remove CodeObject_

include/pocketpy/common/utils.h

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include "stdio.h"
+#include "stdlib.h"
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {
 #endif

include/pocketpy/common/vector.h

@@ -88,6 +88,9 @@ void* c11_vector__emplace(c11_vector* self);
         } \
     }while(0)
 
+#define c11_vector__foreach(T, self, it) \
+    for(T* it = (T*)(self)->data; it != (T*)(self)->data + (self)->count; it++)
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif

include/pocketpy/compiler/compiler.hpp

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ struct Compiler {
     CompileMode mode() const noexcept{ return lexer.src->mode; }
 
     NameScope name_scope() const noexcept;
-    CodeObject_ push_global_context() noexcept;
+    CodeObject* push_global_context() noexcept;
     FuncDecl_ push_f_context(Str name) noexcept;
 
     static void init_pratt_rules() noexcept;
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ struct Compiler {
 
 public:
     Compiler(VM* vm, std::string_view source, const Str& filename, CompileMode mode, bool unknown_global_scope = false) noexcept;
-    [[nodiscard]] Error* compile(CodeObject_* out) noexcept;
+    [[nodiscard]] Error* compile(CodeObject** out) noexcept;
     ~Compiler();
 };
 

include/pocketpy/compiler/expr.h

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// #pragma once
+
+// #include <stdbool.h>
+// #include "pocketpy/common/memorypool.h"
+// #include "pocketpy/compiler/lexer.h"
+
+// #ifdef __cplusplus
+// extern "C" {
+// #endif
+
+// struct pk_Expr;
+// struct pk_CodeEmitContext;
+
+// struct pk_ExprVt{
+//     void (*dtor)(pk_Expr*);
+//     /* reflections */
+//     bool (*is_literal)(const pk_Expr*);
+//     bool (*is_json_object)(const pk_Expr*);
+//     bool (*is_attrib)(const pk_Expr*);
+//     bool (*is_subscr)(const pk_Expr*);
+//     bool (*is_compare)(const pk_Expr*);
+//     int (*star_level)(const pk_Expr*);
+//     bool (*is_tuple)(const pk_Expr*);
+//     bool (*is_name)(const pk_Expr*);
+//     /* emit */
+//     void (*emit_)(pk_Expr*, pk_CodeEmitContext*);
+//     bool (*emit_del)(pk_Expr*, pk_CodeEmitContext*);
+//     bool (*emit_store)(pk_Expr*, pk_CodeEmitContext*);
+//     void (*emit_inplace)(pk_Expr*, pk_CodeEmitContext*);
+//     bool (*emit_store_inplace)(pk_Expr*, pk_CodeEmitContext*);
+// };
+
+// typedef struct pk_Expr{
+//     pk_ExprVt* vt;
+//     int line;
+// } pk_Expr;
+
+// void pk_ExprVt__ctor(pk_ExprVt* vt);
+// void pk_Expr__emit_(pk_Expr* self, pk_CodeEmitContext* ctx);
+// bool pk_Expr__emit_del(pk_Expr* self, pk_CodeEmitContext* ctx);
+// bool pk_Expr__emit_store(pk_Expr* self, pk_CodeEmitContext* ctx);
+// void pk_Expr__emit_inplace(pk_Expr* self, pk_CodeEmitContext* ctx);
+// bool pk_Expr__emit_store_inplace(pk_Expr* self, pk_CodeEmitContext* ctx);
+// void pk_Expr__delete(pk_Expr* self);
+
+// typedef struct pk_CodeEmitContext{
+
+// } pk_CodeEmitContext;
+
+// #ifdef __cplusplus
+// }
+// #endif

include/pocketpy/compiler/expr.hpp

@@ -10,48 +10,7 @@ struct Expr;
 
 typedef small_vector<Expr*, 4> Expr_vector;
 
-static bool default_false(const Expr*) { return false; }
-static int default_zero(const Expr*) { return 0; }
-static void default_dtor(Expr*) {}
-
-struct ExprVt{
-    void (*dtor)(Expr*);
-    /* reflections */
-    bool (*is_literal)(const Expr*);
-    bool (*is_json_object)(const Expr*);
-    bool (*is_attrib)(const Expr*);
-    bool (*is_subscr)(const Expr*);
-    bool (*is_compare)(const Expr*);
-    int (*star_level)(const Expr*);
-    bool (*is_tuple)(const Expr*);
-    bool (*is_name)(const Expr*);
-    /* emit */
-    void (*emit_)(Expr*, CodeEmitContext*);
-    bool (*emit_del)(Expr*, CodeEmitContext*);
-    bool (*emit_store)(Expr*, CodeEmitContext*);
-    void (*emit_inplace)(Expr*, CodeEmitContext*);
-    bool (*emit_store_inplace)(Expr*, CodeEmitContext*);
-};
-
-void ExprVt__ctor(ExprVt* vt){
-    vt->dtor = default_dtor;
-    vt->is_literal = default_false;
-    vt->is_json_object = default_false;
-    vt->is_attrib = default_false;
-    vt->is_subscr = default_false;
-    vt->is_compare = default_false;
-    vt->star_level = default_zero;
-    vt->is_tuple = default_false;
-    vt->is_name = default_false;
-    vt->emit_ = NULL;   // must be set
-    vt->emit_del = NULL;
-    vt->emit_store = NULL;
-    vt->emit_inplace = NULL;
-    vt->emit_store_inplace = NULL;
-}
-
 struct Expr {
-    ExprVt* vt;
     int line = 0;
     virtual ~Expr() = default;
     virtual void emit_(CodeEmitContext* ctx) = 0;
@@ -80,36 +39,6 @@ struct Expr {
     [[nodiscard]] virtual bool emit_store_inplace(CodeEmitContext* ctx) { return emit_store(ctx); }
 };
 
-void pk_Expr__emit_(Expr* self, CodeEmitContext* ctx){
-    assert(self->vt->emit_);
-    self->vt->emit_(self, ctx);
-}
-
-bool pk_Expr__emit_del(Expr* self, CodeEmitContext* ctx){
-    if(!self->vt->emit_del) return false;
-    return self->vt->emit_del(self, ctx);
-}
-
-bool pk_Expr__emit_store(Expr* self, CodeEmitContext* ctx){
-    if(!self->vt->emit_store) return false;
-    return self->vt->emit_store(self, ctx);
-}
-
-void pk_Expr__emit_inplace(Expr* self, CodeEmitContext* ctx){
-    if(!self->vt->emit_inplace){
-        pk_Expr__emit_(self, ctx);
-        return;
-    }
-    self->vt->emit_inplace(self, ctx);
-}
-
-bool pk_Expr__emit_store_inplace(Expr* self, CodeEmitContext* ctx){
-    if(!self->vt->emit_store_inplace){
-        return pk_Expr__emit_store(self, ctx);
-    }
-    return self->vt->emit_store_inplace(self, ctx);
-}
-
 inline void delete_expr(Expr* p) noexcept{
     if(!p) return;
     p->~Expr();
@@ -119,12 +48,12 @@ inline void delete_expr(Expr* p) noexcept{
 struct CodeEmitContext{
     VM* vm;
     FuncDecl_ func;  // optional
-    CodeObject_ co;  // 1 CodeEmitContext <=> 1 CodeObject_
+    CodeObject* co;  // 1 CodeEmitContext <=> 1 CodeObject*
     vector<Expr*> _s_expr;
     int level;
     vector<StrName> global_names;
 
