Update py_list.c

include/pocketpy/common/str.h

@@ -15,22 +15,35 @@ typedef struct c11_sv{
     int size;
 } c11_sv;
 
-int c11_sv__cmp(c11_sv self, c11_sv other);
-int c11_sv__cmp2(c11_sv self, const char* other, int size);
-int c11_sv__cmp3(c11_sv self, const char* other);
-
+/* string */
+typedef struct c11_string{
     // int size | char[] | '\0'
-typedef const char c11_string;
+    int size;
+    const char data[];      // flexible array member
+} c11_string;
+
+/* bytes */
+typedef struct c11_bytes{
+    int size;
+    unsigned char data[];   // flexible array member
+} c11_bytes;
+
+int c11_sv__cmp(c11_sv self, c11_sv other);
+int c11_sv__cmp2(c11_sv self, const char* other);
+
+bool c11__streq(const char* a, const char* b);
+bool c11__sveq(c11_sv a, const char* b);
 
 c11_string* c11_string__new(const char* data);
 c11_string* c11_string__new2(const char* data, int size);
+void c11_string__ctor(c11_string* self, const char* data);
+void c11_string__ctor2(c11_string* self, const char* data, int size);
 c11_string* c11_string__copy(c11_string* self);
 void c11_string__delete(c11_string* self);
-int c11_string__len(c11_string* self);
 c11_sv c11_string__sv(c11_string* self);
 c11_string* c11_string__replace(c11_string* self, char old, char new_);
 
-int c11_string__u8_length(const c11_string* self);
+int c11_string__u8_length(c11_string* self);
 c11_sv c11_string__u8_getitem(c11_string* self, int i);
 c11_string* c11_string__u8_slice(c11_string* self, int start, int stop, int step);
 
@@ -55,6 +68,14 @@ int c11__byte_index_to_unicode(const char* data, int n);
 bool c11__is_unicode_Lo_char(int c);
 int c11__u8_header(unsigned char c, bool suppress);
 
+typedef enum IntParsingResult{
+    IntParsing_SUCCESS,
+    IntParsing_FAILURE,
+    IntParsing_OVERFLOW,
+} IntParsingResult;
+
+IntParsingResult c11__parse_uint(c11_sv text, int64_t* out, int base);
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif

include/pocketpy/compiler/lexer.h

@@ -87,14 +87,6 @@ enum Precedence {
     PREC_HIGHEST,
 };
 
-typedef enum IntParsingResult{
-    IntParsing_SUCCESS,
-    IntParsing_FAILURE,
-    IntParsing_OVERFLOW,
-} IntParsingResult;
-
-IntParsingResult parse_uint(c11_sv text, int64_t* out, int base);
-
 typedef struct Error Error;
 
 typedef c11_array pk_TokenArray;

include/pocketpy/interpreter/vm.h

@@ -89,6 +89,8 @@ py_Type pk_VM__new_type(pk_VM* self,
                         bool subclass_enabled);
 
 // type registration
+py_Type pk_str__register();
+py_Type pk_bytes__register();
 py_Type pk_list__register();
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus

include/pocketpy/objects/object.h

@@ -12,35 +12,24 @@ typedef struct PyObject{
     bool gc_is_large;
     bool gc_marked;
     int slots;  // number of slots in the object
+    char flex[];
 } PyObject;
 
 // slots >= 0, allocate N slots
 // slots == -1, allocate a dict
 
-// | 8 bytes HEADER | <N slots> | <value>
-// | 8 bytes HEADER | <dict>    | <value>
-
-static_assert(sizeof(PyObject) <= 8, "!(sizeof(PyObject) <= 8)");
+// | HEADER | <N slots> | <userdata>
+// | HEADER | <dict>    | <userdata>
 
 py_TValue* PyObject__slots(PyObject* self);
 pk_NameDict* PyObject__dict(PyObject* self);
-void* PyObject__value(PyObject* self);
+void* PyObject__userdata(PyObject* self);
 
-#define PK_OBJ_HEADER_SIZE(slots) ((slots)>=0 ? 8+sizeof(py_TValue)*(slots) : 8+sizeof(pk_NameDict))
+#define PK_OBJ_SLOTS_SIZE(slots) ((slots) >= 0 ? sizeof(py_TValue) * (slots) : sizeof(pk_NameDict))
 
 PyObject* PyObject__new(py_Type type, int slots, int size);
 void PyObject__delete(PyObject* self);
 
-PK_INLINE py_TValue PyVar__fromobj(PyObject* obj){
-    if(!obj) return PY_NULL;
-    py_TValue retval = {
-        .type = obj->type,
-        .is_ptr = true,
-        ._obj = obj
-    };
-    return retval;
-}
-
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif

include/pocketpy/pocketpy.h

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ void py_newbool(py_Ref, bool);
 void py_newstr(py_Ref, const char*);
 void py_newstrn(py_Ref, const char*, int);
 // void py_newfstr(py_Ref, const char*, ...);
-void py_newbytes(py_Ref, const unsigned char*, int);
+unsigned char* py_newbytes(py_Ref, int);
 void py_newnone(py_Ref);
 void py_newnotimplemented(py_Ref out);
 void py_newellipsis(py_Ref out);
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ bool py_tobool(const py_Ref);
 py_Type py_totype(const py_Ref);
 const char* py_tostr(const py_Ref);
 const char* py_tostrn(const py_Ref, int* size);
-const unsigned char* py_tobytes(const py_Ref, int* size);
+unsigned char* py_tobytes(const py_Ref, int* size);
 
 void* py_touserdata(const py_Ref);
 
@@ -311,6 +311,10 @@ py_GlobalRef py_tpobject(py_Type type);
 /// Get the type name.
 const char* py_tpname(py_Type type);
 
+/// Check if the object is an instance of the given type.
+/// Re
+bool py_checktype(const py_Ref self, py_Type type);
+
 /// Python favored string formatting.
 /// %d: int
 /// %i: py_i64 (int64_t)
@@ -321,7 +325,6 @@ const char* py_tpname(py_Type type);
 /// %p: void*
 /// %t: py_Type
 /// %n: py_Name
-const char* py_fmt(const char* fmt, ...);
 
