : ' ');
-        int padding = 24 - strlen(OP_NAMES[byte.op]);
+        int padding = 24 - strlen(pk_opname(byte.op));
         for(int j = 0; j < padding; j++)
             c11_sbuf__write_char(&ss, ' ');
 
@@ -173,7 +177,7 @@ static bool
     PK_DECREF(src);
     if(res == RES_ERROR) return false;
     if(res == RES_RETURN) return true;
-    PK_UNREACHABLE();
+    c11__unreachedable();
 }
 
 bool py_exec(const char* source) { return pk_VM__exec(pk_current_vm, source, "<exec>", EXEC_MODE); }
@@ -191,12 +195,42 @@ bool py_vectorcall(uint16_t argc, uint16_t kwargc) {
 
 py_Ref py_retval() { return &pk_current_vm->last_retval; }
 
-bool py_getunboundmethod(const py_Ref self,
-                         py_Name name,
-                         bool fallback,
-                         py_Ref out,
-                         py_Ref out_self) {
-    return -1;
+bool py_getunboundmethod(py_Ref self, py_Name name, py_Ref out, py_Ref out_self) {
+    // NOTE: `out` and `out_self` may overlap with `self`
+    py_Type type;
+    // handle super() proxy
+    if(py_istype(self, tp_super)) {
+        self = py_getslot(self, 0);
+        type = *(py_Type*)py_touserdata(self);
+    } else {
+        type = self->type;
+    }
+
+    py_Ref cls_var = py_tpfindname(type, name);
+    if(cls_var != NULL) {
+        switch(cls_var->type) {
+            case tp_function:
+            case tp_nativefunc: {
+                py_TValue self_bak = *self;
+                // `out` may overlap with `self`. If we assign `out`, `self` may be corrupted.
+                *out = *cls_var;
+                *out_self = self_bak;
+                break;
+            }
+            case tp_staticmethod:
+                *out = *py_getslot(cls_var, 0);
+                py_newnil(out_self);
+                break;
+            case tp_classmethod:
+                *out = *py_getslot(cls_var, 0);
+                *out_self = c11__getitem(pk_TypeInfo, &pk_current_vm->types, type).self;
+                break;
+            default: c11__unreachedable();
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+    // TODO: __getattr__ fallback
+    return false;
 }
 
 pk_TypeInfo* pk_tpinfo(const py_Ref self) {
@@ -209,7 +243,17 @@ py_Ref py_tpfindmagic(py_Type t, py_Name name) {
     pk_TypeInfo* types = (pk_TypeInfo*)pk_current_vm->types.data;
     do {
         py_Ref f = &types[t].magic[name];
-        if(!py_isnull(f)) return f;
+        if(!py_isnil(f)) return f;
+        t = types[t].base;
+    } while(t);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+py_Ref py_tpfindname(py_Type t, py_Name name) {
+    pk_TypeInfo* types = (pk_TypeInfo*)pk_current_vm->types.data;
+    do {
+        py_Ref res = py_getdict(&types[t].self, name);
+        if(res) return res;
         t = types[t].base;
     } while(t);
     return NULL;
@@ -227,6 +271,7 @@ py_Ref py_tpobject(py_Type type) {
 }
 
 const char* py_tpname(py_Type type) {
+    if(!type) return "nil";
     pk_VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
     py_Name name = c11__at(pk_TypeInfo, &vm->types, type)->name;
     return py_name2str(name);
@@ -236,7 +281,9 @@ bool py_callmagic(py_Name name, int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     assert(argc >= 1);
     assert(py_ismagicname(name));
     py_Ref tmp = py_tpfindmagic(argv->type, name);
-    if(!tmp) return TypeError(name);
+    if(!tmp){
+        return AttributeError(argv, name);
+    }
     if(tmp->type == tp_nativefunc) return tmp->_cfunc(argc, argv);
     return py_call(tmp, argc, argv);
 }

src2/main.c

@@ -59,6 +59,8 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     py_finalize();
     free(source);
 
+    return 0;
+    
 __HELP:
     printf("Usage: pocketpy [filename]\n");
     return 0;

tests/00_tmp.py

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+# test int literals
+assert 0xffff == 65535
+assert 0xAAFFFF == 11206655
+assert 0x7fffffff == 2147483647
+assert -0xffff == -65535
+assert -0xAAFFFF == -11206655
+assert -0x7fffffff == -2147483647
+# test 64-bit
+assert 2**60-1 + 546 - 0xfffffffffffff == 1148417904979477026
+
+# test oct literals
+assert 0o1234 == 668
+assert 0o17777777777 == 2147483647
+assert -0o1234 == -668
+assert -0o17777777777 == -2147483647
+
+# test binary literals
+assert 0b10010 == 18
+assert -0b10010 == -18
+assert 0b11111111111111111111111111111111 == 4294967295
+assert -0b11111 == -31
+
+# test == != >= <= < >
+assert -1 == -1
+assert -1 != 1
+assert -1 >= -1
+assert -1 <= -1
+assert -1 < 1
+assert -1 > -2
+
+# test + - * % ** //
+assert -1 + 1 == 0
+assert -1 - 1 == -2
+assert 4 * -1 == -4
+assert 5 % 2 == 1
+assert 2 ** 3 == 8
+assert 4 // 2 == 2
+assert 5 // 2 == 2
+
+# test += -= *= //=
+x = 3
+x += 1
+assert x == 4
+x -= 1
+assert x == 3
+x *= 2
+assert x == 6
+x //= 2
+assert x == 3
+
+# test bit_length
+assert (1).bit_length() == 1
+assert (2).bit_length() == 2
+assert (3).bit_length() == 2
+
+assert (-1).bit_length() == 1
+assert (-2).bit_length() == 2
+assert (-3).bit_length() == 2
+
+assert (123123123123123).bit_length() == 47
+assert (-3123123123).bit_length() == 32
+
+# test int()
+assert int() == 0
+assert int(True) == 1
+assert int(False) == 0
+
+assert int(1) == 1
+assert int(1.0) == 1
+assert int(1.1) == 1
+assert int(1.9) == 1
+assert int(-1.9) == -1
+assert int(1.5) == 1
+assert int(-1.5) == -1
+assert int("123") == 123
+
+assert int("0x123", 16) == 291
+assert int("0o123", 8) == 83
+assert int("-0x123", 16) == -291
+assert int("-0o123", 8) == -83
+assert int("-123") == -123
+assert int("+123") == 123
+
+# test >> << & | ^
+assert 12 >> 1 == 6
+assert 12 << 1 == 24
+assert 12 & 1 == 0
+assert 12 | 1 == 13
+assert 12 ^ 1 == 13
+
+# test high precision int pow
+assert 7**21 == 558545864083284007
+assert 2**60 == 1152921504606846976
+assert -2**60 == -1152921504606846976
+assert 4**13 == 67108864
+assert (-4)**13 == -67108864
+
+assert ~3 == -4
+assert ~-3 == 2
+assert ~0 == -1
+
+# tmp code
+assert [1, 2].__len__() == 2

tests/01_int.py

@@ -48,10 +48,6 @@ assert x == 6
 x //= 2
 assert x == 3
 
-# test __str__, __repr__
-assert str(1) == '1'
-assert repr(1) == '1'
-
 # test bit_length
 assert (1).bit_length() == 1
 assert (2).bit_length() == 2
@@ -103,6 +99,10 @@ assert ~3 == -4
 assert ~-3 == 2
 assert ~0 == -1
 
+# test __str__, __repr__
+assert str(1) == '1'
+assert repr(1) == '1'
+
 try:
     1 // 0
     exit(1)