-    CodeEmitContext(VM* vm, CodeObject_ co, int level) : vm(vm), co(co), level(level) {
+    CodeEmitContext(VM* vm, CodeObject* co, int level) : vm(vm), co(co), level(level) {
         c11_smallmap_s2n__ctor(&_co_consts_string_dedup_map);
     }
 

include/pocketpy/interpreter/bindings.hpp

@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ PyObject* VM::bind_field(PyObject* obj, const char* name, F T::*field) {
             return obj;                                                                                                \
         },                                                                                                             \
         {},                                                                                                            \
-        BindType::STATICMETHOD);                                                                                       \
+        BindType_STATICMETHOD);                                                                                       \
     vm->bind_func(type, "tostruct", 1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args) {                                                     \
         wT& self = _CAST(wT&, args[0]);                                                                                \
         return vm->new_user_object<Struct>(&self, sizeof(wT));                                                         \

include/pocketpy/interpreter/frame.hpp

@@ -130,9 +130,9 @@ struct Frame {
         _uw_list(nullptr) {}
 
     // global scope
-    Frame(PyVar* p0, const CodeObject_& co, PyObject* _module) :
-        _ip(co->codes.data() - 1), _sp_base(p0), co(co.get()), _module(_module), _callable(nullptr),
-        _locals(co.get(), p0), _uw_list(nullptr) {}
+    Frame(PyVar* p0, const CodeObject* co, PyObject* _module) :
+        _ip(co->codes.data() - 1), _sp_base(p0), co(co), _module(_module), _callable(nullptr),
+        _locals(co, p0), _uw_list(nullptr) {}
 
     PyVar* actual_sp_base() const { return _locals.a; }
 
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ struct Frame {
     int _exit_block(ValueStack*, int);
 
     [[nodiscard]] int prepare_loop_break(ValueStack* s_data) {
-        int target = co->_get_block_codei(ip()).end;
+        int target = co->blocks[co->lines[ip()].iblock].end;
         prepare_jump_break(s_data, target);
         return target;
     }

include/pocketpy/interpreter/vm.hpp

@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ public:
     ArgsView cast_array_view(PyVar obj);
     void set_main_argv(int argc, char** argv);
     i64 normalized_index(i64 index, int size);
-    Str disassemble(CodeObject_ co);
+    Str disassemble(CodeObject* co);
     void parse_int_slice(const Slice& s, int length, int& start, int& stop, int& step);
     void obj_gc_mark(PyVar obj) { if(obj.is_ptr) __obj_gc_mark(obj.get()); }
     void obj_gc_mark(PyObject* p) { if(p) __obj_gc_mark(p); }
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ public:
 #endif
 
 #if PK_REGION("Source Execution Methods")
-    CodeObject_ compile(std::string_view source, const Str& filename, CompileMode mode, bool unknown_global_scope=false);
+    CodeObject* compile(std::string_view source, const Str& filename, CompileMode mode, bool unknown_global_scope=false);
     Str precompile(std::string_view source, const Str& filename, CompileMode mode);
     PyVar exec(std::string_view source, Str filename, CompileMode mode, PyObject* _module=nullptr);
     PyVar exec(std::string_view source);
@@ -362,25 +362,25 @@ public:
 #endif
 
 #if PK_REGION("General Bindings")
-    PyObject* bind_func(PyObject* obj, StrName name, int argc, NativeFuncC fn, any userdata={}, BindType bt=BindType::DEFAULT);
-    PyObject* bind_func(Type type, StrName name, int argc, NativeFuncC fn, any userdata={}, BindType bt=BindType::DEFAULT){
+    PyObject* bind_func(PyObject* obj, StrName name, int argc, NativeFuncC fn, any userdata={}, BindType bt=BindType_FUNCTION);
+    PyObject* bind_func(Type type, StrName name, int argc, NativeFuncC fn, any userdata={}, BindType bt=BindType_FUNCTION){
         return bind_func(_t(type), name, argc, fn, std::move(userdata), bt);
     }
     PyObject* bind_property(PyObject*, const char*, NativeFuncC fget, NativeFuncC fset=nullptr);
     template<typename T, typename F, bool ReadOnly=false>
     PyObject* bind_field(PyObject*, const char*, F T::*);
 
-    PyObject* bind(PyObject*, const char*, NativeFuncC, any userdata={}, BindType bt=BindType::DEFAULT);
+    PyObject* bind(PyObject*, const char*, NativeFuncC, any userdata={}, BindType bt=BindType_FUNCTION);
     template<typename Ret, typename... Params>
-    PyObject* bind(PyObject*, const char*, Ret(*)(Params...), BindType bt=BindType::DEFAULT);
+    PyObject* bind(PyObject*, const char*, Ret(*)(Params...), BindType bt=BindType_FUNCTION);
     template<typename Ret, typename T, typename... Params>
-    PyObject* bind(PyObject*, const char*, Ret(T::*)(Params...), BindType bt=BindType::DEFAULT);
+    PyObject* bind(PyObject*, const char*, Ret(T::*)(Params...), BindType bt=BindType_FUNCTION);
 
-    PyObject* bind(PyObject*, const char*, const char*, NativeFuncC, any userdata={}, BindType bt=BindType::DEFAULT);
+    PyObject* bind(PyObject*, const char*, const char*, NativeFuncC, any userdata={}, BindType bt=BindType_FUNCTION);
     template<typename Ret, typename... Params>
-    PyObject* bind(PyObject*, const char*, const char*, Ret(*)(Params...), BindType bt=BindType::DEFAULT);
+    PyObject* bind(PyObject*, const char*, const char*, Ret(*)(Params...), BindType bt=BindType_FUNCTION);
     template<typename Ret, typename T, typename... Params>
-    PyObject* bind(PyObject*, const char*, const char*, Ret(T::*)(Params...), BindType bt=BindType::DEFAULT);
+    PyObject* bind(PyObject*, const char*, const char*, Ret(T::*)(Params...), BindType bt=BindType_FUNCTION);
 #endif
 
 #if PK_REGION("Error Reporting Methods")
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ public:
 #if PK_DEBUG_CEVAL_STEP
     void __log_s_data(const char* title = nullptr);
 #endif
-    PyVar __py_exec_internal(const CodeObject_& code, PyVar globals, PyVar locals);
+    PyVar __py_exec_internal(const CodeObject* code, PyVar globals, PyVar locals);
     void __breakpoint();
     PyVar __format_object(PyVar, Str);
     PyVar __run_top_frame();

include/pocketpy/objects/codeobject.h

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#define BC_NOARG        0
+#define BC_KEEPLINE     -1
+
+typedef enum BindType {
+    BindType_FUNCTION,
+    BindType_STATICMETHOD,
+    BindType_CLASSMETHOD,
+} BindType;
+
+typedef enum FuncType {
+    FuncType_UNSET,
+    FuncType_NORMAL,
+    FuncType_SIMPLE,
+    FuncType_EMPTY,
+    FuncType_GENERATOR,
+} FuncType;
+
+typedef enum NameScope {
+    NAME_LOCAL,
+    NAME_GLOBAL,
+    NAME_GLOBAL_UNKNOWN
+} NameScope;
+
+typedef enum CodeBlockType {
+    CodeBlockType_NO_BLOCK,
+    CodeBlockType_FOR_LOOP,
+    CodeBlockType_WHILE_LOOP,
+    CodeBlockType_CONTEXT_MANAGER,
+    CodeBlockType_TRY_EXCEPT,
+} CodeBlockType;
+
+typedef enum Opcode {
+    #define OPCODE(name) OP_##name,
+    #include "pocketpy/xmacros/opcodes.h"
+    #undef OPCODE
+} Opcode;
+
+typedef struct Bytecode {
+    uint8_t op;
+    uint16_t arg;
+} Bytecode;
+
+void Bytecode__set_signed_arg(Bytecode* self, int arg);
+bool Bytecode__is_forward_jump(const Bytecode* self);
+
+
+typedef struct CodeBlock {
+    CodeBlockType type;
+    int parent;  // parent index in blocks
+    int start;   // start index of this block in codes, inclusive
+    int end;     // end index of this block in codes, exclusive
+    int end2;    // ...
+} CodeBlock;
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif

include/pocketpy/objects/codeobject.hpp

@@ -6,68 +6,14 @@
 #include "pocketpy/objects/namedict.hpp"
 #include "pocketpy/objects/sourcedata.h"
 #include "pocketpy/common/smallmap.h"
+#include "pocketpy/objects/codeobject.h"
 
 namespace pkpy {
 
 typedef PyVar (*NativeFuncC)(VM*, ArgsView);
 