 #define MAGIC_METHOD(x) extern uint16_t x;
 #include "pocketpy/xmacros/magics.h"

src/common/sourcedata.c

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ static void pk_SourceData__ctor(struct pk_SourceData* self,
     }
     self->source = pk_SStream__submit(&ss);
     self->is_precompiled = (strncmp(source, "pkpy:", 5) == 0);
-    c11_vector__push(const char*, &self->line_starts, self->source);
+    c11_vector__push(const char*, &self->line_starts, self->source->data);
 }
 
 static void pk_SourceData__dtor(struct pk_SourceData* self) {
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ c11_string* pk_SourceData__snapshot(const struct pk_SourceData* self,
     pk_SStream ss;
     pk_SStream__ctor(&ss);
 
-    pk_sprintf(&ss, "  File \"%S\", line %d", &self->filename, lineno);
+    pk_sprintf(&ss, "  File \"%s\", line %d", self->filename->data, lineno);
 
     if(name && *name) {
         pk_SStream__write_cstr(&ss, ", in ");

src/common/sstream.c

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "pocketpy/common/sstream.h"
 #include "pocketpy/common/config.h"
+#include "pocketpy/common/str.h"
 #include "pocketpy/common/utils.h"
 #include "pocketpy/pocketpy.h"
 
@@ -9,7 +10,7 @@
 #include <ctype.h>
 #include <math.h>
 
-const static int C11_STRING_HEADER_SIZE = sizeof(int);
+const static int C11_STRING_HEADER_SIZE = sizeof(c11_string);
 
 void pk_SStream__ctor(pk_SStream* self) {
     c11_vector__ctor(&self->data, sizeof(char));
@@ -24,14 +25,14 @@ void pk_SStream__write_char(pk_SStream* self, char c) { c11_vector__push(char, &
 void pk_SStream__write_int(pk_SStream* self, int i) {
     // len('-2147483648') == 11
     c11_vector__reserve(&self->data, self->data.count + 11 + 1);
-    int n = sprintf(self->data.data, "%d", i);
+    int n = snprintf(self->data.data, 11 + 1, "%d", i);
     self->data.count += n;
 }
 
 void pk_SStream__write_i64(pk_SStream* self, int64_t val) {
     // len('-9223372036854775808') == 20
     c11_vector__reserve(&self->data, self->data.count + 20 + 1);
-    int n = sprintf(self->data.data, "%lld", (long long)val);
+    int n = snprintf(self->data.data, 20 + 1, "%lld", (long long)val);
     self->data.count += n;
 }
 
@@ -106,9 +107,9 @@ void pk_SStream__write_ptr(pk_SStream* self, void* p) {
 c11_string* pk_SStream__submit(pk_SStream* self) {
     c11_vector__push(char, &self->data, '\0');
     c11_array arr = c11_vector__submit(&self->data);
-    int* p = arr.data;
-    *p = arr.count - C11_STRING_HEADER_SIZE - 1;
-    return (c11_string*)(p + 1);
+    c11_string* retval = (c11_string*)arr.data;
+    retval->size = arr.count - C11_STRING_HEADER_SIZE - 1;
+    return retval;
 }
 
 void pk_vsprintf(pk_SStream* ss, const char* fmt, va_list args) {
@@ -186,18 +187,3 @@ void pk_sprintf(pk_SStream* ss, const char* fmt, ...) {
     pk_vsprintf(ss, fmt, args);
     va_end(args);
 }
-
-const char* py_fmt(const char* fmt, ...) {
-    PK_THREAD_LOCAL pk_SStream ss;
-    if(ss.data.elem_size == 0) {
-        pk_SStream__ctor(&ss);
-    } else {
-        c11_vector__clear(&ss.data);
-    }
-    va_list args;
-    va_start(args, fmt);
-    pk_vsprintf(&ss, fmt, args);
-    va_end(args);
-    pk_SStream__write_char(&ss, '\0');
-    return (const char*)ss.data.data;
-}

src/common/str.c

@@ -11,54 +11,49 @@
 c11_string* c11_string__new(const char* data) { return c11_string__new2(data, strlen(data)); }
 
 c11_string* c11_string__new2(const char* data, int size) {
-    int* p = malloc(sizeof(int) + size + 1);
-    *p++ = size;
+    c11_string* retval = malloc(sizeof(c11_string) + size + 1);
+    c11_string__ctor2(retval, data, size);
+    return retval;
+}
+
+void c11_string__ctor(c11_string* self, const char* data) {
+    c11_string__ctor2(self, data, strlen(data));
+}
+
+void c11_string__ctor2(c11_string* self, const char* data, int size) {
+    self->size = size;
+    char* p = (char*)self->data;
     memcpy(p, data, size);
-    ((char*)p)[size] = '\0';
-    return (c11_string*)p;
+    p[size] = '\0';
 }
 
 c11_string* c11_string__copy(c11_string* self) {
-    int* p = (int*)self - 1;
-    int total_size = sizeof(int) + *p + 1;
-    int* q = malloc(total_size);
-    memcpy(q, p, total_size);
-    return (c11_string*)(q + 1);
+    int total_size = sizeof(c11_string) + self->size + 1;
+    c11_string* retval = malloc(total_size);
+    memcpy(retval, self, total_size);
+    return retval;
 }
 
-void c11_string__delete(c11_string* self) {
-    int* p = (int*)self - 1;
-    free(p);
-}
+void c11_string__delete(c11_string* self) { free(self); }
 
-int c11_string__len(c11_string* self) {
-    int* p = (int*)self - 1;
-    return *p;
-}
-
-c11_sv c11_string__sv(c11_string* self) {
-    int* p = (int*)self - 1;
-    return (c11_sv){self, *p};
-}
+c11_sv c11_string__sv(c11_string* self) { return (c11_sv){self->data, self->size}; }
 
 c11_string* c11_string__replace(c11_string* self, char old, char new_) {
     c11_string* retval = c11_string__copy(self);
-    char* p = (char*)retval;
-    int size = c11_string__len(retval);
-    for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+    char* p = (char*)retval->data;
+    for(int i = 0; i < retval->size; i++) {
         if(p[i] == old) p[i] = new_;
     }
     return retval;
 }
 
 int c11_string__u8_length(c11_string* self) {
-    int size = c11_string__len(self);
-    return c11__byte_index_to_unicode(self, size);
+    return c11__byte_index_to_unicode(self->data, self->size);
 }
 
 c11_sv c11_string__u8_getitem(c11_string* self, int i) {
-    i = c11__unicode_index_to_byte(self, i);
-    int size = c11__u8_header(self[i], false);
+    i = c11__unicode_index_to_byte(self->data, i);
+    int size = c11__u8_header(self->data[i], false);
     return c11_sv__slice2(c11_string__sv(self), i, i + size);
 }
 