-enum class BindType {
-    DEFAULT,
-    STATICMETHOD,
-    CLASSMETHOD,
-};
-
-enum NameScope { NAME_LOCAL, NAME_GLOBAL, NAME_GLOBAL_UNKNOWN };
-
-enum Opcode : uint8_t {
-
-#define OPCODE(name) OP_##name,
-#include "pocketpy/xmacros/opcodes.h"
-#undef OPCODE
-};
-
-struct Bytecode {
-    uint8_t op;
-    uint16_t arg;
-
-    void set_signed_arg(int arg) {
-        assert(arg >= INT16_MIN && arg <= INT16_MAX);
-        this->arg = (int16_t)arg;
-    }
-
-    bool is_forward_jump() const { return op >= OP_JUMP_FORWARD && op <= OP_LOOP_BREAK; }
-};
-
-enum class CodeBlockType {
-    NO_BLOCK,
-    FOR_LOOP,
-    WHILE_LOOP,
-    CONTEXT_MANAGER,
-    TRY_EXCEPT,
-};
-
-const inline uint8_t BC_NOARG = 0;
-const inline int BC_KEEPLINE = -1;
-
-struct CodeBlock {
-    CodeBlockType type;
-    int parent;  // parent index in blocks
-    int start;   // start index of this block in codes, inclusive
-    int end;     // end index of this block in codes, exclusive
-    int end2;    // ...
-
-    CodeBlock(CodeBlockType type, int parent, int start) :
-        type(type), parent(parent), start(start), end(-1), end2(-1) {}
-
-    int get_break_end() const {
-        if(end2 != -1) return end2;
-        return end;
-    }
-};
-
 struct CodeObject;
 struct FuncDecl;
-using CodeObject_ = std::shared_ptr<CodeObject>;
 using FuncDecl_ = std::shared_ptr<FuncDecl>;
 
 struct CodeObject {
@@ -97,13 +43,11 @@ struct CodeObject {
     int start_line;
     int end_line;
 
-    const CodeBlock& _get_block_codei(int codei) const { return blocks[lines[codei].iblock]; }
-
     void _gc_mark(VM*) const;
 
     CodeObject(pkpy_SourceData_ src, const Str& name) :
         src(src), name(name), nlocals(0), start_line(-1), end_line(-1) {
-        blocks.push_back(CodeBlock(CodeBlockType::NO_BLOCK, -1, 0));
+        blocks.push_back(CodeBlock{CodeBlockType_NO_BLOCK, -1, 0, -1, -1});
         c11_smallmap_n2i__ctor(&varnames_inv);
         c11_smallmap_n2i__ctor(&labels);
         PK_INCREF(src);
@@ -116,25 +60,18 @@ struct CodeObject {
     }
 };
 
-enum class FuncType {
-    UNSET,
-    NORMAL,
-    SIMPLE,
-    EMPTY,
-    GENERATOR,
-};
-
 struct FuncDecl {
+    PK_ALWAYS_PASS_BY_POINTER(FuncDecl)
     struct KwArg {
         int index;    // index in co->varnames
         StrName key;  // name of this argument
         PyVar value;  // default value
     };
 
-    CodeObject_ code;  // code object of this function
+    CodeObject* code;  // strong ref
 
     small_vector_2<int, 8> args;    // indices in co->varnames
-    small_vector_2<KwArg, 6> kwargs;  // indices in co->varnames
+    c11_vector/*T=KwArg*/ kwargs;   // indices in co->varnames
 
     int starred_arg = -1;    // index in co->varnames, -1 if no *arg
     int starred_kwarg = -1;  // index in co->varnames, -1 if no **kwarg
@@ -142,21 +79,25 @@ struct FuncDecl {
 
     const char* docstring;  // docstring of this function (weak ref)
 
-    FuncType type = FuncType::UNSET;
+    FuncType type = FuncType_UNSET;
     c11_smallmap_n2i kw_to_index;
 
     void add_kwarg(int index, StrName key, PyVar value) {
         c11_smallmap_n2i__set(&kw_to_index, key.index, index);
-        kwargs.push_back(KwArg{index, key, value});
+        c11_vector__push(KwArg, &kwargs, (KwArg{index, key.index, value}));
     }
 
     void _gc_mark(VM*) const;
 
-    FuncDecl(){
+    FuncDecl(CodeObject* code){
+        this->code = code;
+        c11_vector__ctor(&kwargs, sizeof(KwArg));
         c11_smallmap_n2i__ctor(&kw_to_index);
     }
 
     ~FuncDecl(){
+        delete code;
+        c11_vector__dtor(&kwargs);
         c11_smallmap_n2i__dtor(&kw_to_index);
     }
 };

src/compiler/compiler.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include "pocketpy/compiler/compiler.hpp"
 #include "pocketpy/common/config.h"
 #include "pocketpy/interpreter/vm.hpp"
+#include "pocketpy/objects/codeobject.hpp"
 
 #include <cstdarg>
 
@@ -19,16 +20,16 @@ NameScope Compiler::name_scope() const noexcept{
     return s;
 }
 
-CodeObject_ Compiler::push_global_context() noexcept{
-    CodeObject_ co = std::make_shared<CodeObject>(lexer.src, static_cast<const Str&>(lexer.src->filename));
+CodeObject* Compiler::push_global_context() noexcept{
+    CodeObject* co = new CodeObject(lexer.src, static_cast<const Str&>(lexer.src->filename));
     co->start_line = __i == 0 ? 1 : prev().line;
     contexts.push_back(CodeEmitContext(vm, co, contexts.size()));
     return co;
 }
 