@@ -119,9 +114,7 @@ void c11_sv__upper(c11_sv sv, c11_vector* buf) {
     }
 }
 
-c11_sv c11_sv__slice(c11_sv sv, int start) {
-    return c11_sv__slice2(sv, start, sv.size);
-}
+c11_sv c11_sv__slice(c11_sv sv, int start) { return c11_sv__slice2(sv, start, sv.size); }
 
 c11_sv c11_sv__slice2(c11_sv sv, int start, int stop) {
     if(stop < start) stop = start;
@@ -233,19 +226,25 @@ int c11__byte_index_to_unicode(const char* data, int n) {
 //////////////
 
 int c11_sv__cmp(c11_sv self, c11_sv other) {
-    return c11_sv__cmp2(self, other.data, other.size);
+    int res = strncmp(self.data, other.data, PK_MIN(self.size, other.size));
+    if(res != 0) return res;
+    return self.size - other.size;
 }
 
-int c11_sv__cmp2(c11_sv self, const char* other, int size) {
+int c11_sv__cmp2(c11_sv self, const char* other) {
+    int size = strlen(other);
     int res = strncmp(self.data, other, PK_MIN(self.size, size));
     if(res != 0) return res;
     return self.size - size;
 }
 
-int c11_sv__cmp3(c11_sv self, const char* other) {
-    return c11_sv__cmp2(self, other, strlen(other));
-}
+bool c11__streq(const char* a, const char* b) { return strcmp(a, b) == 0; }
 
+bool c11__sveq(c11_sv a, const char* b) {
+    int size = strlen(b);
+    if(a.size != size) return false;
+    return memcmp(a.data, b, size) == 0;
+}
 
 // clang-format off
 static const int kLoRangeA[] = {170,186,443,448,660,1488,1519,1568,1601,1646,1649,1749,1774,1786,1791,1808,1810,1869,1969,1994,2048,2112,2144,2208,2230,2308,2365,2384,2392,2418,2437,2447,2451,2474,2482,2486,2493,2510,2524,2527,2544,2556,2565,2575,2579,2602,2610,2613,2616,2649,2654,2674,2693,2703,2707,2730,2738,2741,2749,2768,2784,2809,2821,2831,2835,2858,2866,2869,2877,2908,2911,2929,2947,2949,2958,2962,2969,2972,2974,2979,2984,2990,3024,3077,3086,3090,3114,3133,3160,3168,3200,3205,3214,3218,3242,3253,3261,3294,3296,3313,3333,3342,3346,3389,3406,3412,3423,3450,3461,3482,3507,3517,3520,3585,3634,3648,3713,3716,3718,3724,3749,3751,3762,3773,3776,3804,3840,3904,3913,3976,4096,4159,4176,4186,4193,4197,4206,4213,4238,4352,4682,4688,4696,4698,4704,4746,4752,4786,4792,4800,4802,4808,4824,4882,4888,4992,5121,5743,5761,5792,5873,5888,5902,5920,5952,5984,5998,6016,6108,6176,6212,6272,6279,6314,6320,6400,6480,6512,6528,6576,6656,6688,6917,6981,7043,7086,7098,7168,7245,7258,7401,7406,7413,7418,8501,11568,11648,11680,11688,11696,11704,11712,11720,11728,11736,12294,12348,12353,12447,12449,12543,12549,12593,12704,12784,13312,19968,40960,40982,42192,42240,42512,42538,42606,42656,42895,42999,43003,43011,43015,43020,43072,43138,43250,43259,43261,43274,43312,43360,43396,43488,43495,43514,43520,43584,43588,43616,43633,43642,43646,43697,43701,43705,43712,43714,43739,43744,43762,43777,43785,43793,43808,43816,43968,44032,55216,55243,63744,64112,64285,64287,64298,64312,64318,64320,64323,64326,64467,64848,64914,65008,65136,65142,65382,65393,65440,65474,65482,65490,65498,65536,65549,65576,65596,65599,65616,65664,66176,66208,66304,66349,66370,66384,66432,66464,66504,66640,66816,66864,67072,67392,67424,67584,67592,67594,67639,67644,67647,67680,67712,67808,67828,67840,67872,67968,68030,68096,68112,68117,68121,68192,68224,68288,68297,68352,68416,68448,68480,68608,68864,69376,69415,69424,69600,69635,69763,69840,69891,69956,69968,70006,70019,70081,70106,70108,70144,70163,70272,70280,70282,70287,70303,70320,70405,70415,70419,70442,70450,70453,70461,70480,70493,70656,70727,70751,70784,70852,70855,71040,71128,71168,71236,71296,71352,71424,71680,71935,72096,72106,72161,72163,72192,72203,72250,72272,72284,72349,72384,72704,72714,72768,72818,72960,72968,72971,73030,73056,73063,73066,73112,73440,73728,74880,77824,82944,92160,92736,92880,92928,93027,93053,93952,94032,94208,100352,110592,110928,110948,110960,113664,113776,113792,113808,123136,123214,123584,124928,126464,126469,126497,126500,126503,126505,126516,126521,126523,126530,126535,126537,126539,126541,126545,126548,126551,126553,126555,126557,126559,126561,126564,126567,126572,126580,126585,126590,126592,126603,126625,126629,126635,131072,173824,177984,178208,183984,194560};
@@ -274,3 +273,94 @@ int c11__u8_header(unsigned char c, bool suppress) {
     if(!suppress) PK_FATAL_ERROR("invalid utf8 char\n")
     return 0;
 }
+
+IntParsingResult c11__parse_uint(c11_sv text, int64_t* out, int base) {
+    *out = 0;
+
+    c11_sv prefix = {.data = text.data, .size = PK_MIN(2, text.size)};
+    if(base == -1) {
+        if(c11__sveq(prefix, "0b"))
+            base = 2;
+        else if(c11__sveq(prefix, "0o"))
+            base = 8;
+        else if(c11__sveq(prefix, "0x"))
+            base = 16;
+        else
+            base = 10;
+    }
+
+    if(base == 10) {
+        // 10-base  12334
+        if(text.size == 0) return IntParsing_FAILURE;
+        for(int i = 0; i < text.size; i++) {
+            char c = text.data[i];
+            if(c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
+                *out = (*out * 10) + (c - '0');
+            } else {
+                return IntParsing_FAILURE;
+            }
+        }
+        // "9223372036854775807".__len__() == 19
+        if(text.size > 19) return IntParsing_OVERFLOW;
+        return IntParsing_SUCCESS;
+    } else if(base == 2) {
+        // 2-base   0b101010
+        if(c11__sveq(prefix, "0b")) {
+            // text.remove_prefix(2);
+            text = (c11_sv){text.data + 2, text.size - 2};
+        }
+        if(text.size == 0) return IntParsing_FAILURE;
+        for(int i = 0; i < text.size; i++) {
+            char c = text.data[i];
+            if(c == '0' || c == '1') {
+                *out = (*out << 1) | (c - '0');
+            } else {
+                return IntParsing_FAILURE;
+            }
+        }
+        // "111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111".__len__() == 63
+        if(text.size > 63) return IntParsing_OVERFLOW;
+        return IntParsing_SUCCESS;
+    } else if(base == 8) {
+        // 8-base   0o123
+        if(c11__sveq(prefix, "0o")) {
+            // text.remove_prefix(2);
+            text = (c11_sv){text.data + 2, text.size - 2};
+        }
+        if(text.size == 0) return IntParsing_FAILURE;
+        for(int i = 0; i < text.size; i++) {
+            char c = text.data[i];
+            if(c >= '0' && c <= '7') {
+                *out = (*out << 3) | (c - '0');
+            } else {
+                return IntParsing_FAILURE;
+            }
+        }
+        // "777777777777777777777".__len__() == 21
+        if(text.size > 21) return IntParsing_OVERFLOW;
+        return IntParsing_SUCCESS;
+    } else if(base == 16) {
+        // 16-base  0x123
+        if(c11__sveq(prefix, "0x")) {
+            // text.remove_prefix(2);
+            text = (c11_sv){text.data + 2, text.size - 2};
+        }
+        if(text.size == 0) return IntParsing_FAILURE;
+        for(int i = 0; i < text.size; i++) {
+            char c = text.data[i];
+            if(c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
+                *out = (*out << 4) | (c - '0');
+            } else if(c >= 'a' && c <= 'f') {
+                *out = (*out << 4) | (c - 'a' + 10);
+            } else if(c >= 'A' && c <= 'F') {
+                *out = (*out << 4) | (c - 'A' + 10);
+            } else {
+                return IntParsing_FAILURE;
+            }
+        }
+        // "7fffffffffffffff".__len__() == 16
+        if(text.size > 16) return IntParsing_OVERFLOW;
+        return IntParsing_SUCCESS;
+    }
+    return IntParsing_FAILURE;
+}

src/compiler/compiler.c

@@ -1354,7 +1354,7 @@ int Ctx__add_const_string(Ctx* self, c11_sv key) {
         c11_vector__push(py_TValue, &self->co->consts, tmp);
         int index = self->co->consts.count - 1;
         c11_smallmap_s2n__set(&self->co_consts_string_dedup_map,
-                              c11_string__sv(PyObject__value(tmp._obj)),
+                              c11_string__sv(PyObject__userdata(tmp._obj)),
                               index);
         return index;
     }
@@ -2054,11 +2054,11 @@ Error* pk_compile(pk_SourceData_ src, CodeObject* out) {
     if(err) return err;
 
     Token* data = (Token*)tokens.data;
-    printf("%s\n", src->filename);
+    printf("%s\n", src->filename->data);
     for(int i = 0; i < tokens.count; i++) {
         Token* t = data + i;
         c11_string* tmp = c11_string__new2(t->start, t->length);
-        printf("[%d] %s: %s\n", t->line, pk_TokenSymbols[t->type], tmp);
+        printf("[%d] %s: %s\n", t->line, pk_TokenSymbols[t->type], tmp->data);
         c11_string__delete(tmp);
     }
 

src/compiler/lexer.c

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ const static TokenValue EmptyTokenValue;
 static void pk_Lexer__ctor(pk_Lexer* self, pk_SourceData_ src){
     PK_INCREF(src);
     self->src = src;
-    self->curr_char = self->token_start = src->source;
+    self->curr_char = self->token_start = src->source->data;
     self->current_line = 1;
     self->brackets_level = 0;
     c11_vector__ctor(&self->nexts, sizeof(Token));
@@ -246,11 +246,11 @@ static Error* eat_name(pk_Lexer* self){
     c11_sv name = {self->token_start, length};
 
     if(self->src->mode == JSON_MODE) {
-        if(c11_sv__cmp3(name, "true") == 0) {
+        if(c11__sveq(name, "true")) {
             add_token(self, TK_TRUE);
-        } else if(c11_sv__cmp3(name, "false") == 0) {
+        } else if(c11__sveq(name, "false")) {
             add_token(self, TK_FALSE);
-        } else if(c11_sv__cmp3(name, "null") == 0) {
+        } else if(c11__sveq(name, "null")) {
             add_token(self, TK_NONE);
         } else {
             return SyntaxError("invalid JSON token");
@@ -260,12 +260,12 @@ static Error* eat_name(pk_Lexer* self){
 
     const char** KW_BEGIN = pk_TokenSymbols + TK_FALSE;
     int KW_COUNT = TK__COUNT__ - TK_FALSE;
-    #define less(a, b) (c11_sv__cmp3(b, a) > 0)
+    #define less(a, b) (c11_sv__cmp2(b, a) > 0)
     int out;
     c11__lower_bound(const char*, KW_BEGIN, KW_COUNT, name, less, &out);
     #undef less
 