 FuncDecl_ Compiler::push_f_context(Str name) noexcept{
-    FuncDecl_ decl = std::make_shared<FuncDecl>();
-    decl->code = std::make_shared<CodeObject>(lexer.src, name);
+    CodeObject* co = new CodeObject(lexer.src, name);
+    FuncDecl_ decl = std::make_shared<FuncDecl>(co);
     decl->code->start_line = __i == 0 ? 1 : prev().line;
     decl->nested = name_scope() == NAME_LOCAL;
     contexts.push_back(CodeEmitContext(vm, decl->code, contexts.size()));
@@ -60,9 +61,11 @@ Error* Compiler::pop_context() noexcept{
     for(int i = 0; i < codes.size(); i++) {
         Bytecode& bc = codes[i];
         if(bc.op == OP_LOOP_CONTINUE) {
-            bc.set_signed_arg(ctx()->co->blocks[bc.arg].start - i);
+            CodeBlock* block = &ctx()->co->blocks[bc.arg];
+            Bytecode__set_signed_arg(&bc, block->start - i);
         } else if(bc.op == OP_LOOP_BREAK) {
-            bc.set_signed_arg(ctx()->co->blocks[bc.arg].get_break_end() - i);
+            CodeBlock* block = &ctx()->co->blocks[bc.arg];
+            Bytecode__set_signed_arg(&bc, (block->end2 != -1 ? block->end2 : block->end) - i);
         }
     }
     // pre-compute func->is_simple
@@ -71,7 +74,7 @@ Error* Compiler::pop_context() noexcept{
         // check generator
         for(Bytecode bc: func->code->codes) {
             if(bc.op == OP_YIELD_VALUE || bc.op == OP_FOR_ITER_YIELD_VALUE) {
-                func->type = FuncType::GENERATOR;
+                func->type = FuncType_GENERATOR;
                 for(Bytecode bc: func->code->codes) {
                     if(bc.op == OP_RETURN_VALUE && bc.arg == BC_NOARG) {
                         return SyntaxError("'return' with argument inside generator function");
@@ -80,26 +83,26 @@ Error* Compiler::pop_context() noexcept{
                 break;
             }
         }
-        if(func->type == FuncType::UNSET) {
+        if(func->type == FuncType_UNSET) {
             bool is_simple = true;
-            if(func->kwargs.size() > 0) is_simple = false;
+            if(func->kwargs.count > 0) is_simple = false;
             if(func->starred_arg >= 0) is_simple = false;
             if(func->starred_kwarg >= 0) is_simple = false;
 
             if(is_simple) {
-                func->type = FuncType::SIMPLE;
+                func->type = FuncType_SIMPLE;
 
                 bool is_empty = false;
                 if(func->code->codes.size() == 1) {
                     Bytecode bc = func->code->codes[0];
                     if(bc.op == OP_RETURN_VALUE && bc.arg == 1) { is_empty = true; }
                 }
-                if(is_empty) func->type = FuncType::EMPTY;
+                if(is_empty) func->type = FuncType_EMPTY;
             } else
-                func->type = FuncType::NORMAL;
+                func->type = FuncType_NORMAL;
         }
 
-        assert(func->type != FuncType::UNSET);
+        assert(func->type != FuncType_UNSET);
     }
     contexts.back().s_clean();
     contexts.pop_back();
@@ -730,7 +733,7 @@ Error* Compiler::compile_if_stmt() noexcept{
 
 Error* Compiler::compile_while_loop() noexcept{
     Error* err;
-    CodeBlock* block = ctx()->enter_block(CodeBlockType::WHILE_LOOP);
+    CodeBlock* block = ctx()->enter_block(CodeBlockType_WHILE_LOOP);
     check(EXPR());  // condition
     ctx()->s_emit_top();
     int patch = ctx()->emit_(OP_POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, BC_NOARG, prev().line);
@@ -753,7 +756,7 @@ Error* Compiler::compile_for_loop() noexcept{
     check(EXPR_TUPLE());    // [vars, iter]
     ctx()->s_emit_top();     // [vars]
     ctx()->emit_(OP_GET_ITER_NEW, BC_NOARG, BC_KEEPLINE);
-    CodeBlock* block = ctx()->enter_block(CodeBlockType::FOR_LOOP);
+    CodeBlock* block = ctx()->enter_block(CodeBlockType_FOR_LOOP);
     int for_codei = ctx()->emit_(OP_FOR_ITER, ctx()->curr_iblock, BC_KEEPLINE);
     Expr* vars = ctx()->s_popx();
     bool ok = vars->emit_store(ctx());
@@ -773,7 +776,7 @@ Error* Compiler::compile_for_loop() noexcept{
 
 Error* Compiler::compile_try_except() noexcept{
     Error* err;
-    ctx()->enter_block(CodeBlockType::TRY_EXCEPT);
+    ctx()->enter_block(CodeBlockType_TRY_EXCEPT);
     ctx()->emit_(OP_TRY_ENTER, BC_NOARG, prev().line);
     check(compile_block_body());
     small_vector_2<int, 8> patches;
@@ -822,7 +825,7 @@ Error* Compiler::compile_try_except() noexcept{
         i64 target = ctx()->co->codes.size() + 2;
         ctx()->emit_(OP_LOAD_CONST, ctx()->add_const(VAR(target)), BC_KEEPLINE);
         int i = ctx()->emit_(OP_JUMP_FORWARD, BC_NOARG, BC_KEEPLINE);
-        ctx()->co->codes[i].set_signed_arg(finally_entry - i);
+        Bytecode__set_signed_arg(&ctx()->co->codes[i], finally_entry - i);
     }
     ctx()->emit_(OP_RE_RAISE, BC_NOARG, BC_KEEPLINE);
 
@@ -833,7 +836,7 @@ Error* Compiler::compile_try_except() noexcept{
         i64 target = ctx()->co->codes.size() + 2;
         ctx()->emit_(OP_LOAD_CONST, ctx()->add_const(VAR(target)), BC_KEEPLINE);
         int i = ctx()->emit_(OP_JUMP_FORWARD, BC_NOARG, BC_KEEPLINE);
-        ctx()->co->codes[i].set_signed_arg(finally_entry - i);
+        Bytecode__set_signed_arg(&ctx()->co->codes[i], finally_entry - i);
     }
     return NULL;
 }
@@ -954,7 +957,7 @@ Error* Compiler::compile_stmt() noexcept{
             ctx()->s_emit_top();
 
             ctx()->emit_(OP_GET_ITER_NEW, BC_NOARG, kw_line);
-            ctx()->enter_block(CodeBlockType::FOR_LOOP);
+            ctx()->enter_block(CodeBlockType_FOR_LOOP);
             ctx()->emit_(OP_FOR_ITER_YIELD_VALUE, BC_NOARG, kw_line);
             ctx()->emit_(OP_LOOP_CONTINUE, ctx()->get_loop(), kw_line);
             ctx()->exit_block();
@@ -1019,7 +1022,7 @@ Error* Compiler::compile_stmt() noexcept{
         case TK_WITH: {
             check(EXPR());  // [ <expr> ]
             ctx()->s_emit_top();
-            ctx()->enter_block(CodeBlockType::CONTEXT_MANAGER);
+            ctx()->enter_block(CodeBlockType_CONTEXT_MANAGER);
             Expr* as_name = nullptr;
             if(match(TK_AS)) {
                 consume(TK_ID);
@@ -1163,8 +1166,8 @@ Error* Compiler::_compile_f_args(FuncDecl_ decl, bool enable_type_hints) noexcep
         for(int j: decl->args) {
             if(decl->code->varnames[j] == name) return SyntaxError("duplicate argument name");
         }
-        for(auto& kv: decl->kwargs) {
-            if(decl->code->varnames[kv.index] == name) return SyntaxError("duplicate argument name");
+        c11_vector__foreach(FuncDecl::KwArg, &decl->kwargs, kv) {
+            if(decl->code->varnames[kv->index] == name) return SyntaxError("duplicate argument name");
         }
         if(decl->starred_arg != -1 && decl->code->varnames[decl->starred_arg] == name) {
             return SyntaxError("duplicate argument name");
@@ -1288,7 +1291,7 @@ Compiler::Compiler(VM* vm, std::string_view source, const Str& filename, Compile
     init_pratt_rules();
 }
 
-Error* Compiler::compile(CodeObject_* out) noexcept{
+Error* Compiler::compile(CodeObject** out) noexcept{
     assert(__i == 0);  // make sure it is the first time to compile
 
     Error* err;
@@ -1301,7 +1304,7 @@ Error* Compiler::compile(CodeObject_* out) noexcept{
     //     }
     // }
 
-    CodeObject_ code = push_global_context();
+    CodeObject* code = push_global_context();
 
     assert(curr().type == TK_SOF);
     advance();         // skip @sof, so prev() is always valid

src/compiler/expr.c

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// #include "pocketpy/compiler/expr.h"
+// #include "pocketpy/common/memorypool.h"
+
+// static bool default_false(const pk_Expr*) { return false; }
+// static int default_zero(const pk_Expr*) { return 0; }
+// static void default_dtor(pk_Expr*) {}
+
+// void pk_ExprVt__ctor(pk_ExprVt* vt){
+//     vt->dtor = default_dtor;
+//     vt->is_literal = default_false;
+//     vt->is_json_object = default_false;
+//     vt->is_attrib = default_false;
+//     vt->is_subscr = default_false;
+//     vt->is_compare = default_false;
+//     vt->star_level = default_zero;
+//     vt->is_tuple = default_false;
+//     vt->is_name = default_false;
+//     vt->emit_ = NULL;   // must be set
+//     vt->emit_del = NULL;
+//     vt->emit_store = NULL;
+//     vt->emit_inplace = NULL;
+//     vt->emit_store_inplace = NULL;
+// }
+
+// void pk_Expr__emit_(pk_Expr* self, pk_CodeEmitContext* ctx){
+//     assert(self->vt->emit_);
+//     self->vt->emit_(self, ctx);
+// }
+
+// bool pk_Expr__emit_del(pk_Expr* self, pk_CodeEmitContext* ctx){
+//     if(!self->vt->emit_del) return false;
+//     return self->vt->emit_del(self, ctx);
+// }
+
+// bool pk_Expr__emit_store(pk_Expr* self, pk_CodeEmitContext* ctx){
+//     if(!self->vt->emit_store) return false;
+//     return self->vt->emit_store(self, ctx);
+// }
+
+// void pk_Expr__emit_inplace(pk_Expr* self, pk_CodeEmitContext* ctx){
+//     if(!self->vt->emit_inplace){
+//         pk_Expr__emit_(self, ctx);
+//         return;
+//     }
+//     self->vt->emit_inplace(self, ctx);
+// }
+
+// bool pk_Expr__emit_store_inplace(pk_Expr* self, pk_CodeEmitContext* ctx){
+//     if(!self->vt->emit_store_inplace){
+//         return pk_Expr__emit_store(self, ctx);
+//     }
+//     return self->vt->emit_store_inplace(self, ctx);
+// }
+
+// void pk_Expr__delete(pk_Expr* self){
+//     if(!self) return;
+//     self->vt->dtor(self);
+//     PoolExpr_dealloc(self);
+// }

src/compiler/expr.cpp

@@ -16,15 +16,15 @@ inline bool is_small_int(i64 value) { return value >= INT16_MIN && value <= INT1
 int CodeEmitContext::get_loop() const noexcept{
     int index = curr_iblock;
     while(index >= 0) {
-        if(co->blocks[index].type == CodeBlockType::FOR_LOOP) break;
-        if(co->blocks[index].type == CodeBlockType::WHILE_LOOP) break;
+        if(co->blocks[index].type == CodeBlockType_FOR_LOOP) break;
+        if(co->blocks[index].type == CodeBlockType_WHILE_LOOP) break;
         index = co->blocks[index].parent;
     }
     return index;
 }
 
 CodeBlock* CodeEmitContext::enter_block(CodeBlockType type) noexcept{
-    co->blocks.push_back(CodeBlock(type, curr_iblock, (int)co->codes.size()));
+    co->blocks.push_back(CodeBlock{type, curr_iblock, (int)co->codes.size(), -1, -1});
     curr_iblock = co->blocks.size() - 1;
     return &co->blocks[curr_iblock];
 }
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ void CodeEmitContext::exit_block() noexcept{
     co->blocks[curr_iblock].end = co->codes.size();
     curr_iblock = co->blocks[curr_iblock].parent;
     assert(curr_iblock >= 0);
-    if(curr_type == CodeBlockType::FOR_LOOP) {
+    if(curr_type == CodeBlockType_FOR_LOOP) {
         // add a no op here to make block check work
         emit_(OP_NO_OP, BC_NOARG, BC_KEEPLINE, true);
     }
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ int CodeEmitContext::emit_int(i64 value, int line) noexcept{
 
 void CodeEmitContext::patch_jump(int index) noexcept{
     int target = co->codes.size();
-    co->codes[index].set_signed_arg(target - index);
+    Bytecode__set_signed_arg(&co->codes[index], target - index);
 }
 
 bool CodeEmitContext::add_label(StrName name) noexcept{
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ void CompExpr::emit_(CodeEmitContext* ctx) {
     ctx->emit_(op0, 0, line);
     iter->emit_(ctx);
     ctx->emit_(OP_GET_ITER, BC_NOARG, BC_KEEPLINE);
-    ctx->enter_block(CodeBlockType::FOR_LOOP);
+    ctx->enter_block(CodeBlockType_FOR_LOOP);
     int curr_iblock = ctx->curr_iblock;
     int for_codei = ctx->emit_(OP_FOR_ITER, curr_iblock, BC_KEEPLINE);
     bool ok = vars->emit_store(ctx);

src/interpreter/ceval.cpp

@@ -795,8 +795,9 @@ PyVar VM::__run_top_frame() {
                         PyVar _0 = frame->co->consts[byte.arg];
                         std::string_view string = CAST(Str&, _0).sv();
                         // TODO: optimize this
-                        CodeObject_ code = vm->compile(string, "<eval>", EVAL_MODE, true);
-                        _0 = vm->_exec(code.get(), frame->_module, frame->_callable, frame->_locals);
+                        CodeObject* code = vm->compile(string, "<eval>", EVAL_MODE, true);
+                        _0 = vm->_exec(code, frame->_module, frame->_callable, frame->_locals);
+                        delete code;    // leak on error
                         PUSH(_0);
                     }
                         DISPATCH()

src/interpreter/cffi.cpp

@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ void Struct::_register(VM* vm, PyObject* mod, PyObject* type) {
             return vm->new_user_object<Struct>(std::move(buffer));
         },
         {},
-        BindType::STATICMETHOD);
+        BindType_STATICMETHOD);
 
     vm->bind__repr__(type->as<Type>(), [](VM* vm, PyVar obj) {
         Struct& self = _CAST(Struct&, obj);

src/interpreter/frame.cpp

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ int Frame::prepare_jump_exception_handler(ValueStack* _s) {
     // try to find a parent try block
     int i = co->lines[ip()].iblock;
     while(i >= 0) {
-        if(co->blocks[i].type == CodeBlockType::TRY_EXCEPT) break;
+        if(co->blocks[i].type == CodeBlockType_TRY_EXCEPT) break;
         i = co->blocks[i].parent;
     }
     if(i < 0) return -1;
@@ -42,9 +42,9 @@ int Frame::prepare_jump_exception_handler(ValueStack* _s) {
 