-    if(out != KW_COUNT && c11_sv__cmp3(name, KW_BEGIN[out]) == 0) {
+    if(out != KW_COUNT && c11__sveq(name, KW_BEGIN[out])) {
         add_token(self, (TokenIndex)(out + TK_FALSE));
     } else {
         add_token(self, TK_ID);
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ static Error* eat_number(pk_Lexer* self){
         }
         // try integer
         TokenValue value = {.index = TokenValue_I64};
-        switch(parse_uint(text, &value._i64, -1)) {
+        switch(c11__parse_uint(text, &value._i64, -1)) {
             case IntParsing_SUCCESS:
                 add_token_with_value(self, TK_NUM, value);
                 return NULL;
@@ -549,12 +549,12 @@ static Error* lex_one_token(pk_Lexer* self, bool* eof){
 
 static Error* from_precompiled(pk_Lexer* self) {
     TokenDeserializer deserializer;
-    TokenDeserializer__ctor(&deserializer, self->src->source);
+    TokenDeserializer__ctor(&deserializer, self->src->source->data);
 
     deserializer.curr += 5;  // skip "pkpy:"
     c11_sv version = TokenDeserializer__read_string(&deserializer, '\n');
 
-    if(c11_sv__cmp3(version, PK_VERSION) != 0) {
+    if(c11_sv__cmp2(version, PK_VERSION) != 0) {
         return SyntaxError("precompiled version mismatch");
     }
     if(TokenDeserializer__read_uint(&deserializer, '\n') != (int64_t)self->src->mode){
@@ -576,8 +576,8 @@ static Error* from_precompiled(pk_Lexer* self) {
         if(is_raw_string_used(t.type)) {
             int64_t index = TokenDeserializer__read_uint(&deserializer, ',');
             c11_string* p = c11__getitem(c11_string*, precompiled_tokens, index);
-            t.start = p;
-            t.length = c11_string__len(p);
+            t.start = p->data;
+            t.length = p->size;
         } else {
             t.start = NULL;
             t.length = 0;
@@ -618,97 +618,6 @@ static Error* from_precompiled(pk_Lexer* self) {
     return NULL;
 }
 
-IntParsingResult parse_uint(c11_sv text, int64_t* out, int base) {
-    *out = 0;
-
-    c11_sv prefix = {.data = text.data, .size = PK_MIN(2, text.size)};
-    if(base == -1) {
-        if(c11_sv__cmp3(prefix, "0b") == 0)
-            base = 2;
-        else if(c11_sv__cmp3(prefix, "0o") == 0)
-            base = 8;
-        else if(c11_sv__cmp3(prefix, "0x") == 0)
-            base = 16;
-        else
-            base = 10;
-    }
-
-    if(base == 10) {
-        // 10-base  12334
-        if(text.size == 0) return IntParsing_FAILURE;
-        for(int i = 0; i < text.size; i++) {
-            char c = text.data[i];
-            if(c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
-                *out = (*out * 10) + (c - '0');
-            } else {
-                return IntParsing_FAILURE;
-            }
-        }
-        // "9223372036854775807".__len__() == 19
-        if(text.size > 19) return IntParsing_OVERFLOW;
-        return IntParsing_SUCCESS;
-    } else if(base == 2) {
-        // 2-base   0b101010
-        if(c11_sv__cmp3(prefix, "0b") == 0) {
-            // text.remove_prefix(2);
-            text = (c11_sv){text.data + 2, text.size - 2};
-        }
-        if(text.size == 0) return IntParsing_FAILURE;
-        for(int i = 0; i < text.size; i++) {
-            char c = text.data[i];
-            if(c == '0' || c == '1') {
-                *out = (*out << 1) | (c - '0');
-            } else {
-                return IntParsing_FAILURE;
-            }
-        }
-        // "111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111".__len__() == 63
-        if(text.size > 63) return IntParsing_OVERFLOW;
-        return IntParsing_SUCCESS;
-    } else if(base == 8) {
-        // 8-base   0o123
-        if(c11_sv__cmp3(prefix, "0o") == 0) {
-            // text.remove_prefix(2);
-            text = (c11_sv){text.data + 2, text.size - 2};
-        }
-        if(text.size == 0) return IntParsing_FAILURE;
-        for(int i = 0; i < text.size; i++) {
-            char c = text.data[i];
-            if(c >= '0' && c <= '7') {
-                *out = (*out << 3) | (c - '0');
-            } else {
-                return IntParsing_FAILURE;
-            }
-        }
-        // "777777777777777777777".__len__() == 21
-        if(text.size > 21) return IntParsing_OVERFLOW;
-        return IntParsing_SUCCESS;
-    } else if(base == 16) {
-        // 16-base  0x123
-        if(c11_sv__cmp3(prefix, "0x") == 0) {
-            // text.remove_prefix(2);
-            text = (c11_sv){text.data + 2, text.size - 2};
-        }
-        if(text.size == 0) return IntParsing_FAILURE;
-        for(int i = 0; i < text.size; i++) {
-            char c = text.data[i];
-            if(c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
-                *out = (*out << 4) | (c - '0');
-            } else if(c >= 'a' && c <= 'f') {
-                *out = (*out << 4) | (c - 'a' + 10);
-            } else if(c >= 'A' && c <= 'F') {
-                *out = (*out << 4) | (c - 'A' + 10);
-            } else {
-                return IntParsing_FAILURE;
-            }
-        }
-        // "7fffffffffffffff".__len__() == 16
-        if(text.size > 16) return IntParsing_OVERFLOW;
-        return IntParsing_SUCCESS;
-    }
-    return IntParsing_FAILURE;
-}
-
 Error* pk_Lexer__process(pk_SourceData_ src, pk_TokenArray* out_tokens){
     pk_Lexer lexer;
     pk_Lexer__ctor(&lexer, src);
@@ -937,7 +846,7 @@ double TokenDeserializer__read_float(TokenDeserializer* self, char c){
     // TODO: optimize this
     c11_string* nullterm = c11_string__new2(sv.data, sv.size);
     char* end;
-    double retval = strtod(nullterm, &end);
+    double retval = strtod(nullterm->data, &end);
     c11_string__delete(nullterm);
     assert(*end == 0);
     return retval;

src/interpreter/ceval.c

@@ -426,9 +426,8 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__run_top_frame(pk_VM* self) {
             case OP_BUILD_BYTES: {
                 int size;
                 const char* data = py_tostrn(TOP(), &size);
-                unsigned char* p = (unsigned char*)malloc(size);
+                unsigned char* p = py_newbytes(TOP(), size);
                 memcpy(p, data, size);
-                py_newbytes(TOP(), p, size);
                 DISPATCH();
             }
             case OP_BUILD_TUPLE: {
@@ -495,7 +494,7 @@ pk_FrameResult pk_VM__run_top_frame(pk_VM* self) {
                 }
                 SP() = begin;
                 c11_string* res = pk_SStream__submit(&ss);
-                py_newstrn(SP()++, res, c11_string__len(res));
+                py_newstrn(SP()++, res->data, res->size);
                 c11_string__delete(res);
                 DISPATCH();
             }

src/interpreter/gc.c

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "pocketpy/interpreter/gc.h"
 #include "pocketpy/common/memorypool.h"
+#include "pocketpy/objects/base.h"
 
 void pk_ManagedHeap__ctor(pk_ManagedHeap *self, pk_VM *vm){
     c11_vector__ctor(&self->no_gc, sizeof(PyObject*));
@@ -104,7 +105,8 @@ PyObject* pk_ManagedHeap__gcnew(pk_ManagedHeap *self, py_Type type, int slots, i
 PyObject* PyObject__new(py_Type type, int slots, int size){
     assert(slots >= 0 || slots == -1);
     PyObject* self;
-    size += PK_OBJ_HEADER_SIZE(slots);
+    // header + slots + udsize
+    size = sizeof(PyObject) + PK_OBJ_SLOTS_SIZE(slots) + size;
     if(size <= kPoolObjectBlockSize){
         self = PoolObject_alloc();
         self->gc_is_large = false;

src/interpreter/py_number.c

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "pocketpy/interpreter/vm.h"
+#include "pocketpy/pocketpy.h"
 
 #include <math.h>
 
@@ -43,6 +44,8 @@ DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP(__ge__, >=, py_newbool, py_newbool)
 
 #undef DEF_NUM_BINARY_OP
 
+static bool ValueError(const char* fmt, ...) { return false; }
+
 static bool _py_int__neg__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
     py_checkargc(1);
     int64_t val = py_toint(&argv[0]);
@@ -182,6 +185,161 @@ DEF_INT_BITWISE_OP(__rshift__, >>)
 
 #undef DEF_INT_BITWISE_OP
 
+static bool _py_int__repr__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    py_checkargc(1);
+    int64_t val = py_toint(&argv[0]);
+    char buf[32];
+    int size = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%lld", (long long)val);
+    py_newstrn(py_retval(), buf, size);
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool _py_float__repr__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    py_checkargc(1);
+    double val = py_tofloat(&argv[0]);
+    char buf[32];
+    int size = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%f", val);
+    py_newstrn(py_retval(), buf, size);
+    return true;
+}
+
+union c11_8bytes {
+    py_i64 _i64;
+    py_f64 _f64;
+
+    union {
+        uint32_t upper;
+        uint32_t lower;
+    } bits;
+};
+
+static py_i64 c11_8bytes__hash(union c11_8bytes u) {
+    // https://stackoverflow.com/questions/664014/what-integer-hash-function-are-good-that-accepts-an-integer-hash-key
+    const uint32_t C = 2654435761;
+    u.bits.upper *= C;
+    u.bits.lower *= C;
+    return u._i64;
+}
+
+static bool _py_int__hash__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    py_checkargc(1);
+    int64_t val = py_toint(&argv[0]);
+    union c11_8bytes u = {._i64 = val};
+    py_newint(py_retval(), c11_8bytes__hash(u));
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool _py_float__hash__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    py_checkargc(1);
+    double val = py_tofloat(&argv[0]);
+    union c11_8bytes u = {._f64 = val};
+    py_newint(py_retval(), c11_8bytes__hash(u));
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool _py_int__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    if(argc == 1 + 0) {
+        // int() == 0
+        py_newint(py_retval(), 0);
+        return true;
+    }
+    // 1 arg
+    if(argc == 1 + 1) {
+        switch(argv[1].type) {
+            case tp_float: {
+                // int(1.1) == 1
+                py_newint(py_retval(), (int64_t)py_tofloat(&argv[1]));
+                return true;
+            }
+            case tp_int: {
+                // int(1) == 1
+                *py_retval() = argv[1];
+                return true;
+            }
+            case tp_bool: {
+                // int(True) == 1
+                py_newint(py_retval(), (int64_t)py_tobool(&argv[1]));
+                return true;
+            }
+            case tp_str: break;  // leave to the next block
+            default: return TypeError("invalid arguments for int()");
+        }
+    }
+    // 2+ args -> error
+    if(argc > 1 + 2) return TypeError("int() takes at most 2 arguments");
+    // 1 or 2 args with str
+    int base = 10;
+    if(argc == 1 + 2) {
+        if(!py_checktype(py_arg(2), tp_int)) return false;
+        base = py_toint(py_arg(2));
+    }
+
+    if(!py_checktype(py_arg(1), tp_str)) return false;
+    int size;
+    const char* data = py_tostrn(py_arg(1), &size);
+    bool negative = false;
+    if(size && (data[0] == '+' || data[0] == '-')) {
+        negative = data[0] == '-';
+        data++;
+        size--;
+    }
+    py_i64 val;
+    if(c11__parse_uint((c11_sv){data, size}, &val, base) != IntParsing_SUCCESS) {
+        return ValueError("invalid literal for int() with base %d: %q", base, data);
+    }
+    py_newint(py_retval(), negative ? -val : val);
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool _py_float__new__(int argc, py_Ref argv) {
+    if(argc == 1 + 0) {
+        // float() == 0.0
+        py_newfloat(py_retval(), 0.0);
+        return true;
+    }
+    if(argc > 1 + 1) return TypeError("float() takes at most 1 argument");
+    // 1 arg
+    switch(argv[1].type) {
+        case tp_int: {
+            // float(1) == 1.0
+            py_newfloat(py_retval(), py_toint(&argv[1]));
+            return true;
+        }
+        case tp_float: {
+            // float(1.1) == 1.1
+            *py_retval() = argv[1];
+            return true;
+        }
+        case tp_bool: {
+            // float(True) == 1.0
+            py_newfloat(py_retval(), py_tobool(&argv[1]));
+            return true;
+        }
+        case tp_str: break;  // leave to the next block
+        default: return TypeError("invalid arguments for float()");
+    }
+    // str to float
+    int size;
+    const char* data = py_tostrn(py_arg(1), &size);
+
+    if(c11__streq(data, "inf")){
+        py_newfloat(py_retval(), INFINITY);
+        return true;
+    }
+    if(c11__streq(data, "-inf")){
+        py_newfloat(py_retval(), -INFINITY);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    char* p_end;
+    py_f64 float_out = strtod(data, &p_end);
+    if(p_end != data + size){
+        return ValueError("invalid literal for float(): %q", data);
+    }
+    py_newfloat(py_retval(), float_out);
+    return true;
+}
+
 void pk_VM__init_builtins(pk_VM* self) {
     /****** tp_int & tp_float ******/
     py_bindmagic(tp_int, __add__, _py_int__add__);
@@ -208,7 +366,17 @@ void pk_VM__init_builtins(pk_VM* self) {
     py_bindmagic(tp_int, __neg__, _py_int__neg__);
     py_bindmagic(tp_float, __neg__, _py_float__neg__);
 