 int Frame::_exit_block(ValueStack* _s, int i) {
     auto type = co->blocks[i].type;
-    if(type == CodeBlockType::FOR_LOOP) {
+    if(type == CodeBlockType_FOR_LOOP) {
         _s->pop();  // pop the iterator
-    } else if(type == CodeBlockType::CONTEXT_MANAGER) {
+    } else if(type == CodeBlockType_CONTEXT_MANAGER) {
         _s->pop();
     }
     return co->blocks[i].parent;

src/interpreter/vm.cpp

@@ -201,13 +201,16 @@ bool VM::issubclass(Type cls, Type base) {
 
 PyVar VM::exec(std::string_view source, Str filename, CompileMode mode, PyObject* _module) {
     if(_module == nullptr) _module = _main;
+    CodeObject* code = NULL;
     try {
 #if PK_DEBUG_PRECOMPILED_EXEC == 1
         Str precompiled = vm->precompile(source, filename, mode);
         source = precompiled.sv();
 #endif
-        CodeObject_ code = compile(source, filename, mode);
-        return _exec(code, _module);
+        code = compile(source, filename, mode);
+        PyVar retval = _exec(code, _module);
+        delete code;    // leak if exception occurs
+        return retval;
     } catch(TopLevelException e) {
         stderr_write(e.summary() + "\n");
     } catch(const std::exception& e) {
@@ -218,6 +221,7 @@ PyVar VM::exec(std::string_view source, Str filename, CompileMode mode, PyObject
         Str msg = "An unknown exception occurred! It could be a bug. Please report it to @blueloveTH on GitHub.\n";
         stderr_write(msg);
     }
+    delete code;
     callstack.clear();
     s_data.clear();
     return nullptr;
@@ -410,12 +414,12 @@ PyObject* VM::py_import(Str path, bool throw_err) {
         // _lazy_modules.erase(it);  // no need to erase
     }
     auto _ = __import_context.scope(path, is_init);
-    CodeObject_ code = compile(source, filename, EXEC_MODE);
-
     Str name_cpnt = path_cpnts.back();
     path_cpnts.pop_back();
     PyObject* new_mod = new_module(name_cpnt, f_join(path_cpnts));
+    CodeObject* code = compile(source, filename, EXEC_MODE);
     _exec(code, new_mod);
+    delete code;    // leak if exception occurs
     return new_mod;
 }
 
@@ -556,13 +560,13 @@ i64 VM::py_hash(PyVar obj) {
     }
 }
 
-PyVar VM::__py_exec_internal(const CodeObject_& code, PyVar globals, PyVar locals) {
+PyVar VM::__py_exec_internal(const CodeObject* code, PyVar globals, PyVar locals) {
     Frame* frame = nullptr;
     if(!callstack.empty()) frame = &callstack.top();
 
     // fast path
     if(frame && is_none(globals) && is_none(locals)) {
-        return vm->_exec(code.get(), frame->_module, frame->_callable, frame->_locals);
+        return vm->_exec(code, frame->_module, frame->_callable, frame->_locals);
     }
 
     auto _lock = gc_scope_lock();  // for safety
@@ -602,7 +606,7 @@ PyVar VM::__py_exec_internal(const CodeObject_& code, PyVar globals, PyVar local
         });
         PyObject* _callable =
             new_object<Function>(tp_function, __dynamic_func_decl, globals_obj, nullptr, locals_closure).get();
-        retval = vm->_exec(code.get(), globals_obj, _callable, vm->s_data._sp);
+        retval = vm->_exec(code, globals_obj, _callable, vm->s_data._sp);
     }
 
     if(globals_dict) {
@@ -622,12 +626,12 @@ PyVar VM::__py_exec_internal(const CodeObject_& code, PyVar globals, PyVar local
 }
 
 void VM::py_exec(std::string_view source, PyVar globals, PyVar locals) {
-    CodeObject_ code = vm->compile(source, "<exec>", EXEC_MODE, true);
+    CodeObject* code = vm->compile(source, "<exec>", EXEC_MODE, true);
     __py_exec_internal(code, globals, locals);
 }
 
 PyVar VM::py_eval(std::string_view source, PyVar globals, PyVar locals) {
-    CodeObject_ code = vm->compile(source, "<eval>", EVAL_MODE, true);
+    CodeObject* code = vm->compile(source, "<eval>", EVAL_MODE, true);
     return __py_exec_internal(code, globals, locals);
 }
 
@@ -738,7 +742,7 @@ PyObject* VM::new_module(Str name, Str package) {
 
 static std::string _opcode_argstr(VM* vm, int i, Bytecode byte, const CodeObject* co) {
     SStream ss;
-    if(byte.is_forward_jump()) {
+    if(Bytecode__is_forward_jump(&byte)){
         std::string argStr = std::to_string((int16_t)byte.arg);
         ss << (i64)(int16_t)byte.arg;
         ss << " (to " << (i64)((int16_t)byte.arg + i) << ")";
@@ -775,7 +779,7 @@ static std::string _opcode_argstr(VM* vm, int i, Bytecode byte, const CodeObject
     return ss.str().str();
 }
 
-Str VM::disassemble(CodeObject_ co) {
+Str VM::disassemble(CodeObject* co) {
     auto pad = [](const Str& s, const int n) {
         if(s.length() >= n) return s.slice(0, n);
         return s + std::string(n - s.length(), ' ');
@@ -784,7 +788,9 @@ Str VM::disassemble(CodeObject_ co) {
     vector<int> jumpTargets;
     for(int i = 0; i < co->codes.size(); i++) {
         Bytecode byte = co->codes[i];
-        if(byte.is_forward_jump()) { jumpTargets.push_back((int16_t)byte.arg + i); }
+        if(Bytecode__is_forward_jump(&byte)) {
+            jumpTargets.push_back((int16_t)byte.arg + i);
+        }
     }
     SStream ss;
     int prev_line = -1;
@@ -808,7 +814,7 @@ Str VM::disassemble(CodeObject_ co) {
         std::string bc_name(OP_NAMES[byte.op]);
         if(co->lines[i].is_virtual) bc_name += '*';
         ss << " " << pad(bc_name, 25) << " ";
-        std::string argStr = _opcode_argstr(this, i, byte, co.get());
+        std::string argStr = _opcode_argstr(this, i, byte, co);
         ss << argStr;
         if(i != co->codes.size() - 1) ss << '\n';
     }
@@ -981,7 +987,7 @@ void VM::__unpack_as_dict(ArgsView args, Dict& dict) {
 }
 
 void VM::__prepare_py_call(PyVar* buffer, ArgsView args, ArgsView kwargs, const FuncDecl_& decl) {
-    const CodeObject* co = decl->code.get();
+    const CodeObject* co = decl->code;
     int decl_argc = decl->args.size();
 
     if(args.size() < decl_argc) {
@@ -994,8 +1000,9 @@ void VM::__prepare_py_call(PyVar* buffer, ArgsView args, ArgsView kwargs, const
     for(int index: decl->args)
         buffer[index] = args[i++];
     // prepare kwdefaults
-    for(auto& kv: decl->kwargs)
-        buffer[kv.index] = kv.value;
+    c11_vector__foreach(FuncDecl::KwArg, &decl->kwargs, kv) {
+        buffer[kv->index] = kv->value;
+    }
 
     // handle *args
     if(decl->starred_arg != -1) {
@@ -1004,9 +1011,9 @@ void VM::__prepare_py_call(PyVar* buffer, ArgsView args, ArgsView kwargs, const
         i += vargs.size();
     } else {
         // kwdefaults override
-        for(auto& kv: decl->kwargs) {
+        c11_vector__foreach(FuncDecl::KwArg, &decl->kwargs, kv) {
             if(i >= args.size()) break;
-            buffer[kv.index] = args[i++];
+            buffer[kv->index] = args[i++];
         }
         if(i < args.size()) TypeError(_S("too many arguments", " (", decl->code->name, ')'));
     }
@@ -1067,17 +1074,17 @@ PyVar VM::vectorcall(int ARGC, int KWARGC, bool op_call) {
         if(s_data.is_overflow()) StackOverflowError();
 
         const Function& fn = PK_OBJ_GET(Function, callable);
-        const CodeObject* co = fn.decl->code.get();
+        const CodeObject* co = fn.decl->code;
 
         switch(fn.decl->type) {
-            case FuncType::NORMAL:
+            case FuncType_NORMAL:
                 __prepare_py_call(__vectorcall_buffer, args, kwargs, fn.decl);
                 // copy buffer back to stack
                 s_data.reset(_base + co->nlocals);
                 for(int j = 0; j < co->nlocals; j++)
                     _base[j] = __vectorcall_buffer[j];
                 break;
-            case FuncType::SIMPLE:
+            case FuncType_SIMPLE:
                 if(args.size() != fn.decl->args.size())
                     TypeError(_S(co->name,
                                  "() takes ",
@@ -1092,7 +1099,7 @@ PyVar VM::vectorcall(int ARGC, int KWARGC, bool op_call) {
                 // initialize local variables to PY_NULL
                 std::memset(p1, 0, (char*)s_data._sp - (char*)p1);
                 break;
-            case FuncType::EMPTY:
+            case FuncType_EMPTY:
                 if(args.size() != fn.decl->args.size())
                     TypeError(_S(co->name,
                                  "() takes ",
@@ -1103,7 +1110,7 @@ PyVar VM::vectorcall(int ARGC, int KWARGC, bool op_call) {
                 if(!kwargs.empty()) TypeError(_S(co->name, "() takes no keyword arguments"));
                 s_data.reset(p0);
                 return None;
-            case FuncType::GENERATOR:
+            case FuncType_GENERATOR:
                 __prepare_py_call(__vectorcall_buffer, args, kwargs, fn.decl);
                 s_data.reset(p0);
                 callstack.emplace(nullptr, co, fn._module, callable.get(), nullptr);
@@ -1360,9 +1367,9 @@ void VM::setattr(PyVar obj, StrName name, PyVar value) {
 PyObject* VM::bind_func(PyObject* obj, StrName name, int argc, NativeFuncC fn, any userdata, BindType bt) {
     PyObject* nf = new_object<NativeFunc>(tp_native_func, fn, argc, std::move(userdata)).get();
     switch(bt) {
-        case BindType::DEFAULT: break;
-        case BindType::STATICMETHOD: nf = new_object<StaticMethod>(tp_staticmethod, nf).get(); break;
-        case BindType::CLASSMETHOD: nf = new_object<ClassMethod>(tp_classmethod, nf).get(); break;
+        case BindType_FUNCTION: break;
+        case BindType_STATICMETHOD: nf = new_object<StaticMethod>(tp_staticmethod, nf).get(); break;
+        case BindType_CLASSMETHOD: nf = new_object<ClassMethod>(tp_classmethod, nf).get(); break;
     }
     if(obj != nullptr) obj->attr().set(name, nf);
     return nf;
@@ -1377,17 +1384,17 @@ PyObject* VM::bind(PyObject* obj, const char* sig, const char* docstring, Native
     int length = snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "def %s : pass", sig);
     std::string_view source(buffer, length);
     // fn(a, b, *c, d=1) -> None
-    CodeObject_ co = compile(source, "<bind>", EXEC_MODE);
-    assert(co->func_decls.size() == 1);
-    
-    FuncDecl_ decl = co->func_decls[0];
+    CodeObject* code = compile(source, "<bind>", EXEC_MODE);
+    assert(code->func_decls.size() == 1);
+    FuncDecl_ decl = code->func_decls[0];
+    delete code;  // may leak if exception occurs
     decl->docstring = docstring;
     PyObject* f_obj = new_object<NativeFunc>(tp_native_func, fn, decl, std::move(userdata)).get();
 
     switch(bt) {
-        case BindType::STATICMETHOD: f_obj = new_object<StaticMethod>(tp_staticmethod, f_obj).get(); break;
-        case BindType::CLASSMETHOD: f_obj = new_object<ClassMethod>(tp_classmethod, f_obj).get(); break;
-        case BindType::DEFAULT: break;
+        case BindType_STATICMETHOD: f_obj = new_object<StaticMethod>(tp_staticmethod, f_obj).get(); break;
+        case BindType_CLASSMETHOD: f_obj = new_object<ClassMethod>(tp_classmethod, f_obj).get(); break;
+        case BindType_FUNCTION: break;
     }
     if(obj != nullptr) obj->attr().set(decl->code->name, f_obj);
     return f_obj;
@@ -1793,13 +1800,15 @@ void VM::__breakpoint() {
             std::string arg = line.substr(space + 1);
             if(arg.empty()) continue;  // ignore empty command
             if(cmd == "p" || cmd == "print") {
-                CodeObject_ code = compile(arg, "<stdin>", EVAL_MODE, true);
-                PyVar retval = vm->_exec(code.get(), frame_0->_module, frame_0->_callable, frame_0->_locals);
+                CodeObject* code = compile(arg, "<stdin>", EVAL_MODE, true);
+                PyVar retval = vm->_exec(code, frame_0->_module, frame_0->_callable, frame_0->_locals);
+                delete code;
                 stdout_write(vm->py_repr(retval));
                 stdout_write("\n");
             } else if(cmd == "!") {
-                CodeObject_ code = compile(arg, "<stdin>", EXEC_MODE, true);
-                vm->_exec(code.get(), frame_0->_module, frame_0->_callable, frame_0->_locals);
+                CodeObject* code = compile(arg, "<stdin>", EXEC_MODE, true);
+                vm->_exec(code, frame_0->_module, frame_0->_callable, frame_0->_locals);
+                delete code;
             }
             continue;
         }
@@ -1828,8 +1837,9 @@ void NativeFunc::_gc_mark(VM* vm) const {
 
 void FuncDecl::_gc_mark(VM* vm) const {
     code->_gc_mark(vm);
-    for(int i = 0; i < kwargs.size(); i++)
-        vm->obj_gc_mark(kwargs[i].value);
+    c11_vector__foreach(FuncDecl::KwArg, &kwargs, kv) {
+        vm->obj_gc_mark(kv->value);
+    }
 }
 
 void List::_gc_mark(VM* vm) const {

src/modules/linalg.cpp

@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ void Vec2::_register(VM* vm, PyObject* mod, PyObject* type) {
             return VAR(Tuple(VAR(ret), VAR(current_velocity_)));
         },
         {},
-        BindType::STATICMETHOD);
+        BindType_STATICMETHOD);
 
     // @staticmethod
     vm->bind(
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ void Vec2::_register(VM* vm, PyObject* mod, PyObject* type) {
             return VAR(val);
         },
         {},
-        BindType::STATICMETHOD);
+        BindType_STATICMETHOD);
 
     vm->bind__repr__(type->as<Type>(), [](VM* vm, PyVar obj) -> Str {
         Vec2 self = _CAST(Vec2, obj);
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ void Mat3x3::_register(VM* vm, PyObject* mod, PyObject* type) {
             return vm->new_user_object<Mat3x3>(Mat3x3::zeros());
         },
         {},
-        BindType::STATICMETHOD);
+        BindType_STATICMETHOD);
 