-    // TODO: __repr__, __new__, __hash__
+    // __repr__
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __repr__, _py_int__repr__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __repr__, _py_float__repr__);
+
+    // __hash__
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __hash__, _py_int__hash__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __hash__, _py_float__hash__);
+
+    // __new__
+    py_bindmagic(tp_int, __new__, _py_int__new__);
+    py_bindmagic(tp_float, __new__, _py_float__new__);
 
     // __truediv__
     py_bindmagic(tp_int, __truediv__, _py_int__truediv__);

src/interpreter/vm.c

@@ -38,7 +38,11 @@ void pk_TypeInfo__ctor(pk_TypeInfo* self,
     // create type object with __dict__
     pk_ManagedHeap* heap = &pk_current_vm->heap;
     PyObject* typeobj = pk_ManagedHeap__new(heap, tp_type, -1, sizeof(py_Type));
-    self->self = PyVar__fromobj(typeobj);
+    self->self = (py_TValue){
+        .type = typeobj->type,
+        .is_ptr = true,
+        ._obj = typeobj,
+    };
 
     self->module = module ? *module : PY_NULL;
     self->subclass_enabled = subclass_enabled;
@@ -84,7 +88,7 @@ void pk_VM__ctor(pk_VM* self) {
     validate(tp_int, pk_VM__new_type(self, "int", tp_object, NULL, false));
     validate(tp_float, pk_VM__new_type(self, "float", tp_object, NULL, false));
     validate(tp_bool, pk_VM__new_type(self, "bool", tp_object, NULL, false));
-    validate(tp_str, pk_VM__new_type(self, "str", tp_object, NULL, false));
+    validate(tp_str, pk_str__register());
 
     validate(tp_list, pk_list__register());
     validate(tp_tuple, pk_VM__new_type(self, "tuple", tp_object, NULL, false));
@@ -99,7 +103,7 @@ void pk_VM__ctor(pk_VM* self) {
 
     validate(tp_super, pk_VM__new_type(self, "super", tp_object, NULL, false));
     validate(tp_exception, pk_VM__new_type(self, "Exception", tp_object, NULL, true));
-    validate(tp_bytes, pk_VM__new_type(self, "bytes", tp_object, NULL, false));
+    validate(tp_bytes, pk_bytes__register());
     validate(tp_mappingproxy, pk_VM__new_type(self, "mappingproxy", tp_object, NULL, false));
 
     validate(tp_dict, pk_VM__new_type(self, "dict", tp_object, NULL, true));
@@ -191,7 +195,7 @@ py_Type pk_VM__new_type(pk_VM* self,
 /****************************************/
 void PyObject__delete(PyObject* self) {
     pk_TypeInfo* ti = c11__at(pk_TypeInfo, &pk_current_vm->types, self->type);
-    if(ti->dtor) ti->dtor(PyObject__value(self));
+    if(ti->dtor) ti->dtor(PyObject__userdata(self));
     if(self->slots == -1) pk_NameDict__dtor(PyObject__dict(self));
     if(self->gc_is_large) {
         free(self);

src/objects/object.c

@@ -2,16 +2,14 @@
 #include "pocketpy/pocketpy.h"
 #include <assert.h>
 
-void* PyObject__value(PyObject* self){
-    return (char*)self + PK_OBJ_HEADER_SIZE(self->slots);
-}
+void* PyObject__userdata(PyObject* self) { return self->flex + PK_OBJ_SLOTS_SIZE(self->slots); }
 
 pk_NameDict* PyObject__dict(PyObject* self) {
     assert(self->slots == -1);
-    return (pk_NameDict*)((char*)self + 8);
+    return (pk_NameDict*)(self->flex);
 }
 
 py_TValue* PyObject__slots(PyObject* self) {
     assert(self->slots >= 0);
-    return (py_TValue*)((char*)self + 8);
+    return (py_TValue*)(self->flex);
 }

src/public/cast.c

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include "pocketpy/common/str.h"
 #include "pocketpy/pocketpy.h"
 
 #include "pocketpy/common/utils.h"
@@ -16,14 +17,9 @@ double py_tofloat(const py_Ref self){
 
 bool py_castfloat(const py_Ref self, double* out) {
     switch(self->type) {
-        case tp_int:
-            *out = (double)self->_i64;
-            return true;
-        case tp_float:
-            *out = self->_f64;
-            return true;
-        default:
-            return false;
+        case tp_int: *out = (double)self->_i64; return true;
+        case tp_float: *out = self->_f64; return true;
+        default: return false;
     }
 }
 
@@ -38,31 +34,17 @@ py_Type py_totype(const py_Ref self){
     return *ud;
 }
 
-const char* py_tostr(const py_Ref self){
-    assert(self->type == tp_str);
-    int* p = PyObject__value(self->_obj);
-    return (const char*)(p+1);
-}
-
-const char* py_tostrn(const py_Ref self, int* size){
-    assert(self->type == tp_str);
-    int* p = PyObject__value(self->_obj);
-    *size = *p;
-    return (const char*)(p+1);
-}
-
-const unsigned char* py_tobytes(const py_Ref self, int* size){
-    assert(self->type == tp_bytes);
-    int* ud = PyObject__value(self->_obj);
-    *size = *ud;
-    return (unsigned char*)(ud + 1);
-}
-
 void* py_touserdata(const py_Ref self) {
     assert(self && self->is_ptr);
-    return PyObject__value(self->_obj);
+    return PyObject__userdata(self->_obj);
 }
 
-bool py_istype(const py_Ref self, py_Type type){
-    return self->type == type;
+bool py_istype(const py_Ref self, py_Type type) { return self->type == type; }
+
+bool py_checktype(const py_Ref self, py_Type type) {
+    if(self->type != type) {
+        // py_raise(PyExc_TypeError, "expected %s, got %s", py_typename(type), py_typename(self->type));
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
 }

src/public/modules.c

@@ -16,7 +16,11 @@ py_Ref py_newmodule(const char *name, const char *package){
     py_Ref r0 = py_pushtmp();
     py_Ref r1 = py_pushtmp();
 
-    *r0 = PyVar__fromobj(obj);
+    *r0 = (py_TValue){
+        .type = obj->type,
+        .is_ptr = true,
+        ._obj = obj,
+    };
 
     py_newstr(r1, name);
     py_setdict(r0, __name__, r1);

src/public/py_list.c

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ py_Type pk_list__register() {
 void py_newlist(py_Ref out) {
     pk_VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
     PyObject* obj = pk_ManagedHeap__gcnew(&vm->heap, tp_list, 0, sizeof(List));
-    List* userdata = PyObject__value(obj);
+    List* userdata = PyObject__userdata(obj);
     c11_vector__ctor(userdata, sizeof(py_TValue));
     out->type = tp_list;
     out->is_ptr = true;
@@ -65,3 +65,11 @@ void py_list__insert(py_Ref self, int i, const py_Ref val) {
     List* userdata = py_touserdata(self);
     c11_vector__insert(py_TValue, userdata, i, *val);
 }
+
+////////////////////////////////
+bool _py_list__len__(int argc, py_Ref argv){
+    py_checkargc(1);
+    py_i64 res = py_list__len(py_arg(0));
+    py_newint(py_retval(), res);
+    return true;
+}

src/public/py_str.c

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+#include "pocketpy/common/str.h"
+#include "pocketpy/pocketpy.h"
+
+#include "pocketpy/common/utils.h"
+#include "pocketpy/objects/object.h"
+#include "pocketpy/interpreter/vm.h"
+
+py_Type pk_str__register() {
+    pk_VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
+    py_Type type = pk_VM__new_type(vm, "str", tp_object, NULL, false);
+    // no need to dtor because the memory is controlled by the object
+    return type;
+}
+
+py_Type pk_bytes__register() {
+    pk_VM* vm = pk_current_vm;
+    py_Type type = pk_VM__new_type(vm, "bytes", tp_object, NULL, false);
+    // no need to dtor because the memory is controlled by the object
+    return type;
+}
+
+void py_newstr(py_Ref out, const char* data) {
+    return py_newstrn(out, data, strlen(data));
+}
+
+void py_newstrn(py_Ref out, const char* data, int size) {
+    pk_ManagedHeap* heap = &pk_current_vm->heap;
+    int total_size = sizeof(c11_string) + size + 1;
+    PyObject* obj = pk_ManagedHeap__gcnew(heap, tp_str, 0, total_size);
+    c11_string* ud = PyObject__userdata(obj);
+    c11_string__ctor2(ud, data, size);
+    out->type = tp_str;
+    out->is_ptr = true;
+    out->_obj = obj;
+}
+
+unsigned char* py_newbytes(py_Ref out, int size) {
+    pk_ManagedHeap* heap = &pk_current_vm->heap;
+    // 4 bytes size + data
+    PyObject* obj = pk_ManagedHeap__gcnew(heap, tp_bytes, 0, sizeof(c11_bytes) + size);
+    c11_bytes* ud = PyObject__userdata(obj);
+    ud->size = size;
+    out->type = tp_bytes;
+    out->is_ptr = true;
+    out->_obj = obj;
+    return ud->data;
+}
+
+const char* py_tostr(const py_Ref self) {
+    assert(self->type == tp_str);
+    c11_string* ud = PyObject__userdata(self->_obj);
+    return ud->data;
+}
+
+const char* py_tostrn(const py_Ref self, int* size) {
+    assert(self->type == tp_str);
+    c11_string* ud = PyObject__userdata(self->_obj);
+    *size = ud->size;
+    return ud->data;
+}
+
+unsigned char* py_tobytes(const py_Ref self, int* size) {
+    assert(self->type == tp_bytes);
+    c11_bytes* ud = PyObject__userdata(self->_obj);
+    *size = ud->size;
+    return ud->data;
+}
+

src/public/values.c

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#include "pocketpy/common/str.h"
+#include "pocketpy/common/vector.h"
 #include "pocketpy/pocketpy.h"
 
 #include "pocketpy/common/utils.h"
@@ -37,35 +39,8 @@ void py_newellipsis(py_Ref out) {
     out->is_ptr = false;
 }
 
-
 void py_newnull(py_Ref out) { out->type = 0; }
 
-void py_newstr(py_Ref out, const char* data) {
-    return py_newstrn(out, data, strlen(data));
-}
-
-void py_newstrn(py_Ref out, const char* data, int size) {
-    pk_ManagedHeap* heap = &pk_current_vm->heap;
-    int total_size = sizeof(int) + size + 1;
-    PyObject* obj = pk_ManagedHeap__gcnew(heap, tp_str, 0, total_size);
-    int* p = PyObject__value(obj);
-    *p = size;
-    out->type = tp_str;
-    out->is_ptr = true;
-    out->_obj = obj;
-}
-
-void py_newbytes(py_Ref out, const unsigned char* data, int size) {
-    pk_ManagedHeap* heap = &pk_current_vm->heap;
-    // 4 bytes size + data
-    PyObject* obj = pk_ManagedHeap__gcnew(heap, tp_bytes, 0, sizeof(int) + size);
-    int* psize = (int*)PyObject__value(obj);
-    *psize = size;
-    memcpy(psize + 1, data, size);
-    out->type = tp_bytes;
-    out->is_ptr = true;
-    out->_obj = obj;
-}
 
 void py_newfunction(py_Ref out, py_CFunction f, const char* sig) {
     py_newfunction2(out, f, sig, BindType_FUNCTION, NULL, NULL);