     // @staticmethod
     vm->bind_func(
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ void Mat3x3::_register(VM* vm, PyObject* mod, PyObject* type) {
             return vm->new_user_object<Mat3x3>(Mat3x3::ones());
         },
         {},
-        BindType::STATICMETHOD);
+        BindType_STATICMETHOD);
 
     // @staticmethod
     vm->bind_func(
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ void Mat3x3::_register(VM* vm, PyObject* mod, PyObject* type) {
             return vm->new_user_object<Mat3x3>(Mat3x3::identity());
         },
         {},
-        BindType::STATICMETHOD);
+        BindType_STATICMETHOD);
 
     /*************** affine transformations ***************/
     // @staticmethod
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ void Mat3x3::_register(VM* vm, PyObject* mod, PyObject* type) {
             return vm->new_user_object<Mat3x3>(Mat3x3::trs(t, r, s));
         },
         {},
-        BindType::STATICMETHOD);
+        BindType_STATICMETHOD);
 
     vm->bind(type, "copy_trs_(self, t: vec2, r: float, s: vec2)", [](VM* vm, ArgsView args) {
         Mat3x3& self = _CAST(Mat3x3&, args[0]);

src/modules/modules.cpp

@@ -106,8 +106,10 @@ void add_module_json(VM* vm) {
         } else {
             sv = CAST(Str&, args[0]).sv();
         }
-        CodeObject_ code = vm->compile(sv, "<json>", JSON_MODE);
-        return vm->_exec(code, vm->callstack.top()._module);
+        CodeObject* code = vm->compile(sv, "<json>", JSON_MODE);
+        PyVar retval = vm->_exec(code, vm->callstack.top()._module);
+        delete code;    // leak on error
+        return retval;
     });
 
     vm->bind_func(mod, "dumps", 1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args) {
@@ -224,16 +226,19 @@ void add_module_dis(VM* vm) {
     PyObject* mod = vm->new_module("dis");
 
     vm->bind_func(mod, "dis", 1, [](VM* vm, ArgsView args) {
-        CodeObject_ code;
+        CodeObject* code;
+        bool need_delete = false;
         PyVar obj = args[0];
         if(is_type(obj, vm->tp_str)) {
             const Str& source = CAST(Str, obj);
             code = vm->compile(source, "<dis>", EXEC_MODE);
+            need_delete = true;
         }
         PyVar f = obj;
         if(is_type(f, vm->tp_bound_method)) f = CAST(BoundMethod, obj).func;
         code = CAST(Function&, f).decl->code;
         vm->stdout_write(vm->disassemble(code));
+        if(need_delete) delete code;
         return vm->None;
     });
 }
@@ -245,8 +250,9 @@ void add_module_gc(VM* vm) {
 
 void add_module_enum(VM* vm) {
     PyObject* mod = vm->new_module("enum");
-    CodeObject_ code = vm->compile(kPythonLibs__enum, "enum.py", EXEC_MODE);
+    CodeObject* code = vm->compile(kPythonLibs__enum, "enum.py", EXEC_MODE);
     vm->_exec(code, mod);
+    delete code;    // leak on error
     PyVar Enum = mod->attr("Enum");
     vm->_all_types[PK_OBJ_GET(Type, Enum)].on_end_subclass = [](VM* vm, PyTypeInfo* new_ti) {
         new_ti->subclass_enabled = false;  // Enum class cannot be subclassed twice

src/objects/codeobject.c

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#include "pocketpy/objects/codeobject.h"
+#include "pocketpy/common/utils.h"
+
+void Bytecode__set_signed_arg(Bytecode* self, int arg) {
+    if(arg < INT16_MIN || arg > INT16_MAX) {
+        PK_FATAL_ERROR("set_signed_arg: %d is out of range", arg);
+    }
+    self->arg = (int16_t)arg;
+}
+
+bool Bytecode__is_forward_jump(const Bytecode* self) {
+    return self->op >= OP_JUMP_FORWARD && self->op <= OP_LOOP_BREAK;
+}

src/pocketpy.cpp

@@ -1691,13 +1691,16 @@ void VM::__post_init_builtin_types() {
 
     try {
         // initialize dummy func_decl for exec/eval
-        CodeObject_ dynamic_co = compile("def _(): pass", "<dynamic>", EXEC_MODE);
-        __dynamic_func_decl = dynamic_co->func_decls[0];
+        CodeObject* code = compile("def _(): pass", "<dynamic>", EXEC_MODE);
+        __dynamic_func_decl = code->func_decls[0];
+        delete code;    // may leak on error
         // initialize builtins
-        CodeObject_ code = compile(kPythonLibs_builtins, "<builtins>", EXEC_MODE);
+        code = compile(kPythonLibs_builtins, "<builtins>", EXEC_MODE);
         this->_exec(code, this->builtins);
+        delete code;    // may leak on error
         code = compile(kPythonLibs__set, "<set>", EXEC_MODE);
         this->_exec(code, this->builtins);
+        delete code;    // may leak on error
     } catch(TopLevelException e) {
         std::cerr << e.summary() << std::endl;
         std::cerr << "failed to load builtins module!!" << std::endl;
@@ -1723,9 +1726,9 @@ void VM::__post_init_builtin_types() {
 #endif
 }
 
-CodeObject_ VM::compile(std::string_view source, const Str& filename, CompileMode mode, bool unknown_global_scope) {
+CodeObject* VM::compile(std::string_view source, const Str& filename, CompileMode mode, bool unknown_global_scope) {
     Compiler compiler(this, source, filename, mode, unknown_global_scope);
-    CodeObject_ code;
+    CodeObject* code;
     Error* err = compiler.compile(&code);
     if(err) __compile_error(err);
     return code;

src/pocketpy_c.cpp

@@ -60,8 +60,9 @@ bool pkpy_exec(pkpy_vm* vm_handle, const char* source) {
     PK_ASSERT_NO_ERROR()
     PyVar res;
     PK_PROTECTED(
-        CodeObject_ code = vm->compile(source, "main.py", EXEC_MODE);
+        CodeObject* code = vm->compile(source, "main.py", EXEC_MODE);
         res = vm->_exec(code, vm->_main);
+        delete code;    // TODO: _exec may raise, so code may leak
     )
     return res != nullptr;
 }
@@ -76,8 +77,9 @@ bool pkpy_exec_2(pkpy_vm* vm_handle, const char* source, const char* filename, i
         }else{
                         mod = vm->_modules[module].get();  // may raise
         }
-        CodeObject_ code = vm->compile(source, filename, (CompileMode)mode);
+        CodeObject* code = vm->compile(source, filename, (CompileMode)mode);
         res = vm->_exec(code, mod);
+        delete code;    // TODO: _exec may raise, so code may leak
     )
     return res != nullptr;
 }
@@ -417,9 +419,10 @@ bool pkpy_eval(pkpy_vm* vm_handle, const char* source) {
     VM* vm = (VM*)vm_handle;
     PK_ASSERT_NO_ERROR()
     PK_PROTECTED(
-        CodeObject_ co = vm->compile(source, "<eval>", EVAL_MODE);
+        CodeObject* co = vm->compile(source, "<eval>", EVAL_MODE);
         PyVar ret = vm->_exec(co, vm->_main);
         vm->s_data.push(ret);
+        delete co;  // TODO: _exec may raise, so code may leak
     )
     return true;
